Abstract: A light apparatus includes s light arrangement and a highlighting element. The light arrangement includes a light housing, at least a connector coupling with the light housing for electrically connecting to a power supply source, and at least a light source received in the light housing for generating a non-neon light to penetrate through the light housing. The highlighting element is provided at the light housing and arranged in such a manner that when the light passes through the light housing, the highlighting element creates a neon light emitting effect at the light arrangement.

Abstract: A manufacturing method is provided for an organic electroluminescent device that includes an effectively optical area including display pixels for display; and a dummy area surrounding the effectively optical area, the dummy area including dummy pixels not for display. The manufacturing method includes forming organic electroluminescent layers in the display pixels and in the dummy pixels by vapor depositing an organic electroluminescent material using a mask.

Abstract: An inorganic electroluminescence device includes a first electrode, a dielectric layer disposed on the first electrode, an inorganic light emitting layer disposed on the dielectric layer, and a second electrode disposed on the inorganic light emitting layer. The inorganic light emitting layer includes a fluorescent particle. The fluorescent particle includes a ZnS mother body and a nano-wire disposed on a surface of the ZnS mother body.

Abstract: Illumination systems and methods of manufacturing the same. In one embodiment, an illumination system includes a plurality of light sources configured to emit light into a light panel and a plurality of light turning features disposed on the light panel configured to turn light out of the light panel. The light sources can be configured to emit different colors of light than one another and the light turning features can be arranged such that a first light turning feature turns more light having a first color than any other color of light and such that a second light turning feature turns more light having a second color than any other color of light. In another embodiment, a method of manufacturing an illumination system includes providing a light panel and positioning a luminance altering element on the light panel such that a luminance characteristic of the panel changes.

Abstract: A solid state lighting (SSL) device with a solid state emitter (SSE) being partially exposed in a channel loop, and methods of making and using such SSLs. The SSE can have thermally conductive projections such as fins, posts, or other structures configured to transfer heat into a fluid medium, such as a liquid coolant in the channel loop. The channel loop can include an upward channel in which the SSE is exposed to warm the coolant in the upward channel, and a downward channel through which coolant moves after being cooled by a cooling structure. The coolant in the channel loop can naturally circulate due to the heat from the SSE.

Abstract: There is provided an organic electroluminescence type two-dimensional color image display panel includes multiple arrayed pixels, the pixels being each formed by arranging organic EL devices having at least red, green, and blue luminescent colors in a certain order, in which each of the organic EL devices has a pair of two parallel sides in a planar shape, the organic EL devices having luminescent colors different from each other are adjacent to each other at the two parallel sides, and the organic EL devices having the same luminescent color are adjacent to each other in a parallel line direction of the two parallel sides, and are arrayed to be of shape of stripes arranged parallel to each other while being slanted with respect to a vertical line.

Abstract: An LED bulb includes a heat sink, a circuit, an LED, and a driving module. The heat sink includes a base, a tube extending downwardly from a first face of the base, and a plurality of fins extending outwardly from an outer circumference of the tube. The circuit is formed on a second face of the base, and the LED is disposed on the second face of the base and electrically connected with the circuit. The LED bulb further includes a first lead and a second lead electrically connecting with the circuit and extending through the base. The driving module includes a first electrode, and a second electrode electrically insulated from the first electrode and surrounding the first electrode. The first electrode of the driving circuit contacts with the first lead, and the second electrode of the driving circuit contacts with the second lead.

Abstract: A flip-chip type light-emitting device and manufacturing method thereof provides a curved surface formed on the transparent electrode layer and a reflective layer transferred with the curved surface of the transparent electrode layer is additionally formed on the transparent electrode layer, so that the light generated from the active layer is incident to the reflective layer through the p-type nitride layer and the transparent electrode layer, and then is reflected from the curved surface of the reflective layer so as to exhibit an effect of extracting a larger amount of light in a vertical direction as compared to the conventional light-emitting device.

Abstract: Plasma-shells filled with ionizable gas are positioned on or within a rigid, flexible, or semi-flexible substrate. Each plasma-shell is electrically connected to one or more electrical conductors such as electrodes with an electrically conductive bonding substance to form an electrical connection to each electrode. The electrically conductive bonding substance may comprise a pad connected to the plasma-shell and/or an electrode. The bonding substance is made of a light reflective material that reflects photons to enhance light output from a plasma-shell.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus includes a light emitting device emitting primary light and a wavelength conversion unit absorbing a part of the primary light to emit secondary light. The wavelength conversion unit includes a first wavelength conversion unit containing at least a nanocrystalline phosphor and a second wavelength conversion unit containing a rare-earth-activated phosphor or a transition-metal-element-activated phosphor. In the light emitting device, the first wavelength conversion unit and the second wavelength conversion unit are closely stacked in order.

Abstract: A LED string light includes an elongated tubular casing having an elongated light cavity therewith, a light source arrangement being received within the light cavity, and a control unit electrically linking to the light source for controlling and operating the light source arrangement, so as to provide electricity thereto. The light source arrangement further includes at least one conductive wire, and a plurality of diode units spacedly and directly coupled along the conductive wire to generate a 360° light emitted from each of the diode units. Each of the diode units includes a diode sealably encased by a diode enclosure, which is encasing the diode with the conductive wire to maintain the diode in position, so as to minimize the size of the diode unit. Therefore, the diameter of the casing is reduced.

Abstract: An integrally ballasted lamp assembly (200) including a spacer disk (220) disposed in a lamp receptacle cavity (244) between a lamp (226) and the bottom (238) of the lamp receptacle (214). The disk (220) may be configured to contact connector clips (216, 218) coupled to the bottom (238) of the lamp receptacle to positively align the clips (216, 218) for connection to a ballast circuit disposed on a PCB (212). The disk (220) may also, or alternatively, at least partially occlude connector clip openings (402, 404) in the bottom (238) of the lamp receptacle (214) for hindering the flow of uncured cement (902) through the openings (402, 404), and may also, or alternatively, provide a thermal barrier between the lamp (226) and the lamp receptacle (214).

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display (1) including: a substrate (11); and a first organic electroluminescent device part (10) and a second organic electroluminescent device part (20) placed side by side on a surface of the substrate; the first organic electroluminescent device part (10) including at least a light reflective conductive layer (12), an organic luminescent medium layer (13), and a transparent electrode layer (15) in this order and including a light reflective layer (14) inside or outside of the organic luminescent medium layer (13) or the transparent electrode layer (15); the second organic electroluminescent device part (20) including at least a light reflective conductive layer (12), a first inorganic compound layer (21), an organic luminescent medium layer (13), and a transparent electrode layer (15) in this order and including a light reflective layer (14) inside or outside of the organic luminescent medium layer (13) or the transparent electrode layer (15); and an emission spectrum of light

Abstract: An LED lighting system using a retro-formed component is disclosed. Embodiments of the invention make use of a component that has an external form factor of a structural element of a pre-existing light fixture. The component, for example, can be a power supply, or a heat sink with a connector. The component allows an LED lighting unit to be used without having the power supply and/or a heat sink take up space within what a consumer would normally see as the light bulb. In some embodiments the form factor is that of a screw-in socket such as an Edison E-26 socket. A connector or connectors can allow removal of the power supply portion of the lighting unit, or of the LED and possibly an optical element from the power supply.

Abstract: A solid sealing method of an organic EL display device is provided which effectively prevents influences of moisture and reduces manufacturing cost. A mother sealing sheet (400) and a mother element substrate (100) are adhered with a use of a positioning mark (+). A rectangular portion shown in a dotted line on the mother sealing sheet (400) is a separation line (41). An adhesive member is formed in the separation line (41), and the adhesive member is adhered to a display region (101) formed over the mother element substrate (100). A cut-out is formed at a corner portion and a short side portion of the rectangular separation line (41) and a cut-out and a bridge are formed on the long side portion. Thus, unnecessary portion of the mother sealing sheet can be removed without losing the reliability of adhesion.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a light emitting screen 1 comprises steps of providing a resistance layer 6 having a plurality of apertures arranged in a lattice pattern and having light emitting members each arranged in each of the apertures, on a substrate 2 having an image display region 10 and a peripheral region 11 at an outer periphery of the image display region, such that the resistance layer extends from the image display region to the peripheral region, and such that the plurality of apertures are arranged in the image display region, providing a resistance adjusting layer having a resistance value larger than that of the resistance layer, on the resistance layer, to divide the image display region and the peripheral region into a plurality of segments, and forming a film of an electroconductive layer to cover the resistance layer and the light emitting member positioned in the segments.

Abstract: An organic EL device includes: a base body; pixels that are arranged in the base body and emit light beams having either of at least two different colors from among red, green and blue; an reflection layer that has optical reflectivity and arranged on the base body; an anti-reflection layer that is arranged on the reflection layer and has optical reflectivity lower than that of the reflection layer; an insulation layer that is arranged on the anti-reflection layer and has optical transmittance; a first electrode that is arranged in each pixel on the insulation layer and has optical transmittance; an organic functional layer that is arranged on the first electrode and includes at least a luminescent layer; a second electrode that is arranged on the organic functional layer and has optical reflectivity and optical transmittance; and an optical resonator that is formed between the reflection layer and the second electrode to resonate the light from the organic functional layer, wherein the optical resonator has

Abstract: A method of making a tubulation-free gas filled electrode or lamp having the steps of providing a glass or quartz tube having a first end and a second end opposite the first end; inserting a cathode into the first end; crimping the first end thereby securing the cathode and making the first end airtight; securing a solid plug inside the tube second end but leaving a gap between the plug and tube through which gas can pass; evacuating air from inside the tube by drawing it through the second end past the plug; charging the tube with a gas; and sealing the plug gap to make the second end airtight.

Abstract: A light assembly for a hand-held medical diagnostic instrument. The light assembly includes a substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface, a light source mounted to the top surface, and the bottom surface having first and second electrical terminals. The light assembly further includes a circuit board disposed inclined to the substrate, the circuit board having first and second electrical terminals, a first connector mounting and electrically connecting the first electrical terminal of the substrate to the first electrical terminal of the circuit board, a second connector mounting and electrically connecting the second electrical terminal of the substrate to the second electrical terminal of the circuit board, a heat sink, and a thermal conductor thermally connecting at least one of the first and second electrical terminals of the substrate to the heat sink.

Abstract: Disclosed are a light emitting module and a method of manufacturing the light emitting module.

Abstract: A lamp assembly, and method for making same. The lamp assembly includes first and second truncated reflector cups. The lamp assembly also includes at least one base plate disposed between the first and second truncated reflector cups, and a light engine disposed on a top surface of the at least one base plate. The light engine is configured to emit light to be reflected by one of the first and second truncated reflector cups.

Abstract: A method for sealing an automotive lamp assembly comprising a first member having a tongue assembly and a second member having a groove adapted to receive the tongue assembly of the first member. The process comprises the following steps (i) in situ injection molding a silicone composition or thermoplastic composition onto the tongue assembly (20) and/or into the groove (9) (ii) curing the silicone composition or thermoplastic composition in place to form a gasket (21,10) which is chemically and/or physically bonded to said tongue assembly (20) and/or groove (9) and (iii) sealing the automotive assembly by mechanically engaging the first member and the second member, at least one of which has a cured in place gasket produced in accordance with steps (i) and (ii) above.

Abstract: An organic light emitting element and method for manufacturing an organic light emitting element. A first electrode is formed from a metal alloy that includes a first metal material that exhibits a carrier-injection property upon oxidation, and a second metal material that is light-reflective and electrically conductive, a precipitate of the first metal material forming on at least part of a surface of the first electrode, and a metal oxide layer being formed in the precipitate. A functional layer contacts the surface of the first electrode and includes at least a light-emitting layer configured to accept a carrier injected by the first electrode. A second electrode is disposed opposite the first electrode with the functional layer therebetween and has a polarity different from a polarity of the first electrode.

Abstract: A method and system for treating emissions includes charging particles in an exhaust stream, producing one or more radicals, and oxidizing at least a portion of the charged particles with at least a portion of the produced radicals. At least a portion of the charged particles in the exhaust stream are then attracted on at least one attraction surface which is one of oppositely charged from the charged particles and grounded. The attracted particles are oxidized with another portion of the one or more produced radicals to self regenerate the at least one attraction surface. Downstream from where the attracted particles are oxidized, at least a portion of one or more first compounds in the exhaust stream are converted to one or more second compounds downstream from the attracting. Additionally, at least a portion of any remaining charged particles are oxidized into one or more gases.

Abstract: Solid state lighting (SSL) devices and methods of manufacturing such devices. One embodiment of an SSL device comprises a support and an emitter array having a plurality of SSL emitters carried by the support. The emitter array has a central region and a peripheral region outward from the central region. Individual SSL emitters in both the central and the peripheral regions have a primary emission direction along which an intensity of light from the SSL emitters is highest, and the primary emission direction of the SSL emitters in the central region is at least substantially the same direction as the primary emission direction of the SSL emitters in the peripheral region. Additionally, a first coverage area ratio of the SSL emitters in the central region is different than a second coverage area ratio of the SSL emitters in the peripheral region.

Abstract: A field emission device in which a protecting vapor is present in an evacuated space between a field emission cathode assembly and an anode. The protecting vapor may be one or more hydrogen-containing gases such as a gas containing M—H bonds where M may be C, Si, B, Al or P.

Abstract: A lighting mode of an extra-high pressure mercury lamp can be switched between a steady lighting mode and a low electric power lighting mode. A temperature maintaining portion that absorbs light emitted from a light emission section is provided in a vicinity of a boundary between a sealing portion and a light emission section in an outer circumference direction of the lamp. The temperature maintaining portion is made of a material having thermal expansion coefficient that is greater than a material that forms the light emission section. The temperature maintaining portion comes in contact with the light emission section in the low electric power lighting mode. In the steady lighting mode, a gap is formed between the temperature maintaining portion and the light emission section so that the temperature maintaining portion is separated from the light emission section.

Abstract: LED light bulbs include openings in base or cover portions, and optional forced flow elements, for convective cooling. Thermally conductive optically transmissive material may be used for cooling, optionally including fins. A LED light engine may be fabricated from a substrate via planar fabrication techiques and shaped to form a substantially rigid upright support structure. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal connections may be made between a LED light engine and a LED light bulb.

Abstract: An exemplary method for manufacturing a field electron emission source includes: providing a substrate (102); depositing a cathode layer (104) on a surface of the substrate; providing a carbon nanotube paste, coating the carbon nanotube paste on the cathode layer; calcining the carbon nanotube paste to form a carbon nanotube composite layer (110); and, irradiating the carbon nanotube composite layer with a laser beam of a certain power density, thereby achieving a field electron emission source.

Abstract: One embodiment of an energy-efficient light fixture with automatic multilevel illumination comprising a housing that contains multiple ballasts and multiple lamps at least one of which is controlled by an occupancy sensor. At least one of the lamps remains on constantly to provide security in structures which would benefit from the safety that constant illumination provides. The other lamps will remain off until occupancy is detected from a sensor located within the luminaire housing and connected to one of the ballasts located therein.

Abstract: The invention discloses an electroluminescent device (10), comprising a substrate (40) and on top of the substrate (40) a substrate electrode (20), a counter electrode (30) and an electroluminescent layer stack with at least one organic electroluminescent layer (50) arranged between the substrate electrode (20) and the counter electrode (30), and an encapsulation means (90) at least encapsulates the electroluminescent layer stack, at least one divide (80,80?) dividing at least the counter electrode (30) into a plurality of electrically separated counter-electrode-segments (110,110?,110?), below the divide (80,80?) an electrically non-conductive protective means (70) is arranged on the substrate electrode (20) exceeding the divide (80, 80?) and the protective means (70) is arranged on the substrate electrode (20) with a shape suitable to prevent the emergence of a shadowing edge.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electroluminescent device (10) comprising an organic light emitting layer (50) and an encapsulation means (70) with a closed contour encapsulating the side of the electroluminescent layer stack (59) and for electrically contacting the counter electrode (40) to an electrical source. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for providing such a device, the use of the contiguous contour as an encapsulation means and a covered substrate to be used in such a device.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic light-emitting display device comprising: a pixel region wherein an organic light-emitting device comprised of a first electrode, an organic thin film layer and a second electrode is formed; a first substrate comprising a non-pixel region encompassing the pixel region; a second substrate disposed on the upper of the first substrate to be overlapped with the pixel region and a portion of the non-pixel region; and a plurality of frits provided between the first substrate and the second substrate and formed in parallel at spaced intervals along the peripheral portion of the pixel region, wherein the first substrate is bonded to the second substrate by the plurality of frits.

Abstract: A substrate for semiconductor device includes a graphite substrate, an amorphous carbon layer having a thickness of not less than 20 nm and not more than 60 nm formed on the graphite substrate and an AlN layer formed on the amorphous carbon layer. The amorphous carbon layer is obtained by oxidizing the surface of the graphite substrate.

Abstract: A lamp including a plurality of light emitting devices and heat sinks can be configured to dissipate heat generated by the plurality of light emitting devices. The heat sinks can be branched into a generally Y-shaped configuration as viewed in a section that includes a primary optical axis of the vehicle lamp. One of the light emitting devices is connected to one of the branched parts of the heat sinks. Another light emitting device is connected to the other branched part of the heat sinks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a full color organic electroluminescent device and a method for fabricating the same and provides a full color organic electroluminescent device. The invention reduces misalignment errors caused by fine patterning of the emitting layer by reducing the steps of the fine patterning process. In particular, the blue emitting layer functions as a hole inhibition layer which results in superior color purity and improved stability for the color organic electroluminescent device. The use of such a blue emitting layer also reduces the manufacturing steps. The device comprises a substrate; a first electrode pattern formed on the substrate; a red emitting layer formed by patterning a red emitting material on a red pixel region of the first electrode pattern and a green emitting layer formed by patterning a green emitting material on a green pixel region of the first electrode pattern.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device that has improved lifespan properties by improving the characteristics of an interface between at least one of a red emissive layer, a green emissive layer or a blue emissive layer, and an electron transport layer, and a method of manufacturing the organic light emitting device.

Abstract: A lighting device comprising a light emitter positioning element and first and second solid state light emitters positioned on the first light emitter positioning element, at least a first portion of the first light emitter positioning element of a spiral shape. Also, a lighting device comprising first and second solid state light emitters and means for dissipating heat from them. Also, a method of assembling a lighting device, comprising positioning a first light emitter positioning element that comprises a ledge, so that at least a part of it is in contact with a support structure, at least first and second solid state light emitters being on the positioning element, and pressing the positioning element to bring it into contact with the ledge.

Abstract: A lighting device with thermal management may be, for example, a headlamp device that includes a light source and a housing. The housing includes a first portion comprising a first set of external surfaces adapted to operate as a first heat sink to dissipate heat from within the first portion. The light source is disposed within the first portion. The housing also includes a second portion comprising a second set of external surfaces adapted to operate as a second heat sink to dissipate heat from within the second portion. Substantially all external surfaces of the of housing are adapted to be exposed to ambient air when the headlamp device is in use and are included in the first and second sets of external surfaces. Methods and other lighting devices are also provided.

Abstract: A method of making an LED lamp circuit achieves uniform heating and cooling of an LED lamp to extend its lifetime. Steps include: providing a circuit board for an LED lamp and dispersing a plurality of light emitting diodes across a surface of the circuit board; distributing an LED driver on a surface of the circuit board so that the light-emitting-diode driver is not a distinctly identifiable component, does not interfere with the light output of the LEDs, and enables the LED driver to uniformly heat the LEDs when powering the LEDs; configuring the LED driver to attach to a power input; and integrating a heat sink to a surface of the circuit board, the heat sink configured to uniformly remove heat from the LEDs and the LED driver. The invention includes an LED lamp circuit made according to the method.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a high frequency, cold cathode, triode-type, field-emitter vacuum tube including a cathode structure, an anode structure spaced from the cathode structure, and a control grid, wherein the cathode structure and the anode structure are formed separately and bonded together with the interposition of spacers, and the control grid is integrated in the anode structure.

Abstract: A preparing method of an organic light-emitting display device, completely encapsulating a substrate and an encapsulation substrate with a frit and a supplement member is disclosed. It is an aspect of the present invention to provide an organic light-emitting display device comprising: a first substrate comprising a pixel region and a non-pixel region on the side thereof wherein an organic light-emitting element is formed in the pixel region and the non-pixel region is formed in the outer side of the pixel region; a second substrate bonded to one region including the pixel region of the first substrate; encapsulating member provided between the non-pixel region of the first substrate and the second substrate and adhering the first substrate to the second substrate; and supplement member configured of resin formed to be spaced from the frit.

Abstract: An opaque zone in the polycrystalline (PCA) discharge vessel of a high intensity discharge lamp may be made by creating residual pores in predetermined regions of the final-sintered discharge vessel. The control over the placement of the opaque zone is achieved by forming a carbonaceous residue in a specific region of the discharge vessel prior to final sintering. During sintering, the carbonaceous material causes residual porosity in the sintered PCA. The higher emissivity of the opaque PCA provides localized cooling in order to provide more control over the condensate behavior in the discharge vessel.

Abstract: Provided herein are certain embodiments of systems, methods and devices for Raman lasers based on micro-ring and mircro-racetrack resonators, and the manufacturing thereof. For example, a device can be provided which is structured to receive an electro-magnetic radiation including a resonator arrangement which has a distance from one edge thereof to another edge thereof of at most approximately a wavelength of the electro-magnetic radiation that impacts the resonator arrangement. According to some embodiments, the resonator arrangement can be configured to generate a Raman radiation when impacted by a further electro-magnetic radiation. In some embodiments, the resonator arrangement can solely generate the Raman radiation which is lasing, which Raman radiation can be generated by the resonator arrangement in a continuous mode and/or a pulsed lasing mode. The resonator arrangement can generate the Raman radiation which is lasing without a use of an external electrical driver.

Abstract: An electro-optic display is produced using a sub-assembly comprising a front sheet, an electro-optic medium; and an adhesive layer. An aperture is formed through the adhesive layer where the adhesive layer is not covered by the electro-optic medium, and the sub-assembly is adhered to a backplane having a co-operating member with the aperture engaged with a co-operating member, thus locating the sub-assembly relative to the backplane. In another form of electro-optic display, a chip extends through an aperture in the electro-optic medium and adhesive layer. In a third form, the aforementioned sub-assembly is secured to a backplane and then a cut is made through both backplane and sub-assembly to provide an aligned edge.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a flat panel display device. The flat panel display device includes a first substrate, an array of pixels formed on the first substrate, a second substrate opposing the first substrate, and a frit formed between the first substrate and the second substrate to encapsulate the array of pixels. On the first substrate, a buffer layer is formed, a first insulating film is formed on the buffer layer, and a first metal line is formed on the first insulating film. A second insulating film is formed, a second metal line is formed on the second insulating film, and a protective film formed on the upper of the second insulating film. A portion of the protective layer is etched to expose a portion of the second electrode. The frit overlaps with the portion of the second electrode.

Abstract: A device including a layer comprising a light emissive area and a light non-emissive area. A light-extracting feature is disposed over the light non-emissive area. The light-extracting features can include surface aberrations and reflective index matching elements. A method of forming the device is also provided.

Abstract: A display device includes a first fiber having a silicon layer or an oxide layer, on which an active element is formed on the surface of the fiber and a second fiber forming a combined one-dimensional substrate together with the first fiber by being combined with the first fiber and having light emitting layers formed on a plurality of domains of the device. The first fiber and the second fiber are respectively drawn out from take-up jigs, are cut in necessary lengths and separated into plural fibers, and these plural first or second fibers are mounted in parallel with each other on a fixing jig. In this state, at least one-side elements of active elements and passive elements are formed on the first or second fibers.

Abstract: Interfaces for electrical (e.g., lighting) devices involve use of electrically conductive edge contacts arranged on or protruding from edges of printed circuit boards (PCBs) that provide or facilitate electrical connections to first and second externally accessible electrical contacts, such as may include threaded and foot contacts of a lighting device including a screw-shaped male base. First and/or second edge contacts of a PCB may protrude through first and second openings in a housing to form first and second externally accessible contact, or directly engage first and second externally accessible contact elements associated with (e.g., retained by) the housing. A contact element retained by a housing may define a slot in the interior of the housing to directly engage an edge contact of the PCB. Electric power is supplied to the PCB via edge contacts without need for intervening wires or soldered connections.

Abstract: A method for making a field emission cathode device is presented. First, an insulative substrate is provided. The insulative substrate includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The insulative substrate defines a number of openings extending through from the first surface to the second surface. Second, at least one electron emitter is provided corresponding to each of the number of openings. The electron emitter includes a fixing portion and an electron emission portion connecting to the fixing portion. The fixing portion is fixed on the first surface, and the electron emission portion extends from the fixing portion into the number of openings. Third, a number of cathode electrodes are formed on the first surface to fix the fixing portion between the insulative substrate and the cathode electrodes.