Abstract: A process for producing zeolite aggregates involves providing a formable paste composed of zeolite, a binder composed of an organic/metal oxide containing aluminum, a peptizing agent and water; forming the paste into an aggregate, preferably by extruding into an extrudate; curing the aggregate; hydro-thermally calcining the aggregate; and washing the hydro-thermally calcined aggregate with a washing medium, preferably followed by rinsing with a rinsing medium to remove residual washing medium from the aggregate. The washed and rinsed aggregate may then be permitted to equilibrate or is subjected to a drying procedure. Preferably, the washed and rinsed aggregate is again subjected to curing/hydro-thermal calcining.

Abstract: Continuous method for treating a liquid tar containing Q.I. solids to provide a liquid tar product having increased Q.I. concentration and, concurrently, a Q.I. free liquid tar product. The method utilizes cross-flow filter membranes.

Abstract: A process for the elimination of arsenic from hydrocarbons with a retention mass wherein the retention mass is pretreated before being brought into contact with the feedstock to be purified. The retention mass contains at least one element selected from the group formed by iron, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, palladium and chromium. At least 5% by weight of these element(s) are in the sulfide form. The pretreatment involves impregnation with a sulfur compound carried out simultaneously with reduction. The arsenic elimination process is carried out between 120.degree. C. and 250.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for accelerating the settling of finely divided solids in hydrocarbon fluids comprising adding to the hydrocarbon a sufficient settling amount of a polyacrylic acid adducted alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin alkoxylate compound. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is a fluid catalytic cracker slurry containing spent catalyst fines.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for refining distillation residual fractions of a crude petroleum oil. The process employs a high gradient magnetic separator for magnetically depositing iron impurities from such distillation residual oil onto a ferromagnetic filler in the separator. The ferromagnetic filler is cleaned at predetermined intervals by a selected class of washing liquids so that the refining operation can be carried out continually.

Abstract: Mid-distillate hydrocarbon fuels, preferably having initial boiling points above 350.degree. F., are separated e.g. by prep-HPLC into non-aromatic and aromatic fractions which are used to set 0% aromatics (the non-aromatics) and 100% aromatics (the aromatics) on an NIR spectrophotometer. From NIR aromatic band absorbances of unknown samples, their percent aromatics is determined using this two-point calibration and the Beer-Lambert equation. Preferred NIR bands of 1650-1700 and 2120-2256 exhibit excel lent correlation with aromatics content.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods which are effective to prevent corrosion of metal surfaces involved in refining solutions having relatively high partial pressures of carbon dioxide. The compositions of the present invention comprise mixtures of a pyridinium quaternary salt and an organic compound, such as thiourea, which contains at least one sulfur atom double bonded to a carbon atom. The compositions are added substantially continuously to the solution to be treated to result in a final concentration of at least about 30 ppm of pyridinium quaternary salt, preferably between about 56-70 ppm, and at least about 5 ppm double bonded sulfur containing compound, preferably between about 10-13 ppm.

Abstract: A process for separating polar and non-polar constituents from coal tar distillates, comprising passing the distillates over a separation column together with an eluting agent. According to the invention the process comprises mixing a tar oil distillate with a non-polar solvent, passing this mixture over a separation column which contains a stationary phase and eluting with a non-polar solvent, the eluting agent being collected together with the substances dissolved therein, followed by eluting with a more polar eluting agent or with a plurality of eluting agents of increasing polarity, and separately collecting the more polar eluting agent or the plurality of eluting agents of increasing polarity, together with the substances dissolved therein, followed by isolating the substances dissolved in the non-polar and in the polar solvents, respectively, utilizing known techniques.

Abstract: Mid-distillate hydrocarbon fuels, preferably having initial boiling points above 350.degree. F., are separated e.g. by prep-HPLC into non-aromatic and aromatic fractions which are used to set 0% aromatics (the non-aromatics) and 100% aromatics (the aromatics) on an NIR spectrophotometer. From NIR aromatic band absorbances of unknown samples, their percent aromatics is determined using this two-point calibration and the Beer-Lambert equation. Preferred NIR bands of 1650-1700 and 2120-2256 exhibit excellent correlation with aromatics content. Also similar techniques measure sulfur through correlation with the benzothiophenic band and its overtones and combination bands, or possibly directly.

Abstract: Non-carcinogenic asphalts and asphalt blending stocks are produced from reduced hydrocarbon feedstocks. Such non-carcinogenic products are produced by establishing a functional relationship between mutagenicity index and a physical property correlative of hydrocarbon type for the asphalt or asphalt blending stock and determining a critical physical property level which, when achieved, results in a product having a mutagenicity index of less than about 1.0. Process conditions are established so that a product stream achieving the desired physical property level can be produced. Non-carcinogenic asphalts and asphalt blending stocks are then processed utilizing the conditions so established.

Abstract: A process for deoiling wastes is disclosed. The process is integrated with a refinery and utilizes a refinery intermediary hydrocarbon stream as a solvent to recover waste oil for reprocessing in the refinery and to produce waste solids, which are either reused or disposed for landtreatment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for obtaining the hydrocarbon from a hydrocarbon-rich gel based on an ionic surfactant by treatment of the gel with a laminar mineral.

Abstract: Methods of diminishing the benzene content of the effluent wash water in a two stage crude oil desalting system are disclosed. The first stage desalter is operated at "low", near ambient temperatures with decreased mixing of crude oil and wash water and increased addition of demulsifier. The second stage is operated at "hot" temperatures of prior processes with increased mixing of the crude oil and wash water. The effluent wash water has a substantially diminished benzene content compared to prior two-stage desalting systems.

Abstract: A feedstock comprising 10 to 15 wt % used motor oil is subjected to delayed coking to yield coke and distillate fractions.

Abstract: Reducing the ash content of hydrocarbonaceous materials containing bound oxygen by reaction with an oxygen deficient source of an oxygen-reactive element, except oxygen and hydrogen, preferably an oxygen deficient compound of silicon.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil contaminated with suspended solid particles and dissolved metallic compounds, comprising the contacting of the oil at an elevated temperature in the presence of hydrogen with porous inorganic oxide particles having a surface area of 1 m.sup.2 /g or less and a pore volume of at least 0.1 ml/g in pores having a diameter of at least 10 microns.

Abstract: A used lubricant oil recycling process is disclosed in which a used lubricating oil is injected to a delayed coker downstream of the coker furnace whereby the used oil is thermally cracked into hydrocarbon fuel products which are low in metal contaminants, sulfur and nitrogen. The used lubricant can be preheated in an independent heater to avoid a quenching effect of the process stream when added in an amount greater than about 3% by volume based on the entire volume of the feed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for measuring a dissolved gas in oil wherein air is blown into an oil sample through a bubble generator, bubbles are passed through the oil sample to extract dissolved gas therefrom, a resulting air-extracted gas mixture is contacted by a gas sensor for detecting and measuring the dissolved gas and the mixture is recirculated through the oil sample. Preferably, the air bubbles are within the range of 0.1 mm to 8.0 mm, and, also, the volume of the apparatus is selected so that the quantity of the gas to be measured is not more than 20% of the combined volume of the extraction vessel, the sensor chamber, and the connecting conduit.

Abstract: In a process for the hydrogenation of nitrogen-containing hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon feedstock, the feedstock is contacted at a temperature between about 575.degree. F. and about 775.degree. F. and a pressure between about 600 psi and about 2500 psi in the presence of added hydrogen with a first catalyst bed containing a hydrotreating catalyst containing nickel, tungsten and optionally phosphorous supported on an alumina support, and, after contact with the first catalyst bed, the hydrogen and feedstock without modification is passed from the first catalyst bed to a second catalyst bed where it is contacted at a temperature between about 575.degree. F. and about 775.degree. F. and a pressure between about 600 psi and about 2500 psi with a hydrotreating catalyst containing nickel, molybdenum and optionally phosphorous supported on an alumina support.

Abstract: 2'-hydroxy-4' or 5'-alkylacetophenone oximes and 2-hydroxy-4 or 5-alkylbenzaldehyde oximes are used to deactivate iron species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, iron leads to decomposition of the hydrocarbon, resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: A sample of a hydrocarbon oil containing asphaltenes is chromatographically analyzed by forming a mixture of the oil with a weak solvent. The mixture is passed in contact with a column of a stationary phase of fine solid particles of fully functionalized material, followed by a weak solvent. The solvent, after recovery from the column, is analyzed for aromatics by UV-absorption of UV radiation in the range 200 to 400 nm. The absorbance of the UV light by the irradiated eluents across the UV wavelength range is monitored and the integral of absorbance is derived as a function of photon energy across the wavelength range. The magnitude of the derived integral in at least one time interval corresponding with aromatics in the eluent from the stationary phase is measured as an indication of the level of aromatics in the oil sample. The weak solvent may be followed by a strong solvent which, in turn, may be followed by a strong solvent which is modified by the addition of a hydrogen bonding solvent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hydrogenation process for reprocessing used oil into secondary raffinates in the form of lubricating oils. In this process according to some embodiments of the invention, ecologically undesirable byproducts or waste materials are eliminated, without requiring expensive and time-consuming separation stages or reaction conditions, or the use of expensive catalysts. In particular, even severely contaminated oils, i.e. those which contain organo-chlorine compounds, in particular PCB, chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurane in concentrations above certain limits, can also be reused as secondary raffinates, in particular as lubricating oils. No longer need these substances be destroyed in a high temperature combustion process, for example. As a first step, the coarse solid substances are removed from the used oil. Thereafter, with the addition of hydrogen, a hydrogenation step is conducted in a sump phase at predetermined pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: In an ebullated bed process, a residual hydrocarbon oil and a hydrogen containing gas is passed upwardly through an ebullated bed of catalyst in a hydrocracking zone at a temperature in the range of 650.degree. F. to 950.degree. F. and pressure of 1000 psia to 5000 psia. The hydrogen containing gas comprises hydrogen sulfide in an amount to maintain the sulfur content of the oil in the hydrocracking zone at 2 wt % to 10 wt %. A hydrocracked oil is recovered characterized by having a reduced sediment content.

Abstract: Non-carcinogenic bright stock extracts and/or deasphalted oils are produced from reduced hydrocarbon feedstocks. Such non-carcinogenic products are produced by establishing a functional relationship between mutagenicity index and a physical property correlative of hydrocarbon type for the bright stock extract or deasphalted oil and determining a critical physical property level which, when achieved, results in a product having a mutagenicity index of less than about 1.0. Process conditions are established so that a product stream achieving the desired physical property level can be produced. Non-carcinogenic bright stock extracts and/or deasphalted oils are then processed utilizing the conditions so established. A bright stock extract and a deasphalted oil substantilly free from mutagenic activity, as well as processes for their production are also provided herein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for hydrocarbon fractionation and extraction making it possible to obtain a petrol with an improved octane number and a kerosene with an improved smoke point.According to the invention a charge with a final boiling point of at least 220.degree. C. is fractionated into three fractions:a light petrol containing less than 10% aromatics and boiling points at 25.degree. to 80.degree. C.,a medium petrol (80.degree. C. and at the most 150.degree. C.), whose end point is determined by a nitrogen content below 50 ppm,a heavy petrol with an end point equal to or below 220.degree. C.,be a selective liquid solvent aromatics are then extracted from the heavy petrol producing a refined product which is poured into the kerosene pool or diesel fuel,the solvent is regenerated by reextraction using light petrol so as to produce an aromatics-enriched petrol fraction with an improved octane number.

Abstract: A process of concurrently dedusting and upgrading particulate laden raw, whole retort oil is provided which comprises the steps of: retorting solid hydrocarbon-containing material such as oil shale to liberate an effluent stream of dust laden hydrocarbons; injecting the dust-laden retort effluent product stream into a catalytic hydrotreater; agitating the product stream in the hydrotreater to constantly maintain the particulates in suspension within the oil; catalytically hydrotreating the agitated product stream in the presence of a hydroprocessing gas at a pressure of from 500 to 3000 psi, a temperature of from 650.degree. to 850.degree. F. and a space velocity of from 0.1 to 6.0 hr.sup.-1, whereby the suspended particulates are agglomerated to facilitate solid-liquid separation and substantial amounts of sulfur and nitrogen contaminants are simultaneously removed from the resulting ungraded oil; and mechanically separating the agglomerated particulates from the upgraded whole oil.

Abstract: A solvent extraction process for separating a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock material into its various component parts. The process comprises the utilization of pressure reduction to enhance the separation and recovery of a deasphalted oil product comprising substantially the lower molecular weight hydrocarbon components present in the original heavy hydrocarbon feedstock material.

Abstract: The quality and yield of dewaxed, hydrotreated lube oil base stocks are improved by reducing the top temperature in the hydrotreated lube stripper so as to increase the proportion of heavy kerosene components in the lube oil base stock. The separation system provides for a two stage stripping of the lube oil fraction such that the kerosene fraction stripped from the lube product in the primary product stripper under vacuum is stripped in a second stage stripper at a higher pressure with recycle of the heavy kerosene fraction as a reflux stream to the primary vacuum stripper so that a product with improved viscosity index and flash point is separated in the primary stripper.

Abstract: A method of neutralizing chloride ions present in a hydrocarbon medium during processing in a petroleum refinery. Nitrilotriacetic acid or its salt form is injected into the crude charge upstream of the preheat unit. Chloride levels are reduced in this way without the deleterious effects which result from treatment with the conventionally used NaOH.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for preparing and treating a heavy oil extraction solvent. A solvent fraction is separated from a crude oil and combined with a slip stream of rerun solvent taken from an extraction process solvent recycle system. The solvent fraction and rerun solvent are fractionated to provide a purified extraction solvent. The purified extraction solvent is then utilized in the heavy oil extraction process.

Abstract: The invention is an improvement in an ebullated bed process. Gas is removed the ebullated bed reactor preferentially to liquid. Gas is removed by material balance control until the reactor, including the recycle conduit is liquid full. Foam, generated around the recycle cup and riser conduits is floated upward by liquid and does not enter the recycle conduit. When steady state is achieved, liquid and gas are both removed from the reactor under material balance control.

Abstract: A process for the removal of basic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds from petroleum oils which comprises:(a) contacting said petroleum oils containing basic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds with an aqueous solution of an acidic solvent at extraction conditions in a first contacting zone,(b) separating the product of step (a) into a raffinate product stream comprising hydrocarbons having a lean content of basic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds and residual acid levels, and a first extract phase comprising hydrocarbons, water and acid having a substantial content of basic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds,(c) contacting said first extract phase with a hydrocarbon solvent which is substantially immiscible with said first extract phase at extraction conditions in a second contacting zone, and(e) separating the product of step (c) into a hydrocarbon recovery stream comprising the immiscible hydrocarbon solvent and oil-derived hydrocarbons having a lean content of basic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds and a second extrac

Abstract: A process for separating water and hydrocarbon from the solids in a petroleum product tank sludge is water-free, solvent-free, conducted at ambient conditions, utilizes no pre-coating with a filter aid, and creates no hazardous environment for filtering finished product sludge, such as gasoline. The process comprises operating a first pump and pumping sludge to a mixing tank and agitating the mixture. Solids content is measured and a determined volume of filter aid is added. The filter aid and sludge are mixed by operation of a mixer assembly which co-acts with baffles in the tank to achieve homogeneity in the mixing tank. A second pump pumps the mixing sludge and filter aid through one of a plurality of alternately selectable sealed horizontal plate filter and recirculates the filtered liquid back through the mixing tank until a desired clarity is reached.

Abstract: An improved process for the flexible production of high-quality gas oil from two crude gas oil feedstocks deriving from primary fractionation consisting of subjecting the heavy crude gas oil feedstock to catalytic dewaxing in the presence of hydrogen, adding a lighter crude gas oil feedstock to the actual effluent from the dewaxing stage and subjecting these feedstocks simultaneously to catalytic desulphurization.

Abstract: The salt content of a heavy crude oil is reduced by a method which comprises the steps of(a) mixing 70 to 98% by volume of a heavy crude oil having a viscosity in the range 200 to 250,000 mPa.s at the mixing temperature with 30 to 2% by volume of an aqueous solution of an emulsifying surfactant or an alkali, percentages being expressed as percentages by volume of the total mixture; mixing being effected under low shear conditions in the range 10 to 1,000 reciprocal seconds, in such manner that an HIPR emulsion is formed comprising distorted oil droplets having mean droplet diameters in the range 2 to 50 micron separated by aqueous films,(b) breaking the resulting emulsion, and(c) separating the resulting mixture into a layer of relatively salt-free oil and a layer of relatively salt-enhanced water.Heavy crude oils are desalted by the above method without requiring a hydrocarbon diluent.

Abstract: A process for separating finely divided petroleum cracking catlyst from a mixture of the finely divided catalyst particles with a high boiling refractory hydrocarbon oil by intimately contracting said mixture with a concentrated aqueous solution of a basic alkali metal compound at a temperature above 170.degree. F., the quantity of aqueous solution employed being substantially greater than the quantity of said mixture with which it is contracted.

Abstract: Dispersed solids, particularly fine peptized hydrophobic solids, present in some petroleum oils, bitumen solutions or concentrates, heavy oils and the like, may be removed by distributing an additive selected from resorcinol, catechol, formic acid, maleic acid or anhydride, chloral hydrate and asphaltene - precipitating solvents (preferably certain mixtures thereof) throughout the dispersion to cause small agglomerates containing the solids to form, and separating the agglomerates from the residual liquid. This residual liquid is rendered more suitable for various refining processes. Agglomerates containing asphaltenes and mineral solids may be used e.g. in hydrogen generation, for compounding roofing materials and in paving materials.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separating an organic material from a composition comprising said organic material intermixed with particulate solids, the process comprising advancing a light hydrocarbon fluid through said particulate solids at an effective rate to drive said organic material from said particulate solids.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products (i.e., alkylated phenol, polyoxyalkylenediamine, and an aldehyde) are used to deactivate iron species already present in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such iron species lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: Method of producing a baseoil having a reduced coking tendency by removing precursors from the baseoil. Baseoil having reduced coking tendencies which comprises a substantially no coking precursors therein.

Abstract: A process for treating a temperature-sensitive hydrocarbonaceous stream containing a non-distillable component and a distillable, hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous fraction to produce a selected hydrogenated distillable light hydrocarbonaceous product, a distillable heavy hydrocarbonaceous liquid product and a heavy product comprising the non-distillable component while minimizing thermal degradation of the temperature-sensitive hydrocarbonaceous stream which process comprises the steps of: (a) contacting the temperature-sensitive hydrocarbonaceous stream with a hot first hydrogen-rich gaseous stream having a temperature greater than the hydrocarbonaceous stream in a flash zone at flash conditions thereby increasing the temperature of the hydrocarbonaceous stream and vaporizing at least a portion thereof to provide a first hydrocarbonaceous vapor stream comprising hydrogen and a first heavy product stream comprising the non-distillable component; (b) condensing at least a protion of the first hydrocarbonaceous

Abstract: In a process for the treatment of heavy oil, in which a hydrocarbon diluent is added to the heavy oil stream, part of the diluent is substituted by an LPG liquid stream. The LPG stream is added to the heavy oil stream after removal of light components including methane and carbon dioxide to reduce the vapor pressure of the stream, producing a sales oil stream.

Abstract: Bitumen froth is treated in a circuit comprising a plurality of serially connected mixer and inclined plate settler units. A light hydrocarbon diluent moves countercurrently through the circuit. Thus, as the bitumen content of the stream being settled diminishes, the concentration of diluent in that stream increases.

Abstract: A process for removing arsenic and/or selenium from carbonaceous materials. The arsenic and/or selenium are separated by reaction with a metal oxide and/or metal sulfide which is itself derived from a metal complex, and organometallic compound and/or a metal salt of an organic acid which is soluble in said carbonaceous fluid and which either decomposes to the corresponding metal oxide and/or metal sulfide or which can be converted to the corresponding metal sulfide or metal oxide. The reaction of the metal oxide and/or metal sulfide with the arsenic and/or selenium is accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 300.degree. F. to about 800.degree. F. preferably from about 500.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F., most preferably from about 680.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F. and in either an inert or reducing atmosphere. Preferably, the conversion is accomplished in a reducing atmosphere and in the presence of molecular hydrogen.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separating an organic material from a composition comprising said organic material intermixed with particulate solids, the process comprising advancing a light hydrocarbon fluid through said particulate solids at an effective rate to drive at least some of said organic material from said particulate solids, adding water to said composition containing particulate solids and residual organic material to produce a second composition, and adding an oxidizing agent to said second composition in an amount sufficient to remove substantially all of the residual organic material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for removing an iron content in a petroleum series mineral oil therefrom which comprises treating a petroleum series mineral oil fraction containing 5 ppm or more of the iron content by the use of a high gradient magnetic separator under conditions of the strength of a magnetic field being from 500 to 25,000 gauss, a temperature being from room temperature to 400.degree. C., and a linear velocity being 0.1 to 50 cm/second.

Abstract: A method for updating a concentrate of tar sands bitumen containing fine mineral matter and optionally coarse mineral matter in which solvent-diluted bitumen is contacted for a short time in a riser with hot attrition-resistant substantially catalytically inert acid-resistant fluidizable particles, causing a selective vaporization of the lighter high hydrogen content components of the bitumen. The preferred particles are composed of silica-alumina, most preferably a mixture of mullite and crystalline silica or mullite, crystalline silica and an acid-resistant form of alumina. A portion of the heavier asphaltenes and most of the components which contain metals, sulfur and nitrogen remain on the attrition-resistant fluidizable particles. Fine mineral matter in the bitumen feed also deposits on the fluidized particles instead of being carried over with the vaporized hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: An effective hydrotreating process is provided to minimize precipitation of asphaltenic solids in the product oil. In the preferred process, an aromatic diluent, preferably comprising decanted oil, is injected into one or more of the fractionators downstream of the reactor.

Abstract: A method for upgrading a concentrate of tar sands bitumen containing colloidal clay in which solvent-diluted bitumen is contacted for a short time in a riser with hot attrition-resistant substantially catalytically inert fluidizable microspheres, causing a selective vaporization of the lighter high hydrogen content components of the bitumen. A portion of the heavier asphaltenes and most of the components which contain metals, sulfur and nitrogen remain on the attrition-resistant microspheres. Colloidal clay in the bitumen feed also deposits on the microspheres instead of being carried over with the vaporized hydrocarbon product. The contact material, with deposit, is passed to a burner provided with high velocity air jets which attrites the colloidal clay away from the microspheres and the material removed by attrition is recovered. The heated microspheres are reintroduced into the riser for further contact with incoming diluted bitumen charge.

Abstract: A pretreatment process for removal of contaminants from a light hydrocarbon feedstock is presented. The feedstock is passed to a first adsorption zone containing a molecular sieve and thereafter passed to a second adsorption zone containing activated alumina. The process produces a hydrocarbon feedstock substantially free of sulfur compounds, oxygenates, and water. Such a process finds utility as a feed pretreatment step preceding a catalytic isomerization process.