Abstract: Crystalline materials having increased mechanical strength and improved chemical properties are provided by incorporating carbonate by contact treatment with carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) to modify the alkaline earth oxide morphology. Alkaline earth-containing particulate solids are stabilized in the crystalline oxide structure, preferrably with dense phase or supercritical CO.sub.2. Typical industrial applications include particulate contact solids, catalysts, binders and monolithic structures.

Abstract: Procedure for the regeneration of catalysts and adsorbent materials, which comprises the thermal desorption of adsorbed substances, with water in liquid condition, at high temperature or with water in supercritical condition, without oxidizing agents.

Abstract: Circulating equilibrium catalyst (ECAT) in a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is gently attrited in an internal or closely coupled attriter to produce fines and attrited catalyst which is recycled to the FCC unit for fines removal. Average particle size of the circulating ECAT is slightly reduced coupled with some fines formation, improving fluidization. Some metals removal is possible as metals tend to accumulate on the surface of the ECAT. The existing fines removal equipment in the FCC is used to remove produced fines, though operating conditions may be altered to reduce particulates emissions during periods of catalyst attrition. A dual orifice plate attriter closely coupled with and discharging into the FCC regenerator is preferred, but a high velocity gas jet within the FCC regenerator may also be used. The process operates without a magnetic catalyst separation unit.

Abstract: Catalyst systems with a content of a platinum-group-metal catalyst, a co-catalyst, a quaternary salt and a base for the oxidative carbonylation of aromatic hydroxy compounds to the corresponding diaryl carbonates are according to the invention obtained as a mother liquor by suspension crystallization and can be returned into the carbonylation reaction or worked up to valuable materials. The crystallizate, which consists predominantly of diaryl carbonate and the parent aromatic hydroxy compound, is worked up to pure diaryl carbonate and pure hydroxy compound.

Abstract: Spent lead catalysts containing contaminating amounts of arsenic values, e.g., mixed oxides of lead and arsenic, are regenerated and rendered suitable for reuse by heat-treating same at a temperature of at least 550.degree. C. in the presence of a gas mixture which comprises an inert gas, e.g., Ar, N.sub.2 or He, and at least 2% by volume of at least one reducing gas, e.g., H.sub.2, CO or CH.sub.4.

Abstract: Oil and oil additives separated from a contaminated solid particulate filter medium, preferably diatomaceous earth particles. Portions of a mixture of oil, oil additives and the filter medium are compressed into pellets that are extracted with liquid or supercritical CO.sub.2 to form a liquid solution. The solution is separated from the pellets and then heated to 20.degree.-60.degree. C. at a superatmospheric pressure to drive off CO.sub.2 gas, which is preferably recycled by compression into liquid or supercritical CO.sub.2.

Abstract: A heavy metal poisoned, spent FCC catalyst is treated by chemically impregnating the poisoned catalyst with a new catalytic metal or metal salt to provide an attrition resistant catalyst or sorbent for a different catalytic or absorption processes, such as catalysts for Fischer-Tropsh Synthesis, and sorbents for removal of sulfur gasses from fuel gases and flue-gases. The heavy metal contaminated FCC catalyst is directly used as a support for preparing catalysts having new catalytic properties and sorbents having new sorbent properties, without removing or "passivating" the heavy metals on the spent FCC catalyst as an intermediate step.

Abstract: Homogeneous catalytic regenerative heat transfer packing material is made by impregnating ceramic packing material with a solution of a catalyst precursor and then fixing the precursor into catalyst form. The catalyzed packing material is suitable for use in a process for the regenerative catalytic oxidation of waste gases, in particular, gases that include volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide or combinations thereof.

Abstract: A process for regenerating molybdenum containing ammoxidation catalyst comprising replacing the molybdenum loss from the catalyst during the ammoxidation reaction wherein ammonium dimolybdenum is utilized as the source for replacement of the molybdenum loss from the original catalyst.

Abstract: A method for producing a catalytic converter including a honeycomb body having flow channels with catalytically active surfaces, includes at least partially cleaning foreign materials from a honeycomb body of a catalytic converter that has been in service. Catalytically active surfaces of the catalytic converter are restored through application of a catalytically active surface coating.

Abstract: A process is provided for the regeneration of a vanadium-phosphorus oxide catalyst which has been used in a process for the preparation of maleic anhydride by oxidizing butane. The used catalyst particles are removed from the fluidized bed reactor and subjected to impact with each other and/or with structural surfaces such that the deteriorated layer is peeled away. Various forms of equipment may be employed such as pneumatic classifiers, jet mills and jetted fluidized beds.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants comprises feeding gaseous reactants into a slurry bed of solid particles suspended in a liquid; allowing the reactants to react as they pass upwardly through the slurry bed, thereby to form liquid and, optionally, gaseous products; and separating liquid product from the solid particles by passing, in a filtration zone within the slurry bed, liquid product through a filtration medium in a first direction, so that a cake of the solid particles forms on the filtration medium. The passage of liquid product through the filtering medium is interrupted. The filtering medium is then backflushed by passing a flushing fluid through the filtering medium in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, for at least portions of the periods that the liquid product passage is interrupted, thereby to dislodge the cake from the filtering medium.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a spent hydrogenation catalyst, comprising the steps of providing a catalyst comprising a support material selected from the group consisting of an inorganic oxide-zeolite composite, carbon and zeolite, and a catalytically active metal phase selected from the group consisting of partially reduced group IB metals and completely reduced group VIII metals, said metal phase being present in an amount of grater than or equal to about 0.03 wt %, and said catalyst having an initial diolefin hydrogenation activity, treating a hydrocarbon feedstock having a diolefin content of greater than or equal to about 0.

Abstract: A reversibly deactivated, particulate catalyst in a hydrocarbon synthesis slurry is rejuvenated by circulating the slurry from a slurry body through (i) a gas disengaging zone to remove gas bubbles from the slurry and increase its density, (iii) a downcomer which feeds the gas reduced, dense slurry into the bottom of a rejuvenating tube and applies a positive hydrostatic pressure to the tube, (iii) a catalyst rejuvenation zone in which a catalyst rejuvenating gas, which also acts as a lift gas, contacts the catalyst in slurry to form a catalyst rejuvenated slurry and, (iv) back into the slurry body. Removing gas bubbles prior to rejuvenation improves the rejuvenation efficiency and the downcomer reduces the amount of rejuvenation gas required to maintain slurry circulation through the tube.

Abstract: A regenerator in a FCC unit, with the reactor elevated above the regenerator and a side entry spent catalyst introduction to the regenerator, is modified by installing a spent catalyst distribution apparatus along a central vertical axis of the regenerator to radially discharge the spent catalyst and 10-50 percent of the regeneration air into the dense phase of the catalyst. The existing compressor may be used to supply the regeneration air to the spent catalyst distributor. The remaining 50-90 percent of the regeneration air is supplied to the air distribution grid. The retrofit improves spent catalyst distribution and mixing in the regenerator to avoid dilute phase CO combustion or afterburning in the offgas.

Abstract: A method of isomerizing n-paraffins into isoparaffins in a cut of hydrocarbons with four carbon atoms or of hydrocarbons with five and/or six carbon atoms. The cut being processed enters at least one reactor containing a stationary catalyst bed. The charge travels over the bed. Either the rate of isomerization in the effluents or a parameter directly dependent thereon (such as the octane number) is preferably continuously measured. Some of the upstream catalyst, specifically between 1/3 and 2/3, is replaced with fresh catalyst once that rate has decreased 10 to 30% below a prescribed point. The charge is redirected through the reactor once the catalyst has been replaced.

Abstract: A process to rejuvenate a spent sorbent to produce a rejuvenated sorbent is provided. This process comprises: (a) contacting a spent sorbent with a zinc composition that comprises zinc oxide, or a precursor to zinc oxide, to form a contacted composition; (b) drying said contacted composition at a temperature in the range of about 25.degree. C. to about 375.degree. C. for a time period in the range of about 1 minute to about 24 hours, to form a dried, contacted composition; and (c) calcining said dried, contacted composition at a temperature in the range of about 400.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C. for a time period in the range of about 1 minute to about 24 hours, to form said rejuvenated sorbent.

Abstract: Zeolites containing titanium atoms used as catalyst for the preparation of epoxides from olefins and hydrogen peroxide are regenerated by treating the spent catalyst with hydrogen peroxide in the absence of olefins and the regenerated catalyst is again used for the epoxidation.

Abstract: A method for maximizing the effective life and utilization of CO.sub.2 -absorbent material in a scrubber system for removing carbon dioxide from an air inflow to a metal-air battery or fuel cell comprises providing, in such a battery, a housing including a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and at least one removable, gas-permeable container containing a CO.sub.2 -absorbent material, the container being positioned across the flow path of gas entering said inlet and exiting said outlet. After a predetermined utilization of the system, the at least one removable, gas-permeable container is removed therefrom and spent CO.sub.2 -absorbent material from the container is regenerated for reuse in the scrubber system, the regeneration including at least periodically removing accumulated Group 1a metal carbonate deposits.

Abstract: Process is disclosed for preparing a highly fluorinated alkane by contacting halogenated alkenes or alkanes with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst which produces a super acid environment. Also, performing the fluorination process by using equipment having a corrosion resistant surface. The corrosion resistant surface may be provided by explosively cladding a corrosion resistant material onto a base metal.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of iron-, potassium- and cerium-containing catalysts for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons from the same spent catalysts (regeneration) by grinding and, if necessary, purifying the spent material, restoring the original activity by adjusting the composition and restoring the external shape comprises adding to the ground material an effective amount of potassium and such an amount of cerium that the total amount of cerium is greater than the amount originally present.

Abstract: An improved process for the regeneration of an ASO-containing HF catalyst by the removal of ASO from said catalyst through the utilization of a separation column equipped with fixed valve fractionation trays. The separation column defines a separation zone having a top zone, an intermediate zone, and a bottom zone wherein contained within the bottom zone is a series of vertically spaced, fixed valve fractionation trays, wherein each of the fixed valve fractionation trays include a plate defining a plurality of apertures and wherein fixedly spaced above each of the apertures is a valve having a shape substantially the same as the apertures for directing the flow of gas passing upwardly through the apertures of the plate into the direction substantially parallel to the plate.

Abstract: A process for making a catalyst product which comprises reacting dialkyltin oxide with an alcohol and the corresponding dialkyl carbonate at a temperature in the range between about 50.degree. to 200.degree. C. and at a pressure in the range between about 75 to 600 psi (0.52 to 4.14 MPa), wherein the catalyst product comprises dialkyltin dialkoxide in the range between about 90 to 100 mole % based on the tin species of the catalyst product. This process also forms effective catalyst product when the methanol is replaced with either a primary or secondary alcohol.

Abstract: An FCC process and apparatus operates with closed reactor cyclones and a catalyst stripper using H2 or recycled stripper vapor for stripping gas. Preferably stripper vapor is removed, cooled and condensed, and some vapor recycled to the stripper. Isolation of the stripper from the cracked product vapors permits use of large amounts of stripping steam, or stripping gases such as hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the regeneration of a deactivated, carbon-covered, fine-grained, heat-resistant catalyst, a pumpable suspension of deactivated catalyst being injected into a hot gas stream and the regenerated catalyst then being separated off from the gas stream.

Abstract: A method of regenerating a sulfur-sensitive hydrocarbon conversion catalyst by employing sulfur-contaminated heat-transfer equipment of a hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed. This method is useful for the regeneration of reforming catalysts comprising L-zeolite.

Abstract: For the treatment of solid catalyst or adsorbent particles, particles are urged upwardly in at least one vibrating helical coil having at least two pitches or turns, the particles being subjected to a temperature profile on most of their path within the coil and being contacted with at least one fluid over at least part of their path. At least one pitch or turn of the coil is heated by the Joule effect at a temperature between 20.degree. and 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: Tetrahedrally charged clays have been found to be active, regenerable catalysts in detergent alkylation, both as delaminated and pillared clays. The pillared saponites and beidellites are especially favored in forming detergent range alkylates using olefins as the alkylating agent to afford products with high monoalkylation selectivity and high linearity. Catalysts can be regenerated by a benzene wash or, after severe deactivation, by a carbon burn.

Abstract: An improved process for dissolving gold metal in ligand and oxidant lixiviation systems, wherein the solubility of gold is enhanced by the addition of heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur in the ring.

Abstract: A method is provided for the restoration of catalytic activity in deactivated nitrogen-treated carbon catalysts. Nitrogen-treated carbon catalysts are those carbonaceous chars which have been subjected to nitrogen-containing compounds at temperatures above about 700.degree. C. These nitrogen-containing compounds can be present either as part of the char raw material or as an additive to the char at any point during its manufacture. The method provides for a means to restore catalytic activity which is largely independent of the mechanism by which deactivation of the catalyst sites occurs. In the present invention, the deactivated nitrogen-treated carbonaceous char is heated to temperatures greater than 700.degree. C., followed by cooling in an inert atmosphere. While at temperatures above 700.degree. C., the char can be exposed to gasifying agents such as steam, carbon dioxide, or oxygen.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the recovery of a solvent adsorbed in an adsorber, or other substances which are condensable. The adsorber (3) is, at first, heated to a temperature which is below the decomposition temperature of the solvent, then the adsorber chamber (2) is sealed off from the surroundings and a high negative pressure is applied to the adsorber chamber (2), as a result of which the solvent is desorbed. During a portion of the time when this high negative pressure is applied, the temperature of the adsorber (3) is brought to a value which is above the decomposition temperature of the solvent. In spite of this, there is no decomposition under the noted conditions, however, the high temperature does enable an almost complete desorption of the solvent. Finally, the desorbed solvent is drawn off from the adsorber chamber (2) and condensed.

Abstract: In a method for purifying a carbon-containing adsorption medium used for treating flue gases within a flue gas scrubbing process the adsorption medium is introduced into an adsorption medium reactor where the adsorption medium adsorbs pollutants from the flue gas. The adsorption medium laden with pollutants is then removed from the adsorption medium reactor and conveyed into a thermal regeneration apparatus. At temperatures of 350.degree. to 650.degree. C. the pollutants are desorbed in the thermal regeneration apparatus, resulting in a desorption gas. In the desorbing step, pollutants in the form of heavy metals are vaporized and pollutants other than heavy metals are released from the adsorption medium and optionally decomposed. The desorption gas is then guided into an adsorption apparatus where the heavy metals are removed from the desorption gas by adsorption.

Abstract: Rhodium and ruthenium catalysts can be recovered from solutions of hydrogenated nitrile rubber by addition onto organosiloxane-based absorbers.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for convening C.sub.5 /C.sub.6 hydrocarbons to aromatic products, e.g., benzene, toluene, etc. The process involves first flowing the C.sub.5 /C.sub.6 feedstream to a first reaction zone where the C.sub.5 /C.sub.6 feed is convened to aromatics and C.sub.3 /C.sub.4 products which are then flowed to a second reaction zone where the C.sub.3 --C.sub.4 compounds are convened to aromatic compound along with formation of hydrogen and fuel gas products. The product stream from the second reaction zone is combined with the products from the first conversion zone and the entire stream separated into the desired components.

Abstract: Molybdenum/bismuth-based fluid-bed catalysts which are used for the ammoxidation of olefins can be reactivated by addition of a mixed oxide of formulaMo.sub.20 (P, Cr).sub.0.3-2.0 (Bi, Ni, Fe, Co).sub.1.33-4.0 O.sub.xwherein, besides Mo, one element from component group (P, Cr) and one or more metals from component group (Bi, Ni, Fe, Co) are present, andx results from the valency requirements,the mixed oxide being applied to SiO.sub.2 as support.

Abstract: There is provided a process for recovering boron trifluoride catalyst from an oligomerization mixture, which comprises introducing an oligomerization mixture containing catalyst comprising boron trifluoride and a complex of boron trifluoride and cocatalyst into a copper-nickel-made recovery reactor, heating the oligomerization mixture at or above a decomposition temperature of the complex, and separating and recovering boron trifluoride from the oligomerization mixture. According to the process, the boron trifluoride can be recovered effectively from the oligomerization mixture without causing the corrosion problem of the recovery reactor.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprises trifluorometbanesulfonic acid and a solid inorganic material which contains aluminum borate and aluminum oxide, This composition is used as a catalyst for alkylating at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkane (preferably isobutane and/or an isooctane) with at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkene (preferably pentene-1 and/or hexene-1).

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of preserving, storing, and using hydroxylamine production catalyst and, more particularly, to methods of preparing, storing, and using such catalyst in substantially oxygen free environments.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of preserving, storing, and using hydroxylamine production catalyst and, more particularly, to methods of preparing, storing, and using such catalyst in substantially oxygen free environments.

Abstract: A method of releasing metals from catalysts in a form that is readily recoverable using denitrifying bacteria is disclosed. The method can be used to regenerate catalysts and to recover metals from catalysts, especially molybdenum and nickel.

Abstract: A process for liquid phase alkylation of a hydrocarbon substrate with an olefinic alkylating agent comprising the steps of passing a process stream of the hydrocarbon substrate and alkylating agent at alkylating conditions through a fixed bed alkylation reactor of particulate polar contact material in the presence of a fluorinated sulfonic acid catalyst.

Abstract: A reactor for processing a catalyst material comprises a reaction chamber including a support for the catalyst material. A laser radiation entry means, a gas inlet and an exhaust are provided, each in communication with the reaction chamber. The gas inlet permits entry in the chamber of an oxidizing gas which assists in processing the catalyst material when exposed to laser radiation entering the chamber. Any resulting exhaust gases are then removed from the chamber through the exhaust. A drive means is provided to move the support in a manner such that the catalyst is moved through the laser radiation. The apparatus is useful in reactivate deactivated catalysts, such as hydroprocessing catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of purifying fluid having organic material. The method comprises two operational steps. The first step includes passing the fluid through an adsorbent such that the organic material is substantially adsorbed by the adsorbent and the fluid is substantially purified. The second step includes destroying the adsorbed organic material on the adsorbent and regenerating the adsorbent in a form substantially free of adsorbed organic material.

Abstract: There is disclosed an ozone decomposing reactor which comprises:a catalyst structure composed of a carrier having at least one passage extending therethrough for allowing an ozone containing fluid to pass through the catalyst structure and a catalyst and an electroconductive material carried in or on the carrier; andelectrodes attached to the catalyst structure to electrify the structure, whereby to decompose ozone at elevated temperatures.The carrier is either a ceramic honeycomb mold or a fiber board.

Abstract: A fluid bed catalyst which has lost activity or fluidization quality through agglomeration, contamination, or a physical or chemical change on the surface of the catalyst is deagglomerated and/or its surface re-exposed, by contacting the fluidized catalyst with a high velocity gas sufficient to cause multiple collisions among the catalyst particles and thereby deagglomerating the particles and/or abrading the surface of the particles to expose fresh catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a Lewis acid-catalyzed isoparaffin/olefin alkylation process in which acid consumption and energy costs are decreased by employing an acid sorption stage to separate the Lewis acid catalyst from the alkylate product stream, or from a selected fraction of the alkylate product stream, and desorbing the Lewis acid from the sorption stage with an isoparaffin-containing alkylation process feedstream.

Abstract: Cross-linked polymer microspheres are carefully separated into fractions of equal size and density by first using sieves and then using hydraulic separation in a cone. Each fraction is separately plated with copper. The copper plated microspheres are again separated into fractions of equal size and density. Each fraction is then given an additional metal plating. The thus plated microspheres have uniformly thick plating and have a maximized surface area for the amount of metal plated making them particularly useful as catalysts or in electrical products or processes. Microspheres having a plating of palladium exhibit a marked improvement in the adsorption of hydrogen both quantitatively and in rapidity.

Abstract: A catalyst useful for promoting the conversion of organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds in a hydrocarbon-containing feedstock is regenerated in a method wherein a deactivated catalyst is contacted with a controlled amount of water prior to combustion of sulfur contaminants from the catalyst.

Abstract: An efficient process for recovering a catalyst used in the preparation of .alpha.-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid, which comprises recovering part of a nickel catalyst component, such as nickel carbonyl, from a purge gas, concentrating a reaction product mixture, adding an organic solvent thereto to extract the reaction product, then separating and recovering the majority of the catalyst components from the extraction residue.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process using a riser reactor to crack a mixture of high and low nitrogen content fresh feeds is operated to reduce NO.sub.x emissions in the regenerator flue gas. Segregation of the feed into high and low nitrogen content streams, and addition of the high nitrogen content feed to the base of the riser, followed by separate addition of the low nitrogen content feed higher up in the riser, reduces NO.sub.x emissions and reduces production of low value products from the FCC unit.