Abstract: A memory device including a simultaneous read circuit design for multiple memory cells on a single interconnect using a fast fourier transform analysis circuit. The simultaneous read circuit can be used with any memory type storing information as an energy-absorbing state.

Abstract: Ion beam lithography technique wherein a higher amount of radiation energy is deposited to predetermined regions in the bulk if a suitable substrate. By selecting the radiation nature, its energy and the irradiation parameters a structure can be created in the bulk of the material leaving the surface essentially untouched.

Abstract: A memory device includes a bit cell including an adjustable transmittance component having a first side and a second side. The adjustable transmittance component has an adjustable transmittance state representative of a bit value of the bit cell. The memory device further includes a photon detector optically coupled to a second side of the adjustable transmittance component. A technique related to the memory device includes determining a transmittance state of the adjustable transmittance component and providing a bit value for the bit cell based on the transmittance state. Another technique related to the memory device includes determining a bit value to be stored at the bit cell and configuring the adjustable transmittance component to have a transmittance state corresponding to the bit value.

Abstract: Techniques for reconfiguring spectral features stored in a medium based on a two-state atomic system with transition dipole moment ? includes causing a chirp to pass into the medium. The chirp includes a monochromatic frequency that varies in time by a chirp rate ? over a frequency band BR during a time interval TR. The amplitude AR of the chirp is constant over BR and equal to AR=(hbar/??)?{square root over ((? ln [2/?]))}, The term hbar is reduced Plank's constant, ln is a natural logarithm function, and ? is a ratio of a circumference of a circle to a diameter of the circle. For ?<<1, the atomic-state populations in the two states are inverted. For ?=1, prior atomic-state populations are erased, with final populations equal in the two states, regardless of populations before erasure.

Abstract: A memory array having memory cells each comprising a diode and a phase change material or antifuse is reliably programmed by maintaining all word lines and bit lines connected to unselected memory cells at intermediate voltages and applying voltages to place the diode of a selected cell or cells in a reverse biased state and sufficient to program the phase change material or antifuse. Thus leakage through unselected cells is low so power wasted is small, and assurance is high that no unselected memory cells are disturbed.

Abstract: A device for storing photons between one and a plurality of reflected surfaces, and the storage of information, in particular in the form of digital data, being provided by creating at least one circulating memory using the storage device as a delay line. Each device consists of one or a plurality of photon sources, using any wavelength of light, one or a plurality of photon detectors and one or a plurality of reflective surfaces. The injected photons are delayed from reaching the output by one or a plurality of reflections from one surface of the device to the same or another surface of the device, each reflection extending the distance traveled for each photon, thereby inducing a delay.

Abstract: Techniques for reading the spectral content of a spatial-spectral grating in an inhomogeneously broadened transition (IBT) material include directing multiple probe waveforms to probe a spatial mode of the IBT material. Each probe waveform is a linear frequency modulated chirp; each probe waveform partially overlaps in frequency with a different probe waveform; and multiple output signals are detected from the IBT material in response. Based on the multiple output signals, a readout signal is determined that represents a complete or nearly complete temporal map of the spectral content of the spatial-spectral grating. Calibration of the frequency content can be achieved by simultaneously reading out calibration spectral features. These techniques allow high-bandwidth spectral content to be read with segmented narrow bandwidth chirp probe waveforms and low-bandwidth high-dynamic-range detectors and digitizers.

Abstract: A first-in-first-out (FIFO) microelectromechanical memory apparatus (also termed a mechanical memory) is disclosed. The mechanical memory utilizes a plurality of memory cells, with each memory cell having a beam which can be bowed in either of two directions of curvature to indicate two different logic states for that memory cell. The memory cells can be arranged around a wheel which operates as a clocking actuator to serially shift data from one memory cell to the next. The mechanical memory can be formed using conventional surface micromachining, and can be formed as either a nonvolatile memory or as a volatile memory.

Abstract: A first-in-first-out (FIFO) microelectromechanical memory apparatus (also termed a mechanical memory) is disclosed. The mechanical memory utilizes a plurality of memory cells, with each memory cell having a beam which can be bowed in either of two directions of curvature to indicate two different logic states for that memory cell. The memory cells can be arranged around a wheel which operates as a clocking actuator to serially shift data from one memory cell to the next. The mechanical memory can be formed using conventional surface micromachining, and can be formed as either a nonvolatile memory or as a volatile memory.

Abstract: A photolithographic method of making an information storage device having different storage characteristics at a plurality of discrete memory locations thereon, comprises the steps of: (a) providing a substrate having a surface portion, said surface portion having a linking group coupled thereto or charge storage group coupled thereto, said linking group or charge storage group having a photocleavable protecting group thereon; (b) exposing at least one first discrete segment of said surface portion to radiant energy sufficient to cleave said protecting group from said linking group or charge storage group and generate a deprotected group, so that said group is deprotected in at least one first discrete memory location and preferably said group remains protected in at least one second discrete memory location. Additional groups are then coupled to the deprotected group as desired. Products produced by such methods are also described.

Abstract: A three dimensional optical data storage and retrieval system that includes a three dimensional optical data storage medium and an apparatus for providing access to data stored on the medium. The data storage medium includes an optical data storage material which either a low molecular weight or polymeric glassy solid that are capable of undergoing multi-photon excitation that are energetically different in the write and read cycles. The optical data storage materials provide substantially higher storage capacities relative to conventional materials, and show high robustness in that written and stored data can undergo multiple read cycles without erasure or overwriting. An apparatus for data recording and accessing stored data on the medium includes a controllable variable energy photo-emitting excitation source and an emission photo-detector.

Abstract: An optical storage device and method of operating that device are disclosed. The device includes an optical storage medium, and a light source capable of generating light that is transmitted to the medium. The light generated by the light source is at a first wavelength that is within the vacuum ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum and satisfies at least one of the following criteria: (i) the wavelength is within a 1.0 nm-wide window in the vacuum ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum at which a local minimum in the absorption coefficient of Oxygen (O2) occurs; and (ii) the absorption coefficient of Oxygen (O2) at standard temperature and pressure that corresponds to the wavelength is less than 25 atm−1 cm−1. In one embodiment, the light is at approximately 121.6 nm, and the light source is a gas discharge light source that produces light at the Hydrogen Lyman-&agr; line.

Abstract: A re-recordable data storage medium of one embodiment includes a substrate layer, a phase-changeable layer, and an intermediate layer. The substrate layer has a semiconductor type selected from p-type and n-type. The phase-changeable layer has a first phase corresponding to a first storable logical value, and a second phase corresponding to a second storable logical value. The phase-changeable layer has a semiconductor type identical to that of the substrate layer. The intermediate layer is between the phase-changeable layer and the substrate layer, and has a semiconductor type opposite to that of the phase-changeable and substrate layer. The substrate, phase-changeable, and intermediate layers act as a transistor under selective illumination of the phase-changeable layer.

Abstract: A one transistor one capacitor micromirror with DRAM memory cell built around a large polysilicon-to-substrate capacitor which is not susceptible to recombination of photo-generated carriers caused by illumination in the projector. This large polysilicon-to-substrate capacitor overshadows the much smaller inherent parallel depletion capacitance which is sensitive to light. The device is further 100% shielded from exposed light by metal layers and the address node is located under the center of the micromirror mirror to obtain maximum shielding of light for the smaller, light sensitive, depletion portion of the capacitance. As a result the micromirror of this invention can adequately hold the cell charge in excess of the device load time of 300 &mgr;Sec even in extremely high brightness projector applications.

Abstract: A memory device includes a substrate, at least a thin film superimposed on the substrate having a plurality of microholes formed in the thin film, with a first microhole having a zero depth designated as digital zero; and a second microhole having a specific depth (such as the microhole formed through the thickness of the thin film) designated as digital one; whereby upon scanning of the microholes by a focused electron beam, the physical property as responded in each microhole will be detected as a digital bit corresponding to the microhole, and the microhole, and the digital data of the memory device will be read or recorded in an easier and cost-saving way.

Abstract: An optical memory plate particularly suitable for identification purposes or protection against forgery and counterfeiting radiation provides inscription of data and read-out of thus stored inscription data, comprises a europium doped alkali metal halide storage phosphor layer, and, more preferably, a stimulable CsBr:Eu phosphor substantially free of alkaline earth metals.

Abstract: In a method of writing information in a data storage medium comprising an optical information medium which has a polymer carrier (1), atoms and/or molecules (4) that change the refractive index are introduced into the polymer carrier (1), at individual locations associated with information units, as a function of the information to be entered.

Abstract: Techniques for continuously programming a coherent transient spatial-spectral optical signal processor involve the repeated application of two or more spatially distinct optical programming pulses to a non-persistent hole-burning material to write an accumulated, spatial-spectral population grating with low intensity optical pulses as compared to single shot programming. An optical data stream is introduced on a processing beam, resulting in a processor output signal spatially distinct from all the processing pulses. Programming and processing take place simultaneously, asynchronously and continuously. For accumulated gratings, the frequency stability of the optical source is an important consideration.

Abstract: A color video display apparatus comprises a pixel array with each pixel containing one or more LEDs for generating each of the selected colors and a holographic optical element positioned in front of the array to form the transmitted light into a substantially elliptical pattern. Improved uniformity for the apparatus is achieved by measuring the intensity of each separate color generating LED in each pixel, recording each intensity and varying the current to each separate color LED or LEDs so that every LED or LEDs responsible for each color to provide a suitable color output. A feature of the apparatus is that a number of separate modules, each having a pixel array, can be combined to construct a video image board. These boards have applications in such areas as billboards along roadways and as signs in stadiums.

Abstract: A data storage system utilizing a non-volatile IC based storage media to reduce data retrieval time. The data storage system includes a non-volatile, non IC based storage system such as e.g. a hard disk. In one example, the non-volatile IC based storage media is implemented with MRAM. In one example, the processor of the storage system determines a seek time between sectors of the hard disk drive allocated to store a file of user data. Based upon the determined seek time, the processor non-volatilely stores a portion (e.g. the leading portion or the trailing portion) of a block of the user data in the MRAM. When the data is being accessed from the hard disk, the processor can provide the data stored in the MRAM while a read/write head moves between the sectors in order to decrease the access time for a file.

Abstract: A half-sandwich coordination complex, useful for the synthesis of triple-decker sandwich coordination compounds, is produced by reacting a precursor complex of the formula XM(R1)2 wherein X is a halogen, M is a metal, and R1 is an amide, with a free base porphyrinic macrocycle to produce said half-sandwich complex. The half-sandwich coordination complex can be used to make a triple-decker sandwich coordination compound by reacting a half-sandwich coordination complex as described above with a double-decker sandwich coordination compound.

Abstract: Storing a data bit includes exposing a volume of a polymer, having a first conductivity, to an electron beam. Exposing damages cross-links in the volume of material. A first conductivity of the polymer is changed to a second conductivity and the data is stored in the bit.

Abstract: A method of writing in or reading out data on a medium is provided. The method comprises receiving mechanism driving information corresponding to a type of a drive unit from an external apparatus, the drive unit being configured to write in or read out data on a medium. The method also comprises storing the mechanism driving information, and providing the stored mechanism driving information to the drive unit for activation.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a phase change non-volatile memory includes a number of memory cells. The memory cells include a phase change material which may transition between two memory states. The phase change material has different electrical properties in different states. The memory cells may be electrically addressable and include a transistor in each cell to electrically read and write data to the cell. An energy beam may be used to pre-program the device by heating selected memory cells, and consequently changing the state of the phase change material.

Abstract: The presents invention provides an initialization method of a P-type silicon nitride read only memory. A P-type silicon nitride read only memory is provided. An ultra-violet light is uniformly radiated onto the P-type silicon nitride read only memory. Electron traps are thus evenly distributed in a silicon nitride layer of the P-type silicon nitride read only memory. The P-type silicon nitride read only memory is thus uniformly programmed to a low threshold voltage (Low|Vt|) to achieve the device initialization effect.

Abstract: An apparatus for thermal recording an image in a substantially light-insensitive thermographic material m having a burning temperature Tb, the substantially light-insensitive thermographic material m comprising a thermosensitive element having a conversion temperature Tc, a support, and at least one light-to-heat conversion agent, comprises a means for generating a radiation beam 20 including wavelengths &lgr; absorbed by the light-to-heat conversion agent and an optical means of scanning a line 40 of the substantially light-insensitive thermographic material m with the radiation beam 20 at different positions thereon along a scanning direction at each point of time in a scanning cycle; and a method for recording information, comprising the steps of: providing an apparatus for thermal recording 1, the above-mentioned substantially light-insensitive thermographic material m (5); generating a radiation beam 20 including wavelengths &lgr; absorbed by the light-to-heat conversion agent and being modulated in acco

Abstract: The DTF optical memory makes use of the property of dielectric thin film interference to create multi-color pixels and serve as a multi-level optical memory device. The fabrication of the device comprises a dielectric thin film deposited on a substrate that is micro-milled utilizing focused ion beam (FIB) technology. Such micro-milling creates pixels of varying depth that when exposed to a broad-band light source create distinct colors caused by the properties of thin film interference and superposition of reflected light from the broad band source, thus creating an effective optical memory device that may be detected using a color CCD camera or a photo-detector array. Accurate creation and detection of discrete colors allows accurate digital encoding and direct storage of color image in a format of sub-micron pixel array. The robustness of the DTF optical memory device allows operation under harsh environmental conditions, including high temperatures and radiation.

Abstract: A method of writing in or reading out data on a medium is provided. The method comprises receiving mechanism driving information corresponding to a type of a drive unit from an external apparatus, the drive unit being configured to write in or read out data on a medium. The method also comprises storing the mechanism driving information, and providing the stored mechanism driving information to the drive unit for activation.

Abstract: A system connected to a host computer is used to write in or read out data on a disc. The system includes a CD RW controller, a RAM, a &mgr; processor, and a drive mechanism. The RAM, although functioning as a data buffer, receives instruction codes and variable parameters directly from the host computer. Based on the instruction codes and variable parameters, the &mgr; processor and the CD RW controller work the drive mechanism to write in and/or read out data on a disc.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit configuration includes a data line for transmitting a data signal. The data line is connected to a data signal input of an amplifier by way of a switching device. The amplifier includes a control circuit for controlling an input resistance of the amplifier with a terminal for a control signal. The terminal for the control signal of the control circuit is connected, parallel to the switching device, to the data line. As a consequence, a switching device, which is connected between the data line and the amplifier, has only little influence on the dynamic response when reading out a data signal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are described for retrieving information from a storage medium. A first portion of the surface of the storage medium is exposed to stimulating light which diffuses in the storage medium under a second portion of the surface adjacent the first portion. The second portion of the surface is shielded from exposure to the stimulating light. Stimulated light corresponding to the information is received with at least one detector positioned to receive the stimulated light via the second portion of the surface of the storage medium. The stimulated light is released from the storage medium in response to the stimulating light diffused under the second portion of the surface.

Abstract: A method of storing information on a material (preferably a shape memory alloy), including the step of heating a plurality of crystals of said material in order to effect a structural change in each said crystal, wherein the information stored on said material is encoded in the arrangement of changed and unchanged crystals. Preferably the structural change is a geometrical change in the crystals such as from rhomboidal to body-centered cubic. A method of reading information from such a material is provided, including the steps of scanning the surface of the material using an electron beam or a laser, analyzing the reflected electron beam or laser light, and decoding the information.

Abstract: An optical memory system includes memory cells which utilize synthetic DNA as a component of the information storage mechanism. In the preferred embodiment, memory cells contain one or more chromophoric memory units attached to a support substrate. Each chromophoric memory unit comprises a donor, an acceptor and, at some time during its existence, an active quencher associated with the donor and/or the acceptor. The donor and the acceptor permit non-radiative energy transfer, preferably by Förster energy transfer. To write to the memory cell, the quencher is rendered inactive, preferably by illumination with ultraviolet light. To read, the chromophoric memory units in a read portal are illuminated, and the read illumination is detected. In the preferred embodiment, multiple chromophoric memory units having resolvable read properties are contained within a single read portal. In this way, a multibit word of data may be read from a single diffraction limited read portal.

Abstract: A protection circuit and method for preventing high word line voltages during plasma processing of integrated circuits. The protection circuit includes a shunt transistor connected between each word line and ground, and a light sensitive element connected to the gate of each shunt transistor. During plasma processing, the plasma glow activates the light sensitive element, which generates a corresponding voltage that is applied to a gate of the shunt transistors. Consequently, the built-up potentials in the word lines are shunted to ground throughout the plasma process.

Abstract: A storage media for storing information having a substrate. The substrate has an upper surface and a molecular weight greater than 5,000. Preferably the material is a polymer. The material has a plurality of piles of molecular chains in selected areas formed by pushing the molecular chains of the material on its upper surface to the selected area mechanically with a mechanical tool. The piles represent written information. The mechanical tool is preferably an atomic force microscope. Another aspect of the present invention is a method for storing information having the steps of selecting a material substrate having an upper surface and pushing molecules on the upper surface into a molecular pile at selected locations.

Abstract: In a multistable optical logic element with a light-sensitive organic material (1) which undergoes a photocycle with several physical states by irradiation with light, and wherein a physical state is assigned a logical value which can be changed by addressing the element optically, the element initially before the addressing is in a metastable state generated in advance. A multistable optical logic element has been made proximity-addressable by providing at least a color light source (2) for optical addressing and at least one color-sensitive optical detector (5) adjacent to the light-sensitive material. In a method for preparing of the light-sensitive material (1) a desired initial metastable state is generated in the photocycle and assigned a determined logical value for the element.

Abstract: The present invention provides high density, non-volatile memory devices incorporating sandwich coordination compounds. Such molecules can have multiple different and distinguishable oxidation states (e.g., ten different and distinguishable oxidation states), and thus provide molecules, information storage media and apparatus that store multiple bits of information.

Abstract: For transmitting information on a plurality of integrated circuit conductive lines, n conductive lines are provided on a path in an integrated circuit. The path has first and second portions, and an interposing, transition portion. The lines have first positions with respect to one another in the first portion, and certain of the lines change relative positions in the transition portion, so that the lines have second positions with respect to one another in the second portion. The information is encoded in a format wherein no more than one of the n lines has a signal asserted thereon at a time, so that there is a reduction in noise induced among the lines.

Abstract: A fiber optic computing transistor apparatus is provided. In it most basic form, the invention contemplates a stack of vertically aligned optical transistors. The transistor are optically isolated from each other by an opaque material, and are selectively read by pulsing control lines which are operably connected to light responsive areas of the transistor. The system of the invention would have particular application in environments where stray electromagnetic radiation is to be minimized.

Abstract: The present invention provides a semiconductor memory capable of retaining information after removing a power supply and of storing information with an optical input. A memory cell is comprising an n-InP substrate, a first semiconductor (n-InGaAs) layer, a second semiconductor (i-InGaAs) layer, a third semiconductor (p-InGaAs) layer, a fourth semiconductor (i-InGaAs) layer and a fifth semiconductor (n-InGaAs) layer. The first to fifth semiconductor layers are stacked in this order on the n-InP substrate. A bias voltage is applied between the n-InP substrate and the fifth semiconductor layer to control a height of a TBD formed in the above multi-layer structure so that carriers may move and electrons can be stored in one of the second and fourth semiconductor layers.

Abstract: It includes: a substrate; a plurality of optical data processing units arranged in an array on the substrate, a super graphite sheet on LEDs of the optical processing units, and a glass substrate on the super graphite sheet. Each optical data processing unit includes an optical signal receiving circuit on the substrate for receiving an optical signal and generating a reception signal; a data processing circuit on the substrate for processing the reception signal and generating resultant data; a drive circuit and an LED on the substrate for emitting an output optical signal and heat in accordance with the resultant data. The super graphite sheet on the LED transmits and radiates the heat from the LEDs. The super graphite film is provided by sintering a high polymer sheet and has a high heat conductivity.

Abstract: A three-dimensional memory based on the electron trapping materials, comprising at least two thin film layers of different or the same electron trapping materials for storing information in the form of the trapped charges and releasing information in the form of light energy, each of the thin film layers of the electron trapping materials being sandwiched between a pair of transparent electrodes. The thin film layer itself is a multiple layer of one or more than two types of electron trapping materials in which the impurity atoms are modulation doped with predetermined modulation profiles. The page-by-page addressing is achieved by applying a suitable voltage to the information to be addressed. Separate control of writing and reading processes is made possible by varying the voltage polarity.

Abstract: A compact optical memory is disclosed in which data are stored in an optical data layer capable of selectively altering light such as by changeable transmissivity, reflectivity, polarization, and/or phase. The data are illuminated by controllable light sources and an array of multi-surface diffractive imaging lenslets cause a data image to be projected onto an array of light sensors by multiple reflections of, hence folding the image rays, by surfaces that both reflect and optically modify the light rays to redirect them onto the sensor array. Data are organized into an annular array of patches (called pages). By selective illumination of each data page, one of the lenslets images the selected data page onto a central image plane where the sensor array is located. Light in the data image pattern strikes different ones of the arrayed light sensors, thereby outputting information in the form of electrical data signals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for electro-optically controlling the path of a laser beam or other electromagnetic beam in a suitable spectrum (e.g. visible, infrared, etc.) operates entirely in a solid state. Crystalline carbon-60 is manufactured in a gaseous environment to produce carbon-60 balls, each capturing a polarized molecule or ion susceptible to application of an electric field. Carbon-60 balls are suspended in a matrix of transparent gel, cured polymer, or held by their own solid, crystalline structure. Electrodes for controlling electric fields imposed upon the head, preferably shaped as a semi-spherical object, may be energized by alternating voltage to provide an alternating field. The ions or polarized molecules may oscillate within the carbon-60 "cages" in any direction as dictated by multiple, phased, field electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for electro-optically controlling the path of a laser beam or other electromagnetic beam in a suitable spectrum (e.g. visible, infrared, etc.) operates entirely in a solid state. Crystalline carbon-60 is manufactured in a gaseous environment to produce carbon-60 balls, each capturing a polarized molecule or ion susceptible to application of an electric field. Carbon-60 balls are suspended in a matrix of transparent gel, cured polymer, or held by their own solid, crystalline structure. Electrodes for controlling electric fields imposed upon the head, preferably shaped as a semi-spherical object, may be energized by alternating voltage to provide an alternating field. The ions or polarized molecules may oscillate within the carbon-60 "cages" in any direction as dictated by multiple, phased, field electrodes.

Abstract: In a method for parallel writing and reading of data in an optical memory, the optical memory includes one or more microlenses for accessing a memory medium, individually addressable elements arranged in one or two-dimensional matrices in a write/read device are activated. The activation of an element physically influences one or more localized areas in a data carrying layer in the memory for writing and reading of data carrying structures in the localized area. Writing and reading is thus performed on the basis of a relationship between the geometric location of the element in the matrix and the position of the localized area(s) in the data carrying layer of the memory. A write/read device includes individually addressable elements which are arranged in one or two-dimensional matrices, the addressable element being arranged to be activated in order to physically influence one or more of the above-mentioned localized areas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of optical recording materials, in particular, fluorescent compounds and matrices suitable for use in optical memory systems, including three dimensional optical memory systems for READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM). More particularly, nonfluorescent peri-phenoxiderivatives of polycyclic quinones are transformed into fluorescent aminoderivatives of anaquinones.

Abstract: An optical memory (10) is disclosed in which data is stored in an optical data layer (19) capable of selectively altering light such as by changeable transmissivity, reflectivity, polarization, and/or phase. The data is illuminated by controllable light sources (15) and an array of multi-surface imaging lenslets (21) project the image onto a common array of light sensors (27). Data is organized into a plurality of regions or patches (called pages) and by selective illumination of each data page, one of the lenslets (21) images the selected data page onto the light sensors (27). Light in the data image pattern strikes different ones of the arrayed light sensors (27), thereby outputting a pattern of binary bits in the form of electrical data signals.

Abstract: Information recording medium, reading apparatus for said medium and processes for implementing the apparatus. According to the invention, the material constituting the recording layer (15) is photoconducting. The apparatus comprises in particular a microprobe (20) and a light source (26) capable of subjecting the recording layer to a lit or unlit state. The resulting variations in resistivity are used to determine whether the read zone is amorphous or crystalline.

Abstract: A method of preparing an analog of bacteriorhodopsin in which organic cations selectively replace calcium and magnesium cations. The method comprises preparing a cation-free blue membrane and incubating the blue membrane with an organic cation selected from the group consisting of monovalent quaternary ammonium cations, bolaform cations and pyridinal cations.