Abstract: A lamp which has a lamp glass envelope (14) having contact pins (16) projecting from its end (15) and which is held in a socket receptacle (9) having an insulator (2, 6), wherein the insulator (2, 6) holds a small metallic tube (1) between a contact pin (16) of the lamp envelope (14) and a current-feeding connecting cable (4) in at least one through hole, to which small tube (1) the contact pin (16) is crimped and the connecting cable (4) is connected.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display having a small thickness and a fabrication method thereof are provided. The organic light emitting display includes a substrate, an non-transmissive layer formed on the substrate, a semiconductor layer formed on the non-transmissive layer, a gate insulation layer formed on the semiconductor layer, a gate electrode formed on the gate insulation layer, an inter-layer dielectric layer formed on the gate electrode, a source/drain electrode formed on the inter-layer dielectric layer, an insulation layer formed on the source/drain electrode, and an organic light emitting diode formed on the insulation layer.

Abstract: A display device includes an insulating substrate, barriers surrounding predetermined regions on the insulating substrate, wherein ink composition is supplied in the predetermined regions, the ink composition including a first solvent which remains in a solid state in a temperature range between 10° C. and 30° C., a second solvent which remains in a liquid state in a temperature range between 10° C. and 30° C., and an organic material, and an organic layer formed in the predetermined regions by volatilizing the first solvent and the second solvent. Thus, the present invention provides a display device with an organic layer of regular quality.

Abstract: There are provided a plane light source and an LCD backlight unit having the same.

Abstract: A series connected light string using LEDs connected to an AC power source is disclosed. In order to make some or all of the lights color change, twinkle, and/or flash, controllers are provided in series with all or some of the LEDs. Because the supply source AC, but the active elements are essentially rectifiers, the circuit becomes a half wave DC circuit. Half wave DC will cause unpredictable behavior in DC circuit components. This will cause the controller to shut down during the zero voltage portion of the pulsating DC cycle. To prevent this a current supplying element is placed in parallel with the controller.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a substrate, a pair of electrode layers disposed on the substrate, a light-emitting element disposed between the pair of electrode layers to keep a first space with each of the pair of electrode layers while electrically connecting with each of the pair of electrode layers, and a pair of reflection layers, each extending in overlapping relation from one to the other one of the pair of electrode layers as seen in a transparent plan view. The light-emitting element is disposed between the pair of reflection layers to keep a second space with each of the pair of reflection layers.

Abstract: A method of making a subassembly (10) for a PAR lamp (12) comprising the steps of: (a) providing a base (14) including a cup-shaped portion (16) with a top edge (18) having an extended flange (20) projecting therefrom; (b) providing a plurality of electrical contacts (22, 24) and inserting the contacts into appropriate locations (22a, 24a) in a bottom (26) of the cup-shaped portion (16); (c) providing a lamp capsule (28) including a light source (30) having dependent leads (32, 34) projecting from a base end (36); (d) inserting the base end (36) of the lamp capsule (28) into the cup-shaped portion (16) and affixing the dependent leads (32, 34) to the electrical contacts (22, 24); (e) providing a reflector (38) having a funnel-shaped body (40) with a substantially tubular neck (42); (f) filling the cup-shaped portion (16) with a liquid cement (44) to a depth that covers the base end (36) of the lamp capsule (28); (g) fitting the reflector (38) over the lamp capsule (28) so that the tubular neck (42) is submers

Abstract: A gas barrier substrate including a first gas barrier layer, a substrate, and a second gas barrier layer is provided. The first gas barrier layer has a central bonding surface bonded with the substrate and a peripheral boding surface surrounding the central bonding surface. The second gas barrier layer entirely covers the substrate and the first gas barrier layer. The second gas barrier layer is bonded with the substrate and the peripheral boding surface of the first gas barrier layer, wherein a minimum distance from an edge of the substrate to an edge of the first gas barrier layer is greater than a thickness of the first gas barrier layer.

Abstract: A LED package includes a LED die, and a memory device. The memory device is arranged for holding LED data information for driving the LED die. A LED driver arrangement includes a LED package as described above, a LED driver device and a microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to the memory device for accessing the LED data information for driving the LED die and to the LED driver for sending an output flux settings signal. The LED driver device is connected to the LED die for providing a driving signal to the LED die, the driving signal being based on the output flux in package settings signal from the microcontroller.

Abstract: Provided is a light source apparatus having a phosphor layer which is subjected to a light beam of a predefined wavelength emitted from a solid light source element as an excitation light beam and which generates fluorescent beam by being excited by the incident excitation light beam and emits the fluorescence beam to outside, and a metal layer which is joined to a predefined surface among outer surfaces of the phosphor layer except an incident surface of the excitation light beam and an outgoing surface of the fluorescence beam for converting excitons excited from a section of the phosphor layer close to the predefined surface into a light beam via surface plasmon polaritons. The light beam converted from the excitons via the surface plasmon polaritons is emitted out of the outgoing surface of the phosphor layer together with the fluorescence beam.

Abstract: Light emitter components with improved light extraction and related methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, the light emitter component can include a submount, at least one light emitting chip disposed over the submount, and a lens disposed over a portion of the light emitting chip. The lens can include an optical element. The optical element can be configured to affect light output from the at least one light emitting chip.

Abstract: A ceramic arc body includes a main body having a chamber. A leg extends from the main body and has an internal opening therethrough that communicates with the chamber. An electrically non-conductive seal member is received in the leg opening. A tapered internal surface abuttingly engages the seal member and provides for centering of the seal member relative to the leg. A separate tapering region, shoulder, or stop surface limits insertion of the seal member into the leg opening for precision location of the seal member, and in another embodiment, a single continuous taper inside the leg cooperates with a tapered seal member for both centering and precision insertion of the seal member into the leg. In another embodiment, a hybrid electrode is employed where one portion of the hybrid electrode is electrically non-conductive and a second portion of the electrode is electrically conductive.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) element including an LED chip having a light emitting surface and at least one pad. A phosphor layer is formed on the light emitting surface and exposes the at least one pad. The phosphor layer includes a plurality of phosphor particles and a matrix. At least some of the phosphor particles have a first portion embedded in the matrix and a second portion protruding from an outer surface of the matrix. A method of forming a gel layer on an LED element includes using capillary action to draw the glue material into a space adjacent the upper surface of the chip.

Abstract: A lightweight, flexible, plastic substrate is coated with at least one layer, such that the substrate has desired barrier and electrode characteristics useful in constructing OLED displays. The layer has both a low enough resistance to function as an electrode for the display, and low oxygen and moisture permeability. The display is thereby protected from oxygen and moisture degradation. For lower permeability and/or higher conductivity, multiple alternating layers of barrier materials and conductive materials may be applied. The barrier material includes at least one of a thin metallic film, an organic polymer, a thin transparent dielectric, a thin transparent metal nitride, and a thin transparent conductive oxide. The conductive material includes at least one of a thin transparent conductive oxide, a thin transparent metallic film, and a thin transparent metal nitride. Preferably, a multilayer polymer base coat is deposited over the substrate to exclude moisture and atmospheric gases.

Abstract: In a top emission structure, there has been a problem in that a wiring, a TFT, or the like is provided in regions other than a light emitting region so that light reflected by the wiring reaches eyes of an observer. The present invention prevents light that is reflected by a wire from reaching eyes of an observer by providing a light-absorbing multilayer film (61) in regions other than a light emitting region. Specifically, the light-absorbing multilayer film (61) is used as an upper layer of a partition wall (also called as a bank or a barrier) that covers ends of a first electrode (66b) whereas an organic resin film (67) is used as a lower layer of the partition wall. The partition wall in the present invention is characterized by being a laminate of three or more layers formed of different materials.

Abstract: The present invention, in one embodiment, provides a method of forming an organic electric device that includes providing a plurality of carbon nanostructures; and dispersing the plurality of carbon nanostructures in a polymeric matrix to provide a polymeric composite, wherein when the plurality of carbon nanostructures are present at a first concentration an interface of the plurality of carbon nanostructures and the polymeric matrix is characterized by charge transport when an external energy is applied, and when the plurality of carbon nanostructures are present at a second concentration the interface of the plurality of carbon nanostructures and the polymeric matrix are characterized by exciton dissociation when an external energy is applied, wherein the first concentration is less than the second concentration.

Abstract: A light emitting device including semiconductor nanocrystals can have a unipolar construction. The semiconductor nanocrystals emit light during device operation. The size and chemical composition of the semiconductor nanocrystals can be chosen to provide desired emission characteristics. Devices that share a substrate and emit more than one color may be conveniently made.

Abstract: An organic EL device includes a substrate; a color filter layer that is formed above the substrate; a first electrode that is formed between the substrate and the color filter layer; a second electrode that is formed to face the first electrode; and an organic light-emitting layer that is formed between the first and second electrodes. The color filter layer includes first and second sub-filter layers that are formed in a region overlapping the first electrode, when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and transmit a first color. The first and second sub-filter layers are formed of the same material and the first and second sub-filter layers are laminated.

Abstract: A light emitting device has a light emitting element, a mounting portion and a sealing part. On the mounting portion, the light emitting element is mounted and a circuit pattern is formed to supply power to the light emitting element. The sealing part is formed on the mounting portion, sealing the light emitting element, and formed of a glass and a phosphor uniformly dispersed in the glass. The phosphor is adapted to emit a wavelength-converted light by being excited by a light emitted from the light emitting element.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for disassembling a plasma display device including PDP (11) having front plate (20) and rear plate (21), and metal support plate (14) bonded to rear plate (21) of PDP (1.1) with bonding member (1.6) interposed therebetween. The method includes removing front plate (20) constituting PDP (11) to expose a surface of rear plate (21), and then removing formed layers on rear plate (21), followed by irradiation with infrared rays from a rear plate (21) side, to heat bonding member (16) between rear plate (21) and metal support plate (14) so as to decrease bonding strength, and thereafter to separate rear plate (21) and metal support plate (14).

Abstract: A light source apparatus is disclosed. The light source includes an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) including at least three color channels, the at least three color channels includes: a yellow-greenish channel including a YAG:Ce phosphor emitter pumped by a royal blue InGaN LED; a red channel including a second LED, the second LED being either phosphor-based LED or AlInGaP LED; and a blue green channel including a third LED wherein the third LED is a royal blue InGaN LED. The light source further includes a mixing barrel around the array of LEDs for mixing light generated from the three color channels to simulate a black body radiator at different correlated color temperatures. Each of the at least three color channels includes one or more LEDs emitting the same color.

Abstract: In embodiments of an imaging structure with embedded light sources, an imaging structure includes a silicon backplane with a driver pad array. The embedded light sources are formed on the driver pad array in an emitter material layer, and the embedded light sources can be individually controlled at the driver pad array to generate and emit light. A conductive material layer over the embedded light sources forms a p-n junction between the emitter material layer and the conductive material layer. Micro lens optics can be positioned over the conductive material layer to direct the light that is emitted from the embedded light sources. Further, the micro lens optics may be implemented as parabolic optics to concentrate the light that is emitted from the embedded light sources.

Abstract: An improved LED provides power efficient lighting while accepting a wide range of input voltages. The improved LED may comprise a controller that may measure a voltage, current, or other characteristics of input power and modify operation of the improved LED accordingly, such as to accept significantly more voltage or significantly less voltage while providing consistent light output. This allows light bulbs or other lighting to be easily manufactured with the improved LED. The improved LED may comprise the controller and one or more LED dies enclosed by a substrate and lens structure. Depending on the configuration of the controller, the improved LED may also provide time, temperature, and other measurement/response functions to help ensure consistent light output.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a lamp assembly, and particularly to a method of fixing a first light source and a second light source in a single lamp assembly. More specifically, the invention provides a lamp assembly and a mechanism for fixing at least two light sources therein, at least one of which is a compact fluorescent light source, an incandescent light source, or a halogen light source, and where the fixing mechanism used involves soldering the lead-in wires of the second light source to a printed circuit board of the lamp assembly, which is in operative connection with the lamp ballast.

Abstract: A high brightness excimer light source has an elongated tube containing an excimer-forming gas and electrodes for exciting the gas to form a plasma, and thus create excimers such as a rare gas halogen excimer or a rare gas excimer. Light emitted from the excimer propagating axially along the tube passes out of the tube through an exit device such as a lens or optical fiber at one or both ends of the tube.

Abstract: A method for forming a fritted cover sheet includes providing a substrate and depositing an initial frit bead on the substrate. Thereafter, at least one additional frit bead is deposited on the substrate such that a base of the at least one additional frit bead contacts a base of an adjacent frit bead thereby forming a frit seal on the substrate.

Abstract: An OLED device includes an OLED structure having a curved shape and/or a concave surface. The OLED structure may function both as light source and as a reflector configured to concentrate light produced by the structure. An OLED may be formed in the shape of a reflector so that light is provided at the concave surface and so that light is reflected from the concave surface at the same location along the surface. The OLED structure can include a flexible substrate formed to shape, along with an organic layer and electrode layers coated over a substrate surface either before or after the substrate is formed. The OLED structure may also include a microcavity OLED, a grating layer, and/or one or more optical elements that alter the characteristics of the light emitted at an aperture of the structure.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display device and fabrication method thereof is provided. The device includes a first substrate having at least one thin film transistor; an electroluminescent unit formed on the first substrate and electrically connect to the thin film transistor; a first protective layer formed on the electroluminescent unit; a second protective layer formed on the first protective layer; and a third protective layer formed on the second protective layer and in contact with the first protective layer. The device further comprises a second substrate sealed to the first substrate to form the electroluminescent unit between the first substrate and second substrate. In the device, the first protective layer comprising inorganic material, the second protective layer comprising organic material and the third protective layer comprising inorganic material are formed on the electroluminescent unit to reduce oxidation of electrodes by preventing infiltration of moisture.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting apparatus, wherein a plurality of light-emitting elements that emit the same type of color are arranged in a plurality of row directions and column directions, the plurality of light-emitting elements arranged in the row direction are connected in series in the row direction, and the rows having the plurality of light-emitting elements connected in series are connected in parallel. The plurality of light-emitting elements comprise first light-emitting elements, and second light-emitting elements having smaller outputs than the first light-emitting elements, and the first light-emitting elements and the second light-emitting elements are arranged alternately in each of the row directions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for disassembling a plasma display device including PDP (11) having front plate (20) and rear plate (21), metal support plate (14) bonded to rear plate (21) of PDP (11) with bonding member (16) interposed therebetween, and circuit board (15) attached to metal support plate (14). The method includes performing irradiation with infrared rays from a side of front plate (20) constituting PDP (11) while air is sent to circuit board (15) attached to metal support plate (14) to heat bonding member (16) between PDP (11) and metal support plate (14) so as to decrease bonding strength, and then separating PDP (11) from metal support plate (14).

Abstract: A formic acid aqueous solution that contains Fe (II) ions is produced by dissolving metal iron in a formic acid aqueous solution. Nitrogen is supplied from a nitrogen supply device to a chemical liquid tank and then discharged from a discharge line to reduce the dissolved oxygen concentration in the aqueous solution. The chemical liquid tank is filled with the formic acid aqueous solution sealed with nitrogen, and is transferred from a factory to a nuclear reactor building designated as radiation-controlled areas. Inside the nuclear reactor building, the chemical liquid tank is installed in a film deposition apparatus connected to a reactor water recirculation pipeline. The formic acid aqueous is supplied from the chemical liquid tank to the inside of the reactor water recirculation pipeline, and then a ferrite film is formed on the inner surface of the reactor water recirculation pipeline.

Abstract: A reduced wattage gas discharge lamp and method of making same. The gas discharge lamp includes a light transmissive envelope with an inner surface, having a light scattering reflective layer disposed thereon. A phosphor layer is coated on an inner surface of the light scattering reflective layer. A discharge-sustaining gaseous mixture is retained inside the light-transmissive envelope. The discharge-sustaining gaseous mixture includes at least 88% argon, by volume, at a low pressure. An electrode is located within the light-transmissive envelope. The electrode is capable of providing an electric discharge to trigger a reaction within the light-transmissive envelope to cause the lamp to emit light. The remainder of the discharge-sustaining gaseous mixture is substantially neon, at a low pressure. The low pressure is about 3.6 Torr.

Abstract: A donor film for a laser induced thermal imaging method capable of improving the optical efficiency of an emission layer, a light emitting device using the same, and a method of manufacturing the light emitting device are provided. The donor film for a laser induced thermal imaging method includes a base substrate, a light to heat conversion layer (LTHC) provided on the base substrate and having a pattern with a predetermined step difference, and a transfer layer provided on the LTHC. It is possible to improve the optical efficiency of the emission layer by patterning the transfer layer using the LTHC having the pattern with a predetermined step difference.

Abstract: This compact fluorescent lamp includes a discharge tube arrangement with at least one discharge tube formed of glass and enclosing a discharge volume filled with a discharge gas. A ballast circuit is connected to the electrodes disposed at each end of a continuous arc path for controlling the current in the tube. A substantially spherical portion of an outer envelope encloses the tube arrangement and an elongated end portion encloses the ballast circuit. The end portion of the outer envelope is closed and sealed by a seal formed of the same material as the material of the outer envelope. In the associated method of manufacture, the envelope is separated by cutting along a circumferential line into an upper part and a lower part, the ballast circuit introduced into the lower part and respective lead-in wires and the lead-out wires are short and need not be insulated. The ballast circuit and the discharge tube arrangement are held and supported in the outer envelope by the connecting wires and fixing means.

Abstract: A light emitting device 10 includes: a lead frame 12a serving as a mounting portion having a cup 13; a light emitting element 14, mounted on the bottom face 13a of the cup, for emitting light having a predetermined peak wavelength; a layer of large phosphor particles 16, adsorbed and formed on the light emitting element, for absorbing light emitted from the light emitting element and for emitting light having a longer peak wavelength than that of the light emitted from the light emitting element; small phosphor particles 18, which have a smaller particle diameter than that of the large phosphor particles, for absorbing at least one of light emitted from the large phosphor particles and light emitted from the light emitting element and for emitting light having a longer peak wavelength than that of the at least one of the light emitted from the large phosphor particles and the light emitted from the light emitting element; and a sealing member 20, in which the small phosphor particles are dispersed, for sealin

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting apparatus of side emission type includes disposing a light emitting device on a substrate having a predetermined electrode pattern. A side member is disposed on the substrate to be spaced apart from the light emitting device with a predetermined space. The light emitting device and the electrode pattern are electrically connected. A light reflecting member is disposed in the space between the side member and at least one side surface of the light emitting device so that the light reflecting member is in contact with the at least one side surface of the light emitting device. A light-transmitting sealing member is disposed to surround the light emitting device other than the at least one side surface that is in contact with the light reflecting member. A light-reflective ceiling member is disposed at least over the sealing member.

Abstract: The present invention provides devices comprising an assembly of carbon nanotubes, and related methods. In some cases, the carbon nanotubes may have enhanced alignment. Devices of the invention may comprise features and/or components which may enhance the emission of electrons and may lower the operating voltage of the devices. Using methods described herein, carbon nanotube assemblies may be manufactured rapidly, at low cost, and over a large surface area. Such devices may be useful in display applications such as field emission devices, or other applications requiring high image quality, low power consumption, and stability over a wide temperature range.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for an organic electroluminescent device that includes an effectively optical area including display pixels for display and a dummy area surrounding the effectively optical area, the dummy area including dummy pixels not for display is provided. The manufacturing method includes coating a first composite material on a first portion in the effectively optical area, the first portion corresponding to one of the display pixels, and coating a second composite material separately from the coating of the first composite material, the second composite material being coated on a second portion of the dummy area, the second portion corresponding to one of the dummy pixels, the first composite material including a first organic electroluminescent material that is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent and the second composite material including a second organic electroluminescent material that is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.

Abstract: An LED (light emitting diode) glass includes a glass base, a plurality of LEDs mounted on the base, an interlayer disposed on the base and a glass cover disposed on the interlayer. The interlayer defines an opening to receive the LEDs. An outer periphery of the interlayer and two facing faces of the base and the cover form a plurality of grooves in a periphery of the LED glass. An adhesive material is filled in each of the grooves to fix the cover, the interlayer and the base together. A method for manufacturing the LED glass is also provided.

Abstract: A process for reducing Ag electromigration in electronic circuitry includes the step of treating the electronic circuitry with an electromigration resistant composition. This process is useful in fabricating electronic devices having electronic circuitry that is close together, such as resistors, capacitors, and displays, e.g., a plasma display panel (PDP) or a liquid crystal display (LCD).

Abstract: A discharge lamp includes an arc tube and a boron oxide film formed on an inner surface of the arc tube.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display (OELD) device at least includes a first assembly and a second assembly. The first assembly has a first substrate and an organic electroluminescent unit formed on the first substrate. The second assembly, assembled with the first assembly, includes a second substrate, a color filter layer and a patterned light-shielding layer. The color filter layer is disposed on the second substrate and has plural colored regions with different colors. The patterned light-shielding layer is disposed on the color filter layer and between the colored regions. A part of the patterned light-shielding layer contacts the first assembly to maintain a cell gap between the first assembly and the second assembly.

Abstract: An arc tube light source supported by a discontinuous two-part (top and bottom) frame inside a bulb of an HID lamp is ruggedized to reduce weld breakage under vibration and shock. Each of the top and bottom frames is substantially U-shaped, with the open end of the U-shape being attached by a strap to a pinch of the arc tube. For ruggedization a bracing strap is fixed to, and extends between, two sides of the frame and is welded to a lead wire extending from the pinch. Strength is enhanced if two lead wires extend from the pinch, and the bracing strap is welded to both. Advantageously the two lead wires are sides of a U-shaped wire such as a “U-pin”. Further stabilization may be achieved by using braces attached to both of the top and bottom frames and extended out against surrounding parts of the bulb.

Abstract: A flexible organic light emitting device includes a flexible substrate, an organic light emitting unit and a covering substrate. The organic light emitting unit includes a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer opposing the first electrode, and a light emitting layer, which is disposed between the first and second electrode layers. The covering substrate includes a base film, an insulation layer and an adhesion layer. An inner surface of the base film is facing an inner surface of the flexible substrate, and space is formed there-between. The insulation layer is disposed on the inner surface of the base film, and an adhesive force between the insulation layer and the organic light emitting unit is less than 0.1 N/cm. The adhesion layer is disposed between the insulation layer and the inner surface of the base film, covers the insulation layer and the organic light emitting unit, and fills the space.

Abstract: A method of forming an LED lamp with a desired distribution of phosphor is disclosed. The method includes the steps of mixing a plurality of phosphor particles in an uncured polymer resin for which the viscosity can be controlled in response to temperature to form a substantially uniform suspension of the phosphor particles in the resin. The uncured resin is then placed into a defined position adjacent an LED chip and the temperature of the resin is increased to correspondingly decrease its viscosity but to less than the temperature at which the resin would cure unreasonably quickly. The phosphor particles are encouraged to settle in the lowered-viscosity resin to a desired position with respect to the LED chip, and the temperature of the resin is thereafter increased to the point at which it will cured and solidify.

Abstract: A phase change material (PCM) is used as thermal storage for lighting systems. The PCM is placed in a thermally conductive container in close contact with the lighting system. As the PCM absorbs heat, it changes from a solid to a liquid state, but the temperature of the PCM is clamped at its melting point temperature. For LED-based systems, the PCM is selected to have a melting point such that the junction temperatures of the LEDs in the system are maintained at approximately their optimum operating temperature inside the lighting system housing. Because the thermal conductivity of the molten PCM is poor, a low thermal resistance heat flow path is provided from the PCM to the container.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display device and a method of fabricating the same, the method comprising: forming a first electrode on a substrate; forming a hydrophilic partition wall having a plurality of openings on the first electrode; forming hydrophobic red, green and blue organic light emitting layers on the plurality of openings of the partition wall, respectively; and forming a second electrode on each of the hydrophobic red, green and blue organic light emitting layers, whereby thin films can be selectively formed by a surface treatment so as to improve color impurity at boundaries of red, green and blue patterns.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a light source and a method therefor are provided that enables a high efficient light source to be manufactured even when an optical element whose characteristic significantly varies is used. After maintaining temperatures of a laser device and a wavelength conversion element at a temperature where an output of light emitted from each of the device and the element is equal to or greater than a predetermined rate of the maximum output, the laser device and the wavelength conversion element whose temperatures have been maintained are joined together so that the output of the light emitted from the wavelength conversion element is equal to or greater than a predetermined value.

Abstract: An apparatus for printing bead spacers on a substrate of an LCD panel includes a head unit for spraying a plurality of bead spacer groups on the substrate, a transfer unit for transferring the head unit, and a supply unit for supplying the bead spacers to the head unit. Each of the bead spacer groups includes a plurality of bead spacers, and the sizes of the respective spacers of at least two of the spacer groups are different from each other. The invention enables a cell gap of a substantially uniform thickness to be created and maintained in the panel, prevents the occurrence of smear failures in the panel, and increases the allowable tolerance in the amount of liquid crystal material needed to fill the panel correctly.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a switchable PBD includes filling a plurality of first-type particles and a plurality of second-type particles into each cell, where the plurality of first-type particles carries charges of a first charge polarity having a first charge density and the plurality of second-type particles is substantially electrically neutral, or carries charges having a second charge density that is substantially lower than the first charge density of the first-type particles, and filling a fluid into each cell, where the fluid comprises a charge controlling agent having a second charge polarity opposite to the first charge polarity, and the charge controlling agent has a substantially selective wettability, absorbability or adsorbability on the plurality of second-type particles. As such, at least part of the plurality of second-type particles is charged to have the second charge polarity in each cell.