Abstract: A method of manufacturing a light emitting device. The method includes: mounting a light emitting chip on a substrate; forming a transparent resin portion and a phosphor layer by using a liquid droplet discharging apparatus, the transparent resin portion being formed in a shape of a dome and covering the light emitting chip to fill an exterior thereof on the substrate, a phosphor layer containing phosphor and being formed on an exterior of the transparent resin portion close to at least a top side thereof; and forming a reflecting layer at a position exterior of the transparent resin portion and the phosphor layer close to the substrate.

Abstract: An LED lamp includes a lamp housing including an aluminum alloy substantially free of silicone. An electrical circuit trace is disposed on the lamp housing. An LED is attached directly to the lamp housing and electrically connected to the electrical circuit trace. LED driver circuitry is electrically connected to the electrical circuit trace. A housing contains the LED driver circuitry. A threaded incandescent light-type electrical plug may be configured for reception into a standard incandescent light-type socket. The LED driver circuitry is electrically disposed between the electrical plug and the LED. The lamp housing may include a generally frusto-conical shape. A solder mask may be affixed over at least a portion of the electrical circuit trace. The lamp housing may be press formed. The lamp housing is in direct thermal conductive relation to the LED such that heat energy is dissipated from the LED directly to the lamp housing.

Abstract: A light emitting device package assembly includes a light emitting device package body, and first, second and third white light emitting devices on the package body, each of the first, second and third white light emitting devices emits light when energized having a chromaticity that falls within a respective one of first, second and third non-overlapping chromaticity regions in a two dimensional chromaticity space. The first, second and third chromaticity regions are spaced apart in the two dimensional chromaticity space by respective regions having at least the size of a seven step MacAdam ellipse. Related solid state luminaires and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Simple, rapid and low-cost assembly methods of a LED lamp are provided. A standard lamp base having two electrodes and a cavity is soldered with a resistor to the first one of the electrodes, and then filled with a thermally conductive electric insulator in the cavity. A circuit board is attached onto the thermally conductive electric insulator and then soldered to the second electrode and the resistor. An LED device is soldered onto the circuit board such that the LED device and the resistor are serially connected between the electrodes. Preferably, the circuit board has a through hole through which a thermally conductive member is inserted into the thermally conductive electric insulator with its lower end, and the LED device is placed onto the upper end of the thermally conductive member.

Abstract: The present application relates to assembling a lighting element (20) onto a substrate (28). To enable exact positioning of the lighting element (20) and further optical components (30), there is provided aligning the lighting element (20) with a support element (22) within one mounting plane P using an auxiliary carrier (24), surface mounting the lighting element (20) together with the support element (22) onto a substrate (28) within one step e.g. by reflow soldering, and mounting a further component (30) onto the support element (22) such that no mechanical stress is applied to the lighting element (20).

Abstract: An organic EL device (1) includes: a substrate (11); a plurality of lower electrodes (14) formed on the substrate (11) and corresponding to luminescence regions, respectively; a dividing wall (17) formed so as to surround the luminescence regions; light-emitting layers (19) formed on the lower electrodes (14) in the luminescence regions, respectively; and an upper electrode (20) formed on the dividing wall (17) and the light-emitting layers (19). The dividing wall (17) is conductive and electrically connected to the upper electrode (20).

Abstract: Disclosed are LED lamp assemblies that are substantially inseparable. The LED lamp assemblies use discrete components that are individually manufactured and then assembled in a manner that substantially prevents disassembly or disengagement of components. An interference fit can be used to substantially secure components of the LED lamp assemblies. Bonding techniques can also be used, including adhesive and solvent bonds, as well as thermal bonds, including sonic bonds.

Abstract: A light emitting unit of an electroluminescence device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The light emitting unit of the electroluminescence device includes a power line, a first electrode layer, a light emitting layer and a second electrode layer. The power line is on a substrate. The first electrode layer is disposed on the substrate and is electrically connected to the power line. In particular, a top portion of the first electrode layer has an oxygen concentration higher than that of a bottom portion of the first electrode layer. The light emitting layer is disposed on the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is disposed on the light emitting layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal cell manufacturing device and a method thereof. The liquid crystal cell manufacturing device includes a pre-alignment vacuum chamber, a vacuum lamination chamber and a sealant curing chamber. The pre-alignment vacuum chamber includes a comb-type transferring system for aligning a first substrate with a second substrate and sending them into the vacuum lamination chamber. The vacuum lamination chamber uses a lamination device to laminate the first substrate and the second substrate into a substrate assembly under a nearly vacuum status, and then uses a transferring device to send the substrate assembly to the sealant curing chamber. The sealant curing chamber uses at least one UV spot light source to move above the substrate assembly and irradiate a surface of the substrate assembly to cure at least one sealant in the substrate assembly, and thereby complete manufacture of liquid crystal cells of liquid crystal panels.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to a laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI) method, the method including patterning a transfer layer arranged on a donor film; disposing the donor film on an acceptor substrate; laminating the donor film on the acceptor substrate; transferring the transfer layer of the donor film to the acceptor substrate; and removing the donor film from the acceptor substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a field emission planar lighting lamp, which comprises: a base substrate; cathodes disposed on the base substrate; anodes disposed on the base substrate, wherein the cathodes are disposed beside the anodes, each anode has an impacted surface corresponding to the cathodes, and the impacted surface is an inclined plane or a curved plane; a phosphor layer disposed on the impacted surface of the anode; and a front substrate corresponding to the base substrate, wherein the anodes and the cathodes are disposed between the base substrate and the front substrate.

Abstract: The following method is provided: a method of readily fabricating an electron-emitting device, coated with a low-work function material, having good electron-emitting properties with high reproducibility such that differences in electron-emitting properties between electron-emitting devices are reduced. Before a structure is coated with the low-work function material, a metal oxide layer is formed on the structure.

Abstract: Provided are an organic light emitting display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The organic light emitting display device includes a substrate; an sealing substrate facing the substrate, an organic light emitting unit disposed between the substrate and the sealing substrate and having a plurality of organic light emitting devices emitting light, and a plurality of grooves formed in a light extracting surface of the organic light emitting display device through which the light is emitted to the outside. In one embodiment, the grooves are formed on the sealing substrate, and in another embodiment, the grooves are formed on the substrate.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a light emitting material which can improve the luminous lifetime of a light emitting device by being included in a light emitting layer of the light emitting device. A means for achieving the object is a light emitting material characterized by comprising wherein the material comprises a conjugated polymer having a conjugated part and a blue light emitting compound having a blue light emitting part and satisfies the following formula (1): y?log10(5.1×x0.

Abstract: A high-efficiency LED lamp is disclosed. Embodiments of the invention provide a high-efficiency, high output solid-state lamp. The lamp includes an LED assembly, an optical element disposed to receive light from the LED assembly, and an optical overlay. The optical element includes a primary exit surface, wherein the primary exit surface is at least about 1.5 inches from the LED assembly. In example embodiments, the optical element is roughly cylindrical in shape, but can take other shapes and be made from various materials. An LED lamp according to some embodiments of the invention has an efficiency of at least about 160 lumens per watt. In some embodiments, the lamp has a light output of at least 1200 lumens. In some embodiments, the LED lamp produces light with a color rendering index (CRI) of at least 90 and a warm white color.

Abstract: A novel display device with higher reliability having a structure of blocking moisture and oxygen, which deteriorate the characteristics of the display device, from penetrating through a sealing region and a method of manufacturing thereof is provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a luminescent component (30) and a manufacturing method thereof. The luminescent component (30) comprises a first transparent carrier (18), a second transparent carrier (24), a substrate (10) sandwiched between said transparent carriers (18; 24), the substrate (10) comprising a conduit from the first transparent layer (18) to the second transparent carrier (24), the conduit being filled with a luminescent solution (20). This facilitates the use of colloidal solutions of quantum dots in such a luminescent component (30). Preferably, the substrate (10) is direct bonded to the transparent carriers (18, 24) using direct wafer bonding techniques.

Abstract: A lamp (10) has a light source (12) comprising a press seal (17). A lamp envelope (18) receives the light source (12), the envelope (18) having a base (22). A clip-receiving aperture (24) is formed in the base (22), and a clip locator surface (26, 52, 54) is formed in the base (22) adjacent the clip-receiving aperture (24). A clip (28) is positioned in the clip-receiving aperture (24) to receive the press seal (17). The clip (28) has a first retainer (32) and a second retainer (33), the first retainer (32) engages the clip locator surface (26, 52, 54), whereby the clip (28) is located within the clip-receiving aperture (24). The second retainer (33) secures the clip (28) to the base (22), and a third retainer (34) secures the press seal (17) of the light source (12) within the clip (28).

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes: a substrate; the metal film at the mounting region on the substrate; a light-emitting part including a plurality of light-emitting elements disposed on the metal film; metal members formed on the substrate, respectively including pad parts and wiring parts, forming a positive electrode and a negative electrode configured to apply a voltage to the light-emitting element through the wiring parts, respectively; and a plating wire connected to the metal film, extended to a side face of the substrate. The metal film and the metal members are independently disposed. The wiring part of the positive electrode and the wiring part of the negative electrode are formed at a circumference of the mounting region. The metal members are formed apart from the circumferential edge of the substrate on the side of the mounting region of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for making the electron emission apparatus is provided. In the method, an insulating substrate including a surface is provided. A number of grids are formed on the insulating substrate and defined by a plurality of electrodes. A number of conductive linear structures are fabricated and supported by the electrodes. The number of conductive linear structures are substantially parallel to the surface and each of the grids contains at least one of the conductive linear structures. The conductive linear structures are cut to form a number of electron emitters. Each of the electron emitters has two electron emission ends defining a gap therebetween.

Abstract: An LED lamp including a glass lampshell and a stem assembly with one end inserted into the glass lampshell. The stem assembly comprises a glass trumpet tube with one end sealed within the glass lampshell to form a cavity within the glass lampshell and within the cavity a supporting component connected to the glass trumpet tube and supporting an LED emitter. The stem assembly further comprises a wire encompassed within the glass trumpet tube. The wire has one end extending outside of the cavity and the other end electrically connected to the LED emitter.

Abstract: A Hall effect thruster with an annular discharge channel that includes inner and outer sidewall electrodes located at an axial position that is downstream from the anode. The Hall effect thruster may also include shielding elements configured to shield the inner and outer sidewall electrodes from electrons in the annular discharge channel. The shielding elements may be magnetic shielding elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light emitting device package and a method of manufacturing the same. There is provided a light emitting device package including a metal core; an insulating layer formed on the metal core; a metal layer formed on the insulating layer; a first cavity formed by removing parts of the metal layer and the insulating layer to expose a top surface of the metal core; and a light emitting device directly mounted on the top surface of the metal core in the first cavity and further there is provided a method of manufacturing the light emitting device package.

Abstract: A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) including an insulating barrier between heat sources and heat sensitive components. The heat sensitive barrier is in the form of an insulative layer of cement applied between the heat generating components of the CFL and one or more heat sensitive components of the CFL. The cement can also fix or secure various components within the lamp thereby eliminating the need for some or all of the support structure of a conventional CFL.

Abstract: A substrate bearing, on one main face, a composite electrode, which includes an electroconductive network which is a layer formed from strands made of an electroconductive material based on a metal and/or a metal oxide, and having a light transmission of at least 60% at 550 nm, the space between the strands of the network being filled by an electroconductive fill material. The composite electrode also includes an electroconductive coating, which may or may not be different from the fill material, covering the electroconductive network, and in electrical connection with the strands, having a thickness greater than or equal to 40 nm, of resistivity ?1 less than 105 ?·cm and greater than the resistivity of the network, the coating forming a smoothed outer surface of the electrode. The composite electrode additionally has a sheet resistance less than or equal to 10?/?.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sealing method for a display element, and more particularly, to a sealing method for a display element which fundamentally prevents an error due to contact between light emitting bodies of upper and lower sealing members by protecting a surface of a light emitting layer and an electrode with a curing body of a photocurable transparent composition, enhances workability of a display element sealing, provides good moisture resistance and adhesiveness and improves an aperture ratio of a display element by making a top emission available to thereby make a thinner, larger display element.

Abstract: An organic EL device includes a substrate; a color filter layer that is formed above the substrate; a first electrode that is formed between the substrate and the color filter layer; a second electrode that is formed to face the first electrode; and an organic light-emitting layer that is formed between the first and second electrodes. The color filter layer includes first and second sub-filter layers that are formed in a region overlapping the first electrode, when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and transmit a first color. The first and second sub-filter layers are formed of the same material and the first and second sub-filter layers are laminated.

Abstract: An LED bulb includes at least one LED disposed within a shell, which is connected to a base. A thermally conductive liquid is held within the shell. The LED is immersed in the thermally conductive liquid. A plurality of beads is immersed in the thermally conductive liquid. The beads are compressible, where the beads are compressed in response to expansion of the thermally conductive liquid.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a plurality of interdigitated pixels arranged in an array, having a very low series-resistances with improved current spreading and improved heat-sinking Each pixel is a square with sides of dimension 1. The series resistance is minimized by increasing the perimeter of an active region for the pixels. The series resistance is also minimized by shrinking the space between a mesa and n-contact for each pixel.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp unit includes a projection lens disposed on an optical axis extending in a vehicular longitudinal direction; a light source disposed rearward of a rear side focal point of the projection lens; a reflector reflecting direct light from the light source forward towards the optical axis; a shade disposed between the projection lens and the light source such that the shade blocks a part of reflected light from the reflector and a part of the direct light from the light source to form a cut-off line of a light distribution pattern; a first reflective surface formed on a tip portion of the reflector such that the first reflective surface reflects a part of the direct light from the light source downward to the front of the shade; and a second reflective surface formed on the front of the shade and below the rear side focal point of the projection lens such that the second reflective surface reflects reflected light from the first reflective surface towards the projection lens.

Abstract: A donor film and a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device using the donor film. The donor film having a stack structure includes: a first layer comprising first transfer portions comprising a light emitting material of a first color, and first opening portions; a second layer that is formed on the first layer and comprising second transfer portions corresponding to the first opening portion and further comprising a light emitting material of a second color, and second opening portions; and a third layer that is formed on the second layer and comprising third transfer portions corresponding to the first and second opening portions and further comprising a light emitting material of a third color, and third opening portions.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of light emitting devices, comprises a substrate-forming step of forming a planar-shaped substrate, a frame-forming step of forming a closed frame on the substrate, an element-mounting step of mounting multiple light emitting elements in an inside of the frame, a sealing step of injecting a liquid material that is to be a sealing member to the inside of the frame so as to seal the multiple light emitting elements, and a dividing step of dividing the multiple light emitting elements together with the substrate and the sealing member so as to obtain multiple light emitting devices with the sealing member exposed from a side surface thereof.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) lighting apparatus including an array of first optic elements overlying an array of LED chips, wherein each of the LED chips is configured to emit light of a first wavelength range through a light emitting surface of the overlying first optic element. The array of first optic elements are also underlying an array of second optic elements, wherein each of the second optic elements is configured to convert light of the first wavelength range to be emitted through the light emitting surface of the underlying first optic element to light of a second wavelength range different from the first wavelength range.

Abstract: A laminated glass element is described, preferably a laminated safety glass element with integrated electroluminescence (EL) light structure, a method for producing a laminated glass element according to the invention, an insulating glass element containing at least one laminated glass element according to the invention and the use of a laminated glass element according to the invention as a decorative element and/or light element in interior spaces or for external use, preferably on external claddings of buildings, in or on items of equipment, in or on land or water vehicles or aircraft or in the advertising sector.

Abstract: A vehicular light source unit includes: an LED element integrated with a pair of plate-like feeding terminals; and an LED socket including a pair of plate spring-like conductive terminals in which movable portions and supporting portions that are integrally formed by a conductive member hold the pair of feeding terminals from both sides, and a resin housing integrated with the pair of conductive terminals. The LED element is detachably supported by the plate spring-like conductive terminals through the feeding terminals and receives a power supply from both sides of the feeding terminals.

Abstract: In a mercury-containing arc discharge device for converting electrical energy into resonance radiation energy, the isotopic distribution of the mercury in the device is altered from that of natural mercury so as to reduce imprisonment time of resonance radiation and thereby increase the efficiency of conversion of electrical energy into resonance radiation. The mercury-199 isotope content of the mercury is lower than that in natural mercury and the mercury-201 and/or mercury-204 isotopes are greater than those in natural mercury.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a circuit board, at least one light emitting diode fastened to the circuit board, and a housing, wherein the circuit board is a wall segment of the housing.

Abstract: A method for formation of a line pattern using a multiple nozzle head includes forming a cell region in which display cells with a height corresponding to a multiple of a line gap of nozzles provided to the multiple nozzle head are repeated in two dimensions; and forming different kinds of first and second line patterns alternatively repeated on the cell region by ink-jet printing using the multiple nozzle head. When the multiple nozzle head scans once, the first and second line patterns are formed at the same time under the condition that the height of the display cells and a gap between two associative line patterns are a multiple of the line gap of nozzles. This method may improve productivity by reducing the number of scans of the multiple nozzle head, and also decrease the possibility of open circuit occurring when forming a line pattern by ink jetting.

Abstract: The invention relates to foil element constructed from a) an at least partly transparent carrier foil, component A, which contains at least one cold-stretchable foil material which is provided with optional graphical representations, b) a semitransparent reflecting layer B, c) an at least partly transparent foil comprising at least one cold-stretchable foil material, component C, d) at least one electroluminescent element, component D, applied onto the at least partly transparent foil C, e) a protective layer, component EA, or a foil, component EB. The invention further relates to the use of the foil element as a decorative panel or a display element for vehicles, for forming safety-belt panels or warning-indication panels in vehicles, for forming warning-indication panels in buildings, and for forming housing elements for mobile electronic instruments or stationary electronic instruments, or for forming a small or household appliance or for forming a keyboard.

Abstract: The present disclosure involves an LED lamp. The LED lamp includes a plurality of light-emitting diode (LED) light sources located on a substrate. At least a subset of the LED light sources is free of a phosphor coating. The LED lamp includes a multi-layered cap structure located over at least the subset of the LED light sources. The cap structure contains a phosphor material and a diffuser material. The cap structure is physically separated from the subset of the LED light sources by a gap. The LED lamp includes a cover structure positioned over and surrounding the LED light sources and the cap structure.

Abstract: A high-efficiency LED lamp is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention provide a high-efficiency, high output solid-state lamp. The lamp includes an LED assembly, and an optical element or diffuser disposed to receive light from the LED assembly. The optical element includes a primary exit surface, wherein the primary exit surface is at least about 1.5 inches from the LED assembly. In example embodiments, the optical element is roughly cylindrical in shape, but can take other shapes and be made from various materials. An LED lamp according to some embodiments of the invention has an efficiency of at least about 150 lumens per watt. In some embodiments, the lamp has a light output of at least 1200 lumens. In some embodiments, the LED lamp produces light with a color rendering index (CRI) of at least 90 and a warm white color.

Abstract: A planar helix slow-wave structure with straight edge connections where the structure consists of two arrays of thin, parallel, conductors printed on top and bottom faces of a low-loss dielectric material or substrate, the conductors in the arrays printed on the top and bottom surfaces being inclined at different but symmetric pitch angles on the surface of the planar surface, the conjunction ends of the conductors on the top and bottom faces being connected by vertical conductors with circular rings with a diameter greater than the diameter of the vertical conductors to ensure proper connections between them, and a vacuum tunnel inside the planar helix structure.

Abstract: A high-efficiency LED lamp is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention provide a high-efficiency, high output solid-state lamp. The lamp includes an LED assembly, and an optical element or diffuser disposed to receive light from the LED assembly. The optical element includes a primary exit surface for the light, wherein the primary exit surface is at least about 1.5 inches from the LED assembly. In example embodiments, the optical element is roughly cylindrical in shape. An LED lamp according to some embodiments of the invention has an efficiency of at least 150 lumens per watt. In some embodiments, the lamp has a light output of at least 1200 lumens. In some embodiments, the LED lamp produces light with a color rendering index (CRI) of at least 90 and a correlated color temperature of from 2800 to 3000 K.

Abstract: A manufacturing apparatus for a three-dimensional image display includes a control unit configured to cause a display panel bonded to a lens plate while being housed in a decompression chamber to display an inspection chart, to cause an image capture to capture images of the inspection chart multiple times along with an increase in a decompression degree inside the decompression chamber while causing a decompressor to decompress the inside of the decompression chamber, to obtain variance of luminance distribution for each of the images captured by the image capture, to obtain change information of the variance that changes depending on a change in the decompression degree inside the decompression chamber, and to obtain the decompression degree at a change point of the variance based on the obtained change information of the variance.

Abstract: An elongate tube formed from a composite material comprising a polymer and a photoluminescent material has a cylindrical wall that defines an arc of between about 180 degrees and 360 degrees or greater. An elongate opening is defined in the wall along the length of the tube. The wall of the tube is flexible which permits the opening to be manually enlarged to enable the tube to be mounted over an electric light source. The wall is configured to approximate the outer dimensions of the light source which retains the tube on the light source. The photoluminescent material in the tube wall is energized by the light source and emits sufficient light for a period of time if the electricity to the light source is temporarily interrupted.

Abstract: An electron emitting element of the present invention includes an electron acceleration layer provided between an electrode substrate and a thin-film electrode, which electron acceleration layer includes (a) conductive fine particles and (b) insulating fine particles having an average particle diameter greater than that of the conductive fine particles. The electron emitting element satisfies the following relational expression: 0.3x+3.9?y?75, where x (nm) is an average particle diameter of the insulating fine particles, and y (nm) is a thickness of the thin-film electrode 3. Such a configuration allows modification of the thickness of the thin-film electrode with respect to the size of the insulating particles, thereby ensuring electrical conduction and allowing sufficient current to flow inside the element. As a result, stable emission of ballistic electrons from the thin-film electrode is possible.

Abstract: A lightweight, flexible, plastic substrate is coated with at least one layer, such that the substrate has desired barrier and electrode characteristics useful in constructing OLED displays. The layer has both a low enough resistance to function as an electrode for the display, and low oxygen and moisture permeability. The display is thereby protected from oxygen and moisture degradation. For lower permeability and/or higher conductivity, multiple alternating layers of barrier materials and conductive materials may be applied. The barrier material includes at least one of a thin metallic film, an organic polymer, a thin transparent dielectric, a thin transparent metal nitride, and a thin transparent conductive oxide. The conductive material includes at least one of a thin transparent conductive oxide, a thin transparent metallic film, and a thin transparent metal nitride. Preferably, a multilayer polymer base coat is deposited over the substrate to exclude moisture and atmospheric gases.

Abstract: A method of producing an organic EL element according to the present invention is a method of producing an organic electroluminescent element by stacking at least an anode, a cathode, and an organic light-emitting layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The method includes an organic light-emitting layer formation step for forming the organic light-emitting layer by applying an organic light-emitting ink having an organic light-emitting material and a solvent to a light-emitting layer formation region on which the organic light-emitting layer is to be formed, by using a relief printing plate that has a relief portion in a shape corresponding to the shape of light-emitting layer formation region and has a plurality of grooves formed on a surface portion of the relief portion.

Abstract: Some embodiments include methods of forming plasma-generating microstructures. Aluminum may be anodized to form an aluminum oxide body having a plurality of openings extending therethrough. Conductive liners may be formed within the openings, and circuitry may be formed to control current flow through the conductive liners. The conductive liners form a plurality of hollow cathodes, and the current flow is configured to generate and maintain plasmas within the hollow cathodes. The plasmas within various hollow cathodes, or sets of hollow cathodes, may be independently controlled. Such independently controlled plasmas may be utilized to create a pattern in a display, or on a substrate. In some embodiments, the plasmas may be utilized for plasma-assisted etching and/or plasma-assisted deposition. Some embodiments include constructions and assemblies containing multiple plasma-generating structures.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a plurality of interdigitated pixels arranged in an array, having a very low series-resistances with improved current spreading and improved heat-sinking. Each pixel is a square with sides of dimension l. The series resistance is minimized by increasing the perimeter of an active region for the pixels. The series resistance is also minimized by shrinking the space between a mesa and n-contact for each pixel.