Abstract: An inductor is provided so that reduction in DC superposition characteristics can be suppressed even when a filling rate of a magnetic powder is increased. The inductor includes a coil including a winding portion and a pair of extended portions extended from the winding portion, and a body having the coil embedded therein and containing a magnetic powder containing a first magnetic powder and a second magnetic powder, in which an average particle diameter of the first magnetic powder is larger than an average particle diameter of the second magnetic powder. In a cross section of the body including a winding axis of the winding portion and extending in a long side direction of the body, Voronoi partition is performed with a center of gravity of each magnetic powder as a generating point.

Abstract: An electronic module includes: a mount table including a first electrode mounting surface on which an electronic component is mounted; a plurality of electrode mount parts that are formed in the mount table and at which lands corresponding to a plurality of respective electrodes of the electronic component are formed on the first electrode mounting surface; a step part located between the plurality of electrode mount parts and including a predetermined step relative to the first electrode mounting surface of the mount table; and a solder withdrawing part at which an end part of a corresponding one of the lands is extended to the step part or a side surface of the mount table.

Abstract: An electronic element mounting substrate includes a substrate including a first layer, a second layer located on a lower surface of the first layer, and a third layer located on a lower surface of the second layer, and on which an electronic element is to be mounted. The substrate has a via conductor that passes through the first layer to the third layer in a vertical direction. The substrate includes respective electrical conductor layers located between the respective layers and connected to the via conductor in a plan perspective. Each electrical conductor layer includes a land portion surrounding the via conductor, a clearance portion surrounding the land portion, and a peripheral portion surrounding the clearance portion and electrically insulated from the land portion with the clearance portion interposed between the land portion and the peripheral portion.

Abstract: A 2nd signal line has impedance lower than impedance of a 1st signal line. A capacitor includes a 1st extension part and a 2nd extension part, a 1st ground part and a 2nd ground part. The 1st extension part and the 2nd extension part are connected to a 2nd signal line and are provided on an insulation substrate to extend along a longitudinal direction of the 2nd signal line. The 1st ground part and the 2nd ground part are at least a part of a ground pattern, and are provided between the 1st extension part and the 2nd extension part and the 2nd signal line, and between the 1st extension part and the 2nd extension part and an end part of the insulation substrate, to be electrically coupled with the 1st extension part and the 2nd extension part.

Abstract: A video display system for providing vision correction for multiple users may include a display device having a holographic layer and a vision correction layer. The system may also include a processor coupled to the display device to receive a first prescription corresponding to a first user and a second prescription corresponding to a second user, and to modulate the display device so that the first user at a first angle and the second user at a second angle can view a non-distorted image from the display device.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and system for post-processing a printed graphene ink pattern or other deposition on a substrate. A pulsed UV laser is tunable between various energy densities to selectively modify the printed ink or deposition in electrical or physical properties. In one example, radical improvements in electrical conductivity are achieved. In another example, controlled transformation from essentially 2D printed or deposited graphene to surface topology of 3D nanostructures are achieved. The 3D structures are beneficial in such applications as electrochemical sensors of different types and characteristics. In another example, hydrophobicity of the printed or deposited graphene can be manipulated starting from a hydrophilic to super hydrophobic surface.

Abstract: A wiring board includes a first insulating layer, a pad formed on one surface of the first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, formed on the one surface of the first insulating layer, and including an opening exposing the pad, and a reinforcing metal layer formed in contact with the first insulating layer, and provided around the pad so as to be separated from the pad in a plan view. The pad is disposed inside the opening without making contact with the second insulating layer. An end, on a side of the first insulating layer, in a portion of an inner side surface of the opening of the second insulating layer makes contact with the reinforcing metal layer, and an end in another portion of the inner side surface of the opening of the second insulating layer makes contact with the one surface of the first insulating layer.

Abstract: To eliminate influence caused by a difference in coefficient of linear expansion between a substrate and another material, and to secure a stable mounting structure of a semiconductor element. A semiconductor device includes a glass substrate and the semiconductor element. The glass substrate includes a through hole that penetrates front and back surfaces. Furthermore, the glass substrate includes a stepped portion on an outer periphery of the through hole. The semiconductor element is joined to the stepped portion of the glass substrate. For example, in a case where an imaging element is used as the semiconductor element, image quality of an image obtained by imaging is improved by preventing defocus of light incident on the imaging element.

Abstract: A coil component, includes: a body including an insulating substrate and a coil portion disposed on the insulating substrate, wherein the coil portion includes first and second upper patterns disposed on one surface of the insulating substrate to be spaced apart from each other, first and second lower patterns disposed on the other surface of the insulating substrate to be spaced apart from each other, and first and second vias each penetrating through the insulating substrate and disposed to be adjacent to each other. An area of one end portion of the first via, in contact with the first upper pattern is smaller than an area of one end portion of the second via, in contact with the second upper pattern, and an area of the other end portion of the first via is greater than an area of the other end portion of the second via.

Abstract: A method for producing a composite element is provided. The method includes providing an outer frame comprising metal and having a first coefficient of thermal expansion in a first spatial direction and a second coefficient of thermal expansion in a second spatial direction, the first and second coefficient of thermal expansions differing from one another; providing an inner component comprising glass; heating the outer frame to an expanded state having the outer frame expanded with respect to the inner component in the first spatial direction in accordance with the first coefficient of thermal expansion and expanded along the second spatial direction in accordance with the second coefficient of thermal expansion; inserting the inner component in the outer frame when in the expanded state; and cooling the outer frame so that the outer frame contracts from the expanded state until the inner component is fitted in outer frame under compressive stress.

Abstract: A stacked-layer board includes a base material including a plurality of dielectric layers stacked on each other, a first main surface being a surface at one end in a stacking direction of the plurality of dielectric layers, and a second main surface being a surface at the other end in the stacking direction, and a first conductor provided on the first main surface, and a first groove is in a surface of the first conductor.

Abstract: To provide an electronic circuit production method using 3D layer shaping capable of producing an electronic circuit having improved electrical properties and mechanical properties by utilizing characteristics of a fluid containing a metal particle by selectively using the fluid containing the metal particle. The electronic circuit production method using 3D layer shaping, the method including a wiring forming step of forming a wiring by applying a fluid containing a nano-sized metal nanoparticle on an insulating member and curing the applied fluid containing the metal nanoparticle; and a connection terminal forming step of forming a connection terminal electrically connected to the wiring by applying a fluid containing a micro-sized metal microparticle and curing the applied fluid containing the metal microparticle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a transferring head and a method for manufacturing an electronic device. The transferring head includes a substrate, a head unit, and a plurality of connecting elements. The head unit includes an electrode and a cantilever supporting the electrode. Two adjacent ones of the connecting elements are disposed between the substrate and the head unit. The electrode and a part of the cantilever are suspended over the substrate, and the cantilever is connected between one of the plurality of connecting elements and the electrode. The electrode is spaced apart from the plurality of connecting elements when viewed along a normal direction of the substrate.

Abstract: A probe head structure is provided. The probe head structure includes a flexible substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface. The probe head structure includes a first probe pillar passing through the flexible substrate. The first probe pillar has a first protruding portion protruding from the bottom surface. The probe head structure includes a redistribution structure on the top surface of the flexible substrate and the first probe pillar. The redistribution structure is in direct contact with the flexible substrate and the first probe pillar. The redistribution structure includes a dielectric structure and a wiring structure in the dielectric structure. The wiring structure is electrically connected to the first probe pillar. The probe head structure includes a wiring substrate over the redistribution structure. The probe head structure includes a first conductive bump connected between the wiring substrate and the redistribution structure.

Abstract: A display panel and a display module are provided. The display panel includes a first base, a black matrix layer, and a color resist layer, wherein the black matrix layer includes a plurality of openings, the color resist layer is disposed above the first base and filled in the plurality of openings. A light reflectivity of a side of the black matrix layer away from the first base is greater than a light reflectivity of a side of the black matrix layer close to the first base.

Abstract: A GABA detecting probe having a probe body with both a glutamate (Glu) micro-sensor and a GABA micro-sensor positioned on the probe body. The Glu micro-sensor and the GABA micro-sensor include electrodes having a surface modification with (i) GOx and a binding matrix, and (ii) GABASE, GOx, and the binding matrix, respectively. The sensors are positioned no further apart than 250 um and includes a sentinel site located on the probe body.

Abstract: The present application provides a conductive film, a manufacturing method of the conductive film, and a display device. The present application prevents refracted light by using a first metal layer to fully cover a second metal layer of a middle layer, thereby fundamentally solving black level stripes caused by lateral etching of the second metal layer.

Abstract: A circuit board includes a conductive metal layer, at least one insulating layer, at least one thermally conductive insulating layer and a heat dissipation element. The conductive metal layer is mainly used to transmit electronic signals. The insulating layer is connected to the conductive metal layer. The thermally conductive insulating layer is sandwiched between the conductive metal layer and the insulating layer, and thermally contacts the conductive metal layer, and is used for thermally conducting the heat of the conductive metal layer. The heat dissipation element is in thermal contact with the thermally conductive insulating layer, and is used to conduct the heat of the thermally conductive insulating layer to the outside through a heat dissipation channel.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacture are provided wherein a metallization layer is located over a substrate, and a power grid line is located within the metallization layer. A signal pad is located within the metallization layer and the signal pad is surrounded by the power grid line. A signal external connection is electrically connected to the signal pad.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide a flexible and stretchable textile composite including an electrophoretic film. According to one embodiment, a textile composite material can comprise a textile base layer, a first flexible, optically transparent film layer deposited onto and affixed to the textile base layer, and an electrophoretic film layer disposed onto the first flexible, optically transparent film layer on a side of the first flexible, optically transparent film layer opposite the textile base layer. The electrophoretic film layer can comprise a plurality of relief cuts therein. The plurality of relief cuts can allow the electrophoretic film layer to flex or stretch in at least one direction.

Abstract: A flexible connector, comprising an insulator (10), multiple first conductors (11) are disposed on one side surface of the insulator (10), and multiple second conductors (12) are disposed on the other side surface of the insulator (10), the insulator (10) is further provided with a conductive medium (13) connecting the first conductors (11) and the second conductors (12), and protrusion portions (14) are disposed on the surfaces of the first conductors (11) and the second conductors (12).

Abstract: One object is to provide an electronic component in which a standoff for filling solder is maintained. An electronic component according to an embodiment of the present invention is configured to be surface-mountable on a circuit board. The electronic component includes: an insulating base member; an internal conductor provided in the base member; a first external electrode provided on the mounting surface of the base member so as to be electrically connected to the internal conductor; and a second external electrode provided on the mounting surface of the base member so as to be electrically connected to the internal conductor. The first external electrode has a first protrusion, and the second external electrode has a second protrusion. The first protrusion and the second protrusion enables a standoff for filling solder to be maintained within a region defined by the mounting surface of the base member and the circuit board.

Abstract: There is provided a frame time-based optical display system, having a control unit, a two-dimensional array of more than two pixels, each of the pixels being an element having a front surface, emitting an output light wave, each of the pixels includes means for controlling the amplitude and direction of the output light wave for each time of the display, wherein for each of the pixels the direction of the output light wave is separately, dynamically and externally controlled by the control unit.

Abstract: Described are semiconductor interposer, and microelectronic device assemblies incorporating such semiconductor interposers. The described interposers include multiple redistribution structures on each side of the core; each of which may include multiple individual redistribution layers. The interposers may optionally include circuit elements, such as passive and/or active circuit. The circuit elements may be formed at least partially within the semiconductor core.

Abstract: A multilayer printed wiring board including one or more insulating layers 2 and at least one conductive layer 1 which are stacked alternately is disclosed. The one or more insulating layers 2 include at least one liquid crystal polymer resin layer 4 so that each of the one or more insulating layers 2 includes at least one layer selected from a group consisting of at least one polyolefin resin layer 3 and the at least one liquid crystal polymer resin layer 4. A percentage by volume of the at least one liquid crystal polymer resin layer 4 relative to the one or more insulating layers 2 is within a range of 5 to 90%.

Abstract: A patient monitoring sensor having a communication interface, through which the patient monitoring sensor can communicate with a monitor is provided. The patient monitoring sensor includes a light-emitting diode (LED) communicatively coupled to the communication interface and a detector, communicatively coupled to the communication interface, capable of detecting light. The patient monitoring sensor also includes a faraday cage disposed around the detector, wherein the faraday cage includes an aperture configured to limit an amount of light from the LED that the detector is able to detect.

Abstract: An optical assembly includes a first flexible membrane and a first optical element coupled with at least a first portion of the first flexible membrane. The optical assembly also includes a substrate having a curved surface. The first optical element is coupled to the curved surface of the substrate with the first flexible membrane. A method for making an optical assembly includes obtaining a first flexible membrane and a first optical element. The method includes coupling the first optical element with at least a first portion of the first flexible membrane and coupling, with the first flexible membrane, the first optical element to a curved surface of a substrate.

Abstract: An interposer device includes a substrate that includes a laser source chip interface region, a silicon photonics chip interface region, an optical amplifier module interface region. A fiber-to-interposer connection region is formed within the substrate. A first group of optical conveyance structures is formed within the substrate to optically connect a laser source chip to a silicon photonics chip when the laser source chip and the silicon photonics chip are interfaced to the substrate. A second group of optical conveyance structures is formed within the substrate to optically connect the silicon photonics chip to an optical amplifier module when the silicon photonics chip and the optical amplifier module are interfaced to the substrate. A third group of optical conveyance structures is formed within the substrate to optically connect the optical amplifier module to the fiber-to-interposer connection region when the optical amplifier module is interfaced to the substrate.

Abstract: A circuit board has a main board with a base material of insulating material, at least one metal base copper clad laminate, and each metal base copper clad laminate is provided with at least one component and a pin connected with the main board. The circuit board and the driving power supply with the circuit board have simple structure and low manufacturing cost, and are convenient for automatic manufacturing. The power device can be directly mounted on the metal substrate through the automation equipment, so that the metal substrate can realize the function of the heat sink, thereby improving the production efficiency and reducing the process quality hidden danger; at the same time, the grounding problem of the metal substrate is solved, and the EMC problem is avoided.

Abstract: The embodiment of the disclosure provides a composite layer circuit element and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method of the composite layer circuit element includes the following. A carrier is provided. A first dielectric layer is formed on the carrier, and the first dielectric layer is patterned. The carrier on which the first dielectric layer is formed is disposed on a first curved-surface mold, and the first dielectric layer is cured. A second dielectric layer is formed on the first dielectric layer. The second dielectric layer is patterned. The carrier on which the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer are formed is disposed on a second curved-surface mold, and the second dielectric layer is cured. A thickness of a projection of the first curved-surface mold is smaller than a thickness of a projection of the second curved-surface mold.

Abstract: An operator control device for a vehicle, and a method for operating such an operator control device is disclosed. The operator control device is for controlling safety-relevant functions. To this end, the operator control device has at least one user interface having at least one user input panel for user input and a sensor system for identifying a user input in the area of the user input panel, wherein the sensor system has at least one capacitive sensor device having a first, electrically conductive sensor structure and a second, capacitive sensor device having a second, electrically conductive sensor structure, the sensor structures being arranged beneath the user interface in the area of the user input panel. The first sensor structure and the second sensor structure are each configured in comb-like and/or meanderous fashion and arranged in intermeshing fashion at least in a subarea of the user input panel.

Abstract: A pressure sensor, a manufacturing method thereof, a pressure sensing method and a display device are provided. The pressure sensor includes a first electrode, at least two supports on a first surface of the first electrode, an elastic composite electrode on a side of the supports facing away from the first electrode. Two adjacent supports of the supports, the elastic composite electrode and the first electrode define a compressible space, and the at least two supports are formed of an insulating material. The pressure sensor further comprises a second electrode on a side of the elastic composite electrode facing away from the first electrode and an organic light emitting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the organic light emitting layer being in contact with one of the first electrode and the second electrode. The pressure sensor has advantages of low power consumption, fast response and high sensitivity.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that address the need to frequently calibrate analyte sensors, according to implementation. In more detail, systems and methods provide a preconnected analyte sensor system that physically combines an analyte sensor to measurement electronics during the manufacturing phase of the sensor and in some cases in subsequent life phases of the sensor, so as to allow an improved recognition of sensor environment over time to improve subsequent calibration of the sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a ground member that can prevent damage to interlayer adhesion between a conductive layer and an adhesive layer of the ground member due to heating in producing a shielded printed wiring board or in mounting an electronic component on a shielded printed wiring board. The ground member of the present invention includes: a conductive layer; and an adhesive layer stacked on the conductive layer, the adhesive layer containing a binder component and hard particles, the adhesive layer having a thickness of 5 to 30 ?m.

Abstract: An electronic device with self-recovering properties including a substrate including a polymer composite, a conductive pattern disposed on the substrate, and an electrode disposed on the conductive pattern is provided, and the polymer composite includes a composite of different first and second polymers, the first polymer includes a first functional group capable of forming a hydrogen bond between polymer chains, and the second polymer includes a second functional group capable of forming a hydrogen bond between polymer chains.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing an electronic device. First, a plurality of light-emitting elements is provided on a first substrate. Then, at least one of the plurality of light-emitting elements is transferred from the first substrate to a second substrate by a transferring head. The transferring head includes an electrode and a cantilever supporting the electrode, and the cantilever includes a U-shaped portion.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor element, a manufacturing method of a semiconductor element, and an electronic apparatus, which enable suppression of crack occurrences and leaks. The present technology has a laminated structure including an insulating film having a CTE value between those of metal and Si and disposed under a metal wiring, and P—SiO (1 ?m) having good coverage and disposed as a via inner insulating film in a TSV side wall portion. As the insulating film having a CTE that is in the middle between those of metal and Si, for example, SiOC is used with a thickness of 0.1 ?m and 2 ?m respectively in the via inner insulating film and a field top insulating film continuous to the via inner insulating film. The present disclosure can be applied to, for example, a solid-state imaging element used in an imaging device.

Abstract: A laminate includes multiple paper layers, with at least one induction coil comprising first and second sets of windings. Two or more paper layers include the sets of windings comprising an electrically-conductive material. The sets of windings may be distributed throughout the laminate layers and provide good wireless induction charging performance in a compact space.

Abstract: A semiconductor package structure includes a first redistribution layer, a second redistribution layer and an interconnecting structure. The first redistribution layer has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other. The second redistribution layer is disposed over the first surface of the first redistribution layer, wherein the second redistribution layer has a third surface and a fourth surface opposite to each other, and the third surface facing the first surface. The interconnecting structure is disposed between and electrically connected to the first redistribution layer and the second redistribution layer, wherein the interconnecting structure comprises a conductive post and a conductive bump stacked to each other.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor package that may include a substrate, an interposer coupled to the substrate, a shield frame including at least one frame recess and at least one opening positioned over the interposer, a conductive shield layer on the shield frame, and a plurality of components coupled to the interposer.

Abstract: A chip package including a chip; a substrate; an interposer module including a first layer having a larger surface area than the surface area of a second layer, wherein a bottom of the second layer is attached to a top of the first layer area creating an exposed surface area of the first layer; via openings extending at least partially through the first layer; via openings extending at least partially through the first layer and the second layer; a plurality of conductive routing electrically coupled between the via openings, wherein the chip is electrically coupled to the via openings of a top of the second layer, wherein the substrate is electrically coupled to via openings of a bottom of the first layer; and an electronic component electrically coupled to the via openings of the exposed surface area of the first layer.

Abstract: A touch sensor having a visible area and a peripheral area at least on one side of the visible area includes a substrate, a touch electrode layer, and peripheral traces. The touch electrode layer is disposed on a surface of the substrate and includes touch electrodes corresponding to the visible area. The peripheral traces are disposed on the surface of the substrate and corresponding to the peripheral area. The peripheral traces are respectively electrically connected to the touch electrodes. Each of the peripheral traces includes a matrix and metal nanowires distributed in the matrix. A line width of each of the peripheral traces is more than or equal to 6 ?m and less than or equal to 12 ?m, and a line spacing of any adjacent peripheral traces of the peripheral traces is more than or equal to 6 ?m and less than or equal to 12 ?m.

Abstract: A bridge embedded interposer and a package substrate and a semiconductor package including the same includes: a connection structure including one or more redistribution layers, a first bridge disposed on the connection structure and including one or more first circuit layers electrically connected to the one or more redistribution layers, a frame disposed around the first bridge on the connection structure and including one or more wiring layers electrically connected to the one or more redistribution layers, and an encapsulant disposed on the connection structure and covering at least a portion of each of the first bridge and the frame.

Abstract: A coil component includes: a magnetic body part having a first compact containing a first magnetic material and a first resin, and a second compact placed on the outside of the first compact and containing a second magnetic material and a second resin; a coil formed by a conductive wire which comprises a metal conductor covered with an insulating film, and embedded in the magnetic body part; and lead parts of the coil placed on the outside of the first compact; wherein the filling rate of the first magnetic material constituting the first compact is higher than the filling rate of the second magnetic material constituting the second compact. The filling rate of magnetic grains can be improved while also ensuring the insulating property of the coil, etc.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for patterning two-dimensional atomic layer materials, the methods comprising: illuminating a first location of an optothermal substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the optothermal substrate converts at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy, and wherein the optothermal substrate is in thermal contact with a two-dimensional atomic layer material; thereby: generating an ablation region at a location of the two-dimensional atomic layer material proximate to the first location of the optothermal substrate, wherein at least a portion of the ablation region has a temperature sufficient to ablate at least a portion of the two-dimensional atomic layer material within the ablation region, thereby patterning the two-dimensional atomic layer material. Also disclosed herein are systems for performing the methods described herein, patterned two-dimensional atomic layer materials made by the methods described herein and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: An operator control device for a vehicle, and a method for operating such an operator control device is disclosed. The operator control device is for controlling safety-relevant functions. To this end, the operator control device has at least one user interface having at least one user input panel for user input and a sensor system for identifying a user input in the area of the user input panel, wherein the sensor system has at least one capacitive sensor device having a first, electrically conductive sensor structure and a second, capacitive sensor device having a second, electrically conductive sensor structure, the sensor structures being arranged beneath the user interface in the area of the user input panel. The first sensor structure and the second sensor structure are each configured in comb-like and/or meanderous fashion and arranged in intermeshing fashion at least in a subarea of the user input panel.

Abstract: A method embodiment includes forming a patterned first photo resist over a seed layer. A first opening in the patterned first photo resist exposes the seed layer. The method further includes plating a first conductive material in the first opening on the seed layer, removing the patterned first photo resist, and after removing the patterned first photo resist, forming a patterned second photo resist over the first conductive material. A second opening in the patterned second photo resist exposes a portion of the first conductive material. The method further includes plating a second conductive material in the second opening on the first conductive material, removing the patterned second photo resist, and after removing the patterned second photo resist, depositing a dielectric layer around the first conductive material and the second conductive material.

Abstract: A component carrier includes a stack with a plurality of electrically conductive layer structures and at least one electrically insulating layer structure. The electrically conductive layer structures include an electrically conductive vertical through-connection and a horizontally extending electrically conductive trace electrically coupled with an end portion of the vertical through-connection. A back-drill hole extends through at least part of the at least one electrically insulating layer structure towards the end portion of the vertical through-connection. An etching neck connects the back-drill hole with the end portion of the vertical through-connection.

Abstract: The invention concerns a support intended for the implementation of a method of self-assembly of at least one element on a surface of the support, including at least one assembly pad on said surface, a liquid drop having a static angle of contact on the assembly pad smaller than or equal to 15°, and nanometer- or micrometer-range pillars on said surface around the pad, the liquid drop having a static angle of contact on the pillars greater than or equal to 150°.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of forming vias in electrical laminates comprising laminating a sheet having a layer comprising a crosslinkable polymer composition to a substrate wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition has a viscosity at lamination temperatures in the range of 200 Pa-s to 100,000 Pa-s, forming at least one via in the crosslinkable polymer layer by laser ablation; and after the forming of the at least one via, thermally curing the crosslinkable polymer layer. According to certain embodiments the cross linkable polymer composition has a viscosity at lamination temperature of at least 5000 Pa-s. This method yields good lamination results, good via profiles, and good desmear results when such compositions are used and the via is laser ablated before cure.