Abstract: A process for the production of an ether-rich additive for gasoline, and more particularly, the production of MTBE, TAME and mixtures thereof from light hydrocarbon streams comprising passing the light hydrocarbon stream, preferably from an FCC feedstock, through a superactivated porous particulate medium so as to remove nitrogen compounds, mercaptan and water prior to contacting the feedstock with a catalyst under etherification process conditions. The present invention further includes a process for regenerating the spent superactivated mediums used for purifying the feedstock employed in the process for the production of ether-rich additives for gasoline.

Abstract: A catalyst composition containing one or more binary oxides of palladium and rare earth metal such as Ce, La, Nd, Pr and/or Sm. The catalyst composition is used for the catalytic combustion of gaseous combustion mixtures of oxygen and carbonaceous fuels such as methane, e.g., a natural gas/air combustion mixture. Specific preferred binary oxides may be, for example, M.sub.2 O.sub.3.sup.. PdO (e.g., La.sub.2 O.sub.3.sup.. PdO) or 2M.sub.2 O.sub.3.sup.. PdO, wherein in each case M Is La, Nd or Sm. A process of combusting gaseous carbonaceous fuels includes contacting a catalyst as described above under combustion conditions, e.g., 925.degree. C. to 1650.degree. C. and 1 to 20 atmospheres pressure, to carry out sustained combustion of the combustion mixture, including catalytically supported thermal combustion. Regeneration of over-temperatured M.sub.2 O.sub.3.sup.. PdO catalyst is also provided for.

Abstract: Oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) emissions from an FCC regenerator are reduced by operating the regenerator in partial CO burn mode and adding substoichiometric, or just stoichiometric air to the flue gas. Much CO and most NO.sub.x and NO.sub.x precursors are thermally converted at 2000.degree.-2900.degree. F., then the gas is cooled below about 1800.degree. F. and burning of CO completed.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the regeneration of a catalyst system component comprising certain transition aluminas promoted with a Lewis acid (preferably BF.sub.3) which have been used in the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefins. The process involves the calcination of the catalyst system component to volatilize and to oxidize the reaction product residue adhering to the solid catalyst. The process may include recovery and recycle of the involved Lewis acid.

Abstract: An alkane-containing feedstream is passed through one or more tubes, which may contain alkane-dehydrogenation catalyst, immersed in a bed of fluidized particles. The bed is at an elevated temperature which maintains the temperature within the tube(s) at an alkane-dehydrogenation temperature. The particles may be inert, chemically active and/or catalytically active. In one embodiment, cracking catalyst particles are circulated between a reaction zone wherein they contact a cracker feedstock which is converted to cracked hydrocarbon products and a regenerator (22) wherein carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst particles are exothermically removed by contact with an oxygen-containing gas (24). Hot regenerated particles from the regenerator (22) are recirculated (27) to the reaction zone for re-use therein.

Abstract: An alkylation process which utilizes a solid alkylation catalyst is disclosed. The catalyst, which has carbonaceous material adsorbed thereto, is regenerated by reacting the adsorbed carbonaceous material. The reaction step is accomplished by heating the catalyst in the presence of ozone to form an ozonated hydrocarbon, wherein the ozonated hydrocarbon includes carbonyl carbons. The ozonated hydrocarbon is removed by desorbing the carbonyl carbons from the solid alkylation catalyst. The carbonaceous material is preferably reacted at a temperature ranging from about 20.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. The ozone is preferably in a gaseous stream at a concentration ranging from about 1 to 50 volume percent. The carbonyl components are preferably desorbed from the heated alkylation catalyst by sweeping the catalyst with a desorption fluid.

Abstract: A process for regeneration of spent sulfated and calcined solid superacid catalyst is disclosed. Said process comprises heating said catalyst to a temperature of approximately 450.degree. C. and contacting said catalyst with a gas stream comprising oxygen or air and sulfur dioxide. This regeneration process can be performed in situ.

Abstract: A process for the reactivation, or rejuvenation of a nickel-alumina catalyst employed in the production of a gas comprised of an admixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or synthesis gas, by the conversion, in a reactor, or reaction zone, of light hydrocarbons in a fluidized bed of the catalyst at elevated temperature, in the presence of steam and oxygen. Catalyst reactivation is accomplished by withdrawing a portion of the catalyst from the fluidized bed of the reactor and treating the catalyst in an oxidation zone at temperature sufficient to oxidize and convert the nickel component of the catalyst to nickel aluminate and disperse said nickel aluminate within the alumina support, and then recycling the treated catalyst to the reactor, or reaction zone, to reactivate and increase the activity of the catalyst.

Abstract: A method is provided for passivating spent silicon contact mass by heating the spent silicon contact mass at a temperature in the range of from 200.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. in an oxygen containing atmosphere.

Abstract: A novel process and chemicals are disclosed for the rejuvenation of oxidation catalysts used to reduce the production of pollutants in the exhaust gas emanating from an internal combustion engine, particularly catalysts used in the converters of automobiles and other combustion engine powered vehicles. The rejuvenation may be done in place, within minutes, without removing the holding containers or converters or the catalyst from them. The rejuvenation is effected by treating the used catalyst with an aqueous solution of a peroxide which is decomposable at the temperature of treatment. The concentration of solution, the proportion of solution per unit volume of catalyst and the time of treatment are important factors in the effectiveness in regenerating or rejuvenating the catalyst.

Abstract: In a dehydrogenation process wherein catalyst is regenerated off-stream by use of heated air, at least two reactors are in the regeneration cycle, with regeneration air being heated to regeneration catalyst temperature for introduction into the first reactor, and thereafter being reheated to catalyst regeneration temperature and introduced into the second reactor. Such air may also be employed for preheating feed to the dehydrogenation reactor and/or for steam generation by heating such air to the temperature required for such procedure.

Abstract: A crystalline silicate catalyst having deposited coke thereon is regenerated by being contacted with an oxygen-containing gas having a moisture content of 0.2% by volume or less at a temperature of 400.degree.-600.degree. C.

Abstract: Barium peroxide oxidizer, together with a transition metal from Group I, III, IV, V, VII or VIII or compound thereof is used as stoichiometric reagent in the oxidative dimerization of hydrocarbons having three or four carbon atoms. Barium peroxide oxidizer, together with a transition metal from Group I, III, IV, V, VI, VII or VIII or compound thereof is used as stoichiometric reagent in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons having three or four carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for the reactivation of spent montmorillonite catalysts by thermal treatment, in which the spent catalysts are heated at a temperature of from 650.degree. to 850.degree. over a period of from 0.2 to 3 hours, and the montmorillonite catalysts thus obtained.

Abstract: A single path process for alkylating a hydrocarbon feedstock containing an olefin and an isoparaffin is disclosed. The process includes dispersing an acid-based liquid alkylation catalyst into a reaction zone for contact with a continuous hydrocarbon phase. The process further includes separating the hydrocarbon phase from the acid catalyst upon completion of the alkylation reaction and providing a continuous on-line regeneration of the entire volume of catalyst once it has been separated from the hydrocarbon phase.

Abstract: A method for continuously treating a gas using an apparatus with a catalyst bed housed therein comprises the steps of passing a subject gas through the catalyst bed to adsorb the adsorbable substances in the subject gas thereto; and passing a regenerating gas through the catalyst bed adsorbed by the adsorbable substances in the subject gas to react and decompose them and simultaneously regenerate the catalyst bed. A particular apparatus is used with this method.By carrying out this method of the present invention using the gas treating apparatus, it is possible to continuously, efficiently and economically advantageously treat a gas containing a malodorous component, harmful component, organic solvent, hydrocarbon vapor or the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock in the presence of steam using a steam-active reforming catalyst The present invention can generally be used in conjunction with any steam-active reforming processes wherein the hydrocarbon reforming and catalyst regeneration operations are conducted simultaneously and the catalyst is regenerated using a steam-diluted oxygen (or air) regeneration medium. In the present invention, catalyst regeneration effluent gas is advantageously reused in the reforming operation to provide at least a portion of the steam environment required for reforming the hydrocarbon feedstock. Free oxygen is preferably removed from the regeneration effluent gas before the regeneration effluent gas is brought into contact with the hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: Barium peroxide oxidizer, together with a transition metal from Group I, III, IV, V, VII or VIII or compound thereof is used as stoichiometric reagent in the oxidative dimerization of hydrocarbons having three or four carbon atoms. Barium peroxide oxidizer, together with a transition metal from Group I, III, IV, V, VI, VII or VIII or compound thereof is used as stoichiometric reagent in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons having three or four carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and butane in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and a carrier material. Reconditioning of catalyst particles containing platinum by transferring the catalyst particles through a combustion zone, a drying zone and a re-dispersion zone improves the process. Drying of the catalyst particles immediately after the combustion of coke improves the operation of a platinum re-dispersion zone. The lower moisture content in the re-dispersion zone allows the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen chloride and oxygen on the one hand, and water and chlorine on the other hand to be shifted to the production of chlorine. This shift of the equilibrium reaction can be further improved by maintaining an oxygen-enriched environment within the platinum re-dispersion zone. The use of a much lower chloride concentration in the re-dispersion zone reduces the emissions of hydrogen chloride from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A reactivated catalyst having optimum activity for hydrocracking and other acid catalyzed chemical conversion processes is prepared by contacting its deactivated counterpart, which contains a crystalline molecular sieve, a Group VIII noble metal hydrogenation component and carbonaceous deposits, with a gas containing molecular oxygen, preferably air, at a temperature between 950.degree. and 1200.degree. F., preferably between about 1050.degree. and 1150.degree. F., for a time sufficient to remove at least a portion of the carbonaceous deposits. When the reactivated catalyst contains a dealuminated Y zeolite that has been ion-exchanged with both noble metal and rare earth metal cations, its activity for hydrocracking in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere can be further increased by a rejuvenation procedure in which the reactivated catalyst is contacted with an aqueous ammonia solution in which an ammonium salt has been dissolved.

Abstract: There is provided a catalyst comprising a layered silicate, such as magadiite, containing interspathic polymeric silica which serves to prop open the layers. The catalyst further comprises rare earth cations which are exchanged with other cations in the silicate. It has been discovered that this rare earth cation exchange imparts enhanced hydrothermal stability to the catalyst. There is also provided a method for making this catalyst and a process for using this catalyst for cracking hydrocarbons. In the cracking process, the catalyst is regenerated.

Abstract: A process for the regeneration of a coked platinum, or polymetallic platinum reforming catalyst with ozone. The coked catalyst is contacted, and carbon burned from the catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 20.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., preferably about 60.degree. C. to 150.degree. C., with a gaseous stream containing ozone in concentration ranging from about 1 to 50 volume percent ozone sufficient to substantially deplete said catalyst of sufficient carbon to restore the activity of the catalyst to that of the corresponding fresh catalyst.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a coke contaminated reforming catalyst comprising platinum on a molecular sieve, said process consisting essentially of contacting said catalyst with a halogen-free oxygen-containing gas at a temperature of less than 780.degree. F. for a sufficient period of time such that the aromatization activity is restored to within 20.degree. F. of the activity said catalyst possessed at the start of the previous run cycle.

Abstract: Methods are provided for regenerating a zeolitic molecular sieve having a sulfur-containing carbonaceous material deposited thereon by contacting the zeolitic molecular sieve with an oxygen-containing regeneration feed gas to remove at least a portion of the carbonaceous deposit material and thereafter absorbing sulfur oxides present in the regeneration gas using soda-lime absorbent. The methods can inhibit the deactivation of zeolitic molecular sieves by avoiding contact thereof with the sulfur oxides.

Abstract: Process for the regeneration of an activated carbon or activated coke product comprising loading the activated product into a reaction vessel having two ends, initiating a flame front at one end of the vessel, introducing an oxidant to the other end of the vessel, and allowing the flame front to move through the activated product toward the end through which the oxidant is introduced.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and butane in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and a carrier material. Reconditioning of catalyst particles containing platinum by transferring the catalyst particles through a combustion zone, a drying zone and a re-dispersion zone improves the process. Drying of the catalyst particles immediately after the combustion of coke improves the operation of a platinum re-dispersion zone. The lower moisture content in the re-dispersion zone allows the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen chloride and oxygen on the one hand, and water and chlorine on the other hand to be shifted to the production of chlorine. This shift of the equilibrium reaction can be further improved by maintaining an oxygen-enriched environment within the platinum re-dispersion zone. The use of a much lower chloride concentration in the re-dispersion zone reduces the emissions of hydrogen chloride from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) is purified to remove 50-10,000 wt. ppm of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene (R1122) by contacting with a zeolite or carbon molecular sieve having an average pore diameter of 3.8 to 4.8 Angstroms. The zeolite or carbon molecular sieve is regenerated by inert gas stripping residual R134a, followed by a regeneration at elevated temperatures using an inert gas. Regeneration of the zeolite or carbon molecular sieve is accomplished without the substantial reduction in capacity for impurities.

Abstract: An improved process for the alkylation of benzene in the presence of an alkylation catalyst. The catalyst bed may be caused to move in a direction countercurrent to the movement of the benzene and olefin, or a portion of the catalyst bed is periodically removed and replaced. A regeneration step, whereby the catalyst is heated in a controlled oxygen atmosphere in order to reactivate the catalyst, is also described.

Abstract: A mixture of shaped catalysts, catalyst supports or sorbents comprising generally cylindrical, free flowing particles of regular geometric shape having substantially the same diameter and of varying length are length graded into a first group of particles having a length below a predetermined length, L.sub.1, in the range of fromn 0.8 to about 24 millimeters and an L/D greater than one, and a second group of particles having a length greater than L.sub.1, by feeding the mixture into a rotating cylindrical drum having inwardly opening indentations in its cylindrical wall having a transverse diameter of substantially L.sub.1. The drum is rotated about its longitudinal axis at speeds sufficient to entrap in the indentations and convey particles having a length below L.sub.1 comprising the first group upwardly to a height permitting the particles to fall into a fixed, upwardly opening trough, while retaining the second group of particles having a length above L.sub.

Abstract: Alternate, successive high temperature oxidation and reduction treatments, in either order, of intermetallic alloy hydrogenation and intermetallic alloy oxidation catalysts unexpectedly improves the impurity poisoning resistance, regeneration capacity and/or activity of the catalysts. The particular alloy, and the final high temperature treatment given alloy (oxidation or reduction) will be chosen to correspond to the function of the catalyst (oxidation or hydrogenation).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for the regeneration of a methanol-reforming talyst reduced in activity due to its use in a reaction in which methanol is modified, in the presence of water if necessary, to produce a hydrogen-containing gas. The catalyst contains copper as a principal component and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, nickel, chromium and aluminum. The method comprises exposing the catalyst to an atmosphere having a temperature of 120.degree.-650.degree. C. and a molecular oxygen concentration not higher than 5 mole %.

Abstract: Carbonaceous materials deposited on solid catalysts and produced, for example, in Beckmann rearrangement in a gaseous phase are burned off by effecting the treatment in the presence of alcohols such as methanol or ethanol together with molecular oxygen-containing gas in order to regenerate the catalyst activity.

Abstract: Aluminophosphate molecular sieves substituted with cobalt, manganese or iron and having the AlPO.sub.4 -34 or AlPO.sub.4 -5, or related AlPO.sub.4 structure activate methane starting at approximately 350.degree. C. Between 400.degree. and 500.degree. C. and at methane pressures .ltoreq.1 atmosphere the rate of methane conversion increases steadily with typical conversion efficiencies at 500.degree. C. approaching 50% and selectivity to the production of C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons approaching 100%. The activation mechanism is based on reduction of the transition metal(III) form of the molecular sieve to the transition metal(II) form with accompanying oxidative dehydrogenation of the methane. Reoxidation of the - transition metal(II) form to the transition metal(III) form can be done either chemically (e.g., using O.sub.2) or electrochemically.

Abstract: Methods are provided for regenerating a zeolitic molecular sieve having a sulfur-containing carbonaceous material deposited thereon by contacting the zeolitic molecular sieve with an oxygen-containing regeneration feed gas to remove at least a portion of the carbonaceous deposit material and thereafter absorbing sulfur oxides present in the regeneration gas using soda-lime absorbent. The methods can inhibit the deactivation of zeolitic molecular sieves by avoiding contact thereof with the sulfur oxides. In a specific aspect of the present invention, the regeneration method is incorporated into a method for separating normal paraffins from a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feed in the gas oil or kerosene carbon range.

Abstract: A process for regeneration of a deactivated hydroprocessing catalyst is provided. The process comprises exposing the catalyst to laser radiation in the presence of an oxidizing gas. The process may be used to regenerate supported or unsupported metal catalysts which have been fouled by coking.

Abstract: A process for regenerating solid particulate catalyst used in fixed bed hydrocarbon conversion processes, such as the shape selective zeolite conversion of olefins to gasoline and diesel fuel. Regeneration is achieved using a portion of a flue gas stream to regenerate catalyst and preheat feedstock. Economies in equipment and operation are realized by employing a once-through configuration for the regenerator gas stream.

Abstract: A process for producing a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product stream by catalytically dehydrogenating a feed stream is disclosed. The process utilizes a plurality of dehydrogenation catalyst-filled tubes in a furnace with all of the tubes connected in parallel to a common product outlet conduit, so that the effluent of all of the tubes is contained in a common product stream. Essentially continuous regeneration of the dehydrogenation catalyst, is achieved by cyclically contacting a portion of the catalyst with an admixture of oxygen-containing regeneration gas and diluent while contacting the remaining portion of the catalyst with an admixture of hydrocarbon feed material and diluent, and wherein free hydrogen is added to react with the oxygen-containing regeneration effluent gas before the oxygen-containing effluent gas enters the product stream.

Abstract: A spent hydrotreating catalyst composition is regenerated by a two-step heating process under such conditions as to substantially remove all carbonaceous deposits therefrom and to increase the average pore diameter of the catalyst composition. The thus-prepared regenerated catalyst composition is employed in a process for hydrotreating metal-containing oils.

Abstract: An improved process for the alkylation of benzene in the presence of an alkylation catalyst. The catalyst bed may be caused to move in a direction countercurrent to the movement of the benzene and olefin, or a portion of the catalyst bed is periodically removed and replaced. A regeneration step, whereby the catalyst is heated in a controlled oxygen atmosphere in order to reactivate the catalyst, is also described.

Abstract: This invention comprises improvements to processes for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks. One such improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides compositions comprising metals passivating agents having an increased degree of stability. These compositions comprise aqueous suspensions of antimony by vinyl copolymers, aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by diesters of phosphoric acid, or aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by cellulose derivatives. Another improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides a process for reducing the viscosity of liquid suspensions of metals passivating agents without substantially reducing the stability of the liquid suspension by the utilization of at least two different particle ranges of metals passivating agents. A further improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides an efficient utilization of metals passivating agents by introducing the selected agent into the catalyst regeneration cycle of a catalytic cracking unit.

Abstract: Treatment of dicyanobutene to inactivate residual dimerization catalyst facilitates hydrogenation of the product to form adiponitrile.

Abstract: Low temperature desulphurization process using a bed of zinc oxide-containing absorbent in which the water content within the bed is temporarily increased, thereby increasing the sulphur absorption capacity of the absorbent.

Abstract: Process is disclosed for regeneration of a solid methacrylic acid catalyst wherein said catalyst is decoked in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas at an initial temperature no greater than 650.degree. F. and then by increasing the temperature incrementally to complete the regeneration at a temperature of from about 650.degree. F. to 800.degree. F.

Abstract: This invention comprises improvements to processes for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks. One such improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides compositions comprising metals passivating agents having an increased degree of stability. These compositions comprise aqueous suspensions of antimony by vinyl copolymers, aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by diesters of phosphoric acid, or aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by cellulose derivatives. Another improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides a process for reducing the viscosity of liquid suspensions of metals passivating agents without substantially reducing the stability of the liquid suspension by the utilization of at least two different particle ranges of metals passivating agents. A further improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides an efficient utilization of metals passivating agents by introducing the selected agent into the catalyst regeneration cycle of a catalytic cracking unit.

Abstract: This invention comprises improvements to processes for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks. One such improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides compositions comprising metals passivating agents having an increased degree of stability. These compositions comprise aqueous suspensions of antimony by vinyl copolymers, aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by diesters of phosphoric acid, or aqueous suspensions of antimony oxide by cellulose derivatives. Another improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides a process for reducing the viscosity of liquid suspensions of metals passivating agents without substantially reducing the stability of the liquid suspension by the utilization of at least two different particle ranges of metals passivating agents. A further improvement to catalytic cracking processes provides an efficient utilization of metals passivating agents by introducing the selected agent into the catalyst regeneration cycle of a catalytic cracking unit.

Abstract: Coke and metals are removed from a carbo-metallic oil by contacting the carbo-metallic oil in a riser reaction zone with a relatively inert particulate sorbent material in the presence of steam and the resulting coked particulate sorbent material is regenerated in a regeneration zone in the presence of steam and oxygen to remove the carbonaceous deposits by means of oxidation, water gas reaction and carbon gasification. The operating conditions in the riser reaction zone and the regeneration zone are regulated to provide a maximum coke level on the regenerated particulate sorbent of about 0.25 wt. %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for regenerating ceramic honeycomb filters by removing soot heaped thereon through combustion, which comprises the steps of controlling the combustion of the soot such that a time t (minutes), required for raising a temperature of an exhaust gas from a soot-ignition temperature, Tig, to Tig+200.degree. C., satisfies the following inequality. ##EQU1## in which: Q: a total flow rate of the waste gas per unit volume of the filter in the initial stage (Nm.sup.3 /min/l)V: the volume of the filter (l); andS: heaped soot per unit volume of the filter (g/l).

Abstract: A method is provided for removing mercury from hydrocarbon fluids by high temperature reactive adsorption. A hydrocarbon feed passed through an adsorbent mass including a reactive adsorbent such as silver or copper sulfide on an alumina support. The optimum temperature of the feed to be treated depends upon the 90% boiling points corresponding to heavier feeds. A hydrocarbon condensate feed may be drawn from a stabilizer column in a natural gas processing plant at a temperature in excess of 400.degree. F. If a metallic silver/alumina adsorbent is employed, the adsorbent may be regenerated through high temperature oxidation. Once oxidation is complete, the temperature is lowered in a reducing or inert atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for iodinating aromatic compounds by reacting an aromatic compound with oxygen at low temperatures in the presence of a non-acid catalyst containing an oxidation catalyst. The catalyst may be regenerated by heating the catalyst in the presence of oxygen.

Abstract: A method for operating a palladium oxide containing catalytic combustor useful, e.g., for powering a gas turbine. The method involves maintaining control of the temperature within the combustor in such a manner as to insure the presence of palladium oxide. By maintaining the temperature below about 800.degree. C. decomposition of palladium oxide into metallic palladium is avoided and high catalytic activity is retained. Regeneration of catalyst following inactivation resulting from an over-temperature is accomplished by using a heat soak in the temperature range of about 530.degree. C.-650.degree. C.