Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for performing a new kind of traceroute. This traceroute is referred to herein as a “reverse” traceroute, as it enables a given network node to determine the path of packets sent to it from another node. Preferably, an encapsulating tunnel between the two nodes is leveraged. Preferably, a given network node (“first node”) performs the reverse traceroute by sending encapsulated inner packets in the tunnel to another network node (“second node”). The second node reflects the inner packets back to the first node. Preferably, the inner packets are configured such that their IP header TTLs expire at intermediate nodes (such as routers), and such that the resulting error messages are reported to the first node. In this way, the first node obtains information about the topology of the network and the path taken by inbound packets.

Abstract: A customer premises device may include a memory configured to store day 0 configuration instructions, a first network interface to couple to an out-of-band orchestration and management path, a second network interface operatively coupled to a customer network, and at least one processor configured to automatically and without user input execute the day 0 configuration instructions. The at least one processor is configured to establish and maintain a secure tunnel connection with a security gateway device via the out-of-band orchestration and management path and to establish a connection with a configuration platform on the provider network via the secure tunnel connection. Orchestration instructions for configuring one or more VNFs are received from the configuration platform via the tunnel connection.

Abstract: A network failure detection method and a network failure detection device are provided. The network failure detection method includes capturing a plurality of packets, analyzing contents of the plurality of packets and determining whether a network failure occurs to generate a determination result according to the contents of the plurality of packets, and outputting an alarm signal to implement an alarm function according to the determination result.

Abstract: A method of controlling a terminal device including receiving a message transmitted from a terminal device, storing the message received in association with identification information and state information of the message in a storage, displaying messages from various terminal devices together with state information thereof on a display, the messages including the first message, accepting an input for the display from a user, determining whether or not an entirety of the message is displayed on the display as a result of a display transition, updating the state information of the message as a read state indicating the message has been read in response to the determining indicating that the entirety of the message is displayed on the display, and transmitting the message, the updated identification information of the message, and the updated state information associated with the message to the terminal device may be provided.

Abstract: A hostname based access configuration system (HNACS) is provided for configuring a host-based firewall to implement firewall policies referencing hostnames. The HNACS defines a hostname based firewall policy (HNFP) referencing a host server using a corresponding hostname instead of an internet protocol (IP) address. The HNACS incorporates the HNFP onto the host-based firewall but renders the HNFP non-implementable on the computing device until a domain name system (DNS) query is generated. If the DNS query includes the hostname in the HNFP, the HNACS determines a mapping between the hostname specified in the DNS query and an IP address corresponding to the hostname (obtained via a DNS response corresponding to the DNS query). Based on the mapping, the HNFP is transformed via an implicit replacement of the hostname in the HNFP with the IP address of the host server, thereby rendering the HNFP executable on the host-based firewall.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, to authenticate mobile traffic. One of the methods includes receiving a first request for a strategy from a client device over a network. The method includes providing a current strategy to the client device, the current strategy including characteristics used to authenticate requests from the client device based on the inclusion of the characteristics in the request. The method includes receiving, from the client device, a second request for access to a processing system. The method includes validating the second request according to one or more strategies, including the current strategy. The method also includes forwarding the second request to the processing system based on the validation.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media, are provided for providing connectivity-based and/or connectivity-considered routing with supplemental wireless connections in driving assistance-related activities. Embodiments may be relevant to multi-access edge computing (MEC) and Automotive Edge Computing Consortium (AECC) technologies. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: Described herein include systems, methods, and apparatuses for the scheduling of data over a network (e.g., a wired or wireless network). A scheduler may be configured to receive a portion of packets at a receiving buffer and classify the packets into real time packets or non-real time packets using associated first and second queues. Further, a first re-transmission component may receive the real time packets from the first queue, and a second re-transmission component may receive the non-real time packets from the second queue. The real time packets may be received, by a transmission component, from the first re-transmission component; the transmission component may also receive non-real time packets from the second re-transmission component. The scheduler may then transmit at least one real time packet or non-real time packet to another device over a network using any suitable scheduling algorithm.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems for tuple space search-based flow classification using cuckoo hash tables and unmasked packet headers are described herein. A device can communicate with one or more hardware switches. The device can include memory to store hash table entries of a hash table. The device can include processing circuitry to perform a hash lookup in the hash table. The lookup can be based on an unmasked key include in a packet header corresponding to a received data packet. The processing circuitry can retrieve an index pointing to a sub-table, the sub-table including a set of rules for handling the data packet. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A broadcast-controlling method in an operating system and a mobile terminal are provided. The broadcast-controlling method includes obtaining a number of broadcast types registered by a first application, wherein the first application receives broadcast messages according to the registered broadcast types; determining whether the number of broadcast types is greater than a first threshold; determining the first application as an illegal broadcast-registering application when the number of broadcast types is greater than the first threshold; obtaining a receiver queue of a target broadcast; and optimizing the receiver queue according to determined illegal broadcast-registering applications.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computing platforms for data communication are disclosed. The processor(s) may be configured to electronically receive a first digital record data payload including a first originating node attribute, a flash code identifier attribute and at least one data element associated with a computer readable record. The processor(s) may be configured to electronically receive a second digital record data payload including a second originating node attribute, and at least one data element associated with a computer readable record. The processor(s) may be configured to electronically process the first digital record data payload and the second digital record data payload to determine which of the first digital record data payload or the second digital record data payload includes the flash code identifier attribute to determine a designation network location.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system at a network switch provides using one or more processors to perform a pre-defined database function on query data contained in data messages received at the network switch, with the performing producing result data, and wherein the pre-defined database function is performed on the query data in a first mode of operation to a state of full completion, generating complete result data and no skipped query data, and in a second mode of operation to a state of partial completion, generating partially complete result data and skipped query data. Further, the method and system performing one or more network switch functions to route the complete result data, and/or route the partially complete result data and skipped query data, to one or more destination nodes. In addition, an application programming interface (API) is used to define the database function.

Abstract: A communication device, method, and data transmission system are provided. An illustrative method is disclosed to include at least one data port configured to enable data transmission in compliance with a communication protocol. The communication device is further disclosed to include an Interpacket Gap (IPG) repair circuit configured to detect an IPG interval within a data stream that violates an IPG interval requirement defined by the communication protocol and, in response to detecting the IPG interval that violates the IPG interval requirement, perform an IPG repair on the data stream and bring the IPG interval into compliance with the IPG interval requirement.

Abstract: A media server is hosted in a service provider's network so that media content can be stored from or rendered to a private network such as a Digital Living Network Alliance network. Media content may be stored by accessing the media server or by downloading the media content to the media server. Support of set top boxes interacting with voice-on-demand (VOD) controllers and computers interacting with IP-based video content servers are integrated through the media server. Consequently, VOD assets can be played on IP-based devices and IP-based content can be played on set top boxes. A gateway function converts IP-based content to a VOD asset, and renders the VOD asset to a set top box while mapping digital rights management information for the VOD asset. Conversely, the gateway function may convert a VOD asset to IP-based content that can be played on an IP-based device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a wireless access system supporting a non-licensed band and, more particularly, to methods for transmitting or receiving sub-frame length information indicating the lengths of current and next sub-frames, and apparatuses for supporting the same. As an embodiment of the present invention, a method for receiving sub-frame (SF) length information in a wireless access system supporting a non-licensed band may comprise the steps of: receiving a signal including first SF length information indicating the lengths of one or more of a current SF and a next SF in sub-frame number n?1 (SF # n?1); and receiving one or more of a downlink physical channel and a downlink signal in the SF # n?1 on the basis of the first SF length information. Here, the first SF length information may indicate that the current SF or the next SF is the end SF of a downlink transmission burst in the non-licensed band.

Abstract: A synchronous computer-controlled communications network is provided that includes an Ethernet network switch; one or more avionics computers communicatively coupled in the synchronous computer-controlled communications network, and one or more end systems communicatively coupled in the synchronous computer-controlled communications network, wherein each of the one or more end systems, wherein the synchronous computer-controlled communications network is synchronized by a synchronization schedule that provides a common start time of a Major Time Frame or the start of a particular partition of the one or more avionics computers based on a user configuration, wherein a first avionics computer of the one or more avionics computers is configured to transmit an Event Synchronous Frame (ESF) to the Ethernet switch, wherein the ESF indicates that the first avionics computer is ready to integrate in a configured synchronous computer-controlled communications network.

Abstract: A present invention embodiment relates to inserting data to a data table, where the data table has multiple data records and involves at least one organizing attribute. The embodiment defines a set of data blocks having records of the data table and assigns to each data block of the set of data blocks a predefined maximum number of records of the data table or a predefined maximum amount of storage. Data records for each data block of the set of data blocks may be stored on a storage system. Further data records may be sorted based on values of the organizing attribute in the buffered data records. The sorted data records may be written on the storage system in their order. Attribute value information may be determined for the further data blocks for supporting query processing against the data table.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for performing targeted filtering of network traffic generated by user equipment (UE) devices connected to a customer premise device (CPE) in a communication system that includes a distributed residential gateway. A broadband network gateway may be configured to identify a UE device in a local area network (LAN) associated with the CPE that is compromised, misconfigured, or operating outside normal communication parameters. The broadband network gateway may send a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) force renew message via a wide area network (WAN) to the identified UE device in the LAN, generate a DHCP offer message that presents a new Internet protocol (IP) address assignment that is within a range of IP addresses included in a layer 2/3 access list, and send the generated DHCP offer message to the UE device to quarantine the UE device.

Abstract: At least a payload of a packet that is received by a network device is stored in a packet memory. The packet is processed at least to determine at least one egress port via which the packet is to be transmitted, modify a header of the packet to generate a modified header, and determine, based at least in part on the modified header, whether the packet is to be transmitted or to be discarded by the network device. In response to determining that the packet is to be transmitted, the at least the payload of the packet is retrieved from the packet memory, a transmit packet is generated at least by combining the at least the payload of the packet with the modified header, and the transmit packet is transmitted via the determined at least one egress port of the network device.

Abstract: A hybrid access configuration function (HACF) is deployed as a virtual or physical network function (V/PNF) that can reconfigure the capacity of access network devices based on HCPE usage demands, and/or perform traffic engineering by switching to best access paths based on packet flow's service requirements or by shifting traffic from one sub-flow to another. This is achieved by HACF's direct interfaces to various device control functions, including control and management functions of RAN, SON, PON, and SMF, as well as the control function of HAG/HCPE to manage resources. Furthermore, HACF can create new instances of virtual HAGs at the access network closer to the user clusters when extra HAG capacity is needed.

Abstract: A disclosed method may include (1) receiving, via a physical interface of a network device, a hello packet that includes information specific to a fault-detection session established between the physical interface and an additional physical interface of a remote device via a link, (2) identifying, within the information, a plurality of statuses that correspond to a plurality of virtual interfaces partitioned on the additional physical interface of the remote device, (3) determining, based at least in part on the statuses of the virtual interfaces, that the link supporting the fault-detection session established between the physical interface and the additional physical interface has experienced at least a partial failure, and then in response to determining that the link has experienced the at least partial failure, (4) performing a remedial action to address the at least partial failure of the link. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems for synchronizing nodes of a wireless network are disclosed. One method includes identifying synchronization paths between synchronization reference nodes of the wireless network and each non-reference node of the wireless network, wherein each synchronization path includes one or more wireless hops between the synchronization reference nodes and the non-reference node, determining a number of timing slots needed for supporting each of the identified synchronization paths, and selecting at least one of the synchronization paths between each non-reference node and at least one of the synchronization reference nodes based on a number of wireless hops of each of the identified synchronization paths and the determined number of timing slots needed to support each of the identified synchronization paths.

Abstract: A data forwarding device belonging to both (1) a segment routing (SR) domain and (2) a label distribution protocol (LDP) domain may be used to perform a method comprising: (a) receiving, by the data forwarding device, information uniquely associated with each of one or more nodes in the LDP domain; (b) associating, for each of the one or more nodes in the LDP domain, a unique SR segment identifier (SID) with the information uniquely associated with the node in the LDP domain, to generate one or more SR SID-to-LDP node associations; and (c) transmitting the one or more SR SID-to-LDP node associations for propagation to at least one other node in the SR domain, whereby the at least one other node in the SR domain will become aware of the one or more nodes in the LDP domain. The SR-LDP border router is aware of all the nodes in SR and LDP domain including the SRGB database (base label, node label, and label range).

Abstract: An interconnect as a switch module (“ICAS” module) comprising n port groups, each port group comprising n?1 interfaces, and an interconnecting network implementing a full mesh topology where each port group comprising a plurality of interfaces each connects an interface of one of the other port groups, respectively. The ICAS module may be optically or electrically implemented. According to the embodiments, the ICAS module may be used to construct a stackable switching device and a multi-unit switching device, to replace a data center fabric switch, and to build a new, high-efficient, and cost-effective data center.

Abstract: A system to optimize resource utilization in an over-the-top (OTT) platform to improve Quality of Experience of viewing a video at the user devices in a mobile communication network is provided. The system is operably coupled to a sensing unit for receiving a sensory input parameters from the user devices, mobile network operator, and an OTT platform, a sensing unit generates a sensed data using received sensory input data; a processing unit receives and process the generated sensed data to determine changes required in a resolution of video provided to the user devices, if resolution of video is below a threshold value; an acting unit provides instructions to OTT platform to stream video to the user devices over a constant bandwidth or constant resolution to prevent transcoding and transrating and conserver resource utilization at OTT platform.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes: obtaining a multi-protocol schedule, wherein the multi-protocol schedule includes scheduling information characterizing packets associated with a plurality of wireless protocols, wherein each of the plurality of wireless protocols is associated with a respective virtual gateway of a plurality of virtual gateways; detecting, by a wireless transceiver, a first packet related to a first wireless protocol of the plurality of wireless protocols based on the multi-protocol schedule; and transmitting, by the wireless transceiver, the first packet related to the first wireless protocol to a first virtual gateway of the plurality of virtual gateways. According to some embodiments, the method is performed by a device (e.g., a MAC preprocessor) that includes a wireless transceiver, one or more processors, and non-transitory memory.

Abstract: A server includes a processor configured to determine, based on reception of information from a client device, synchronization parameters between a server clock rate associated with the server and a client clock rate associated with the client device. The processor is also configured to determine a client-side generation timestamp for an audio frame based on the synchronization parameters and based on a server-side generation timestamp for the audio frame. The processor is further configured to generate the audio frame. The audio frame includes the client-side timestamp.

Abstract: A method of engineering media path selection is described. Addresses and media paths are selected using a media path selection policy. Additionally, a candidate address list may be considered. Using the media path selection policy, devices may select the first hop egress router and a remote default router for transferring data.

Abstract: A system and related methods for making distributed, autonomous decisions on the management of network traffic and data are provided. The disclosed system and methods increasingly become smarter and faster over time based on the accumulated data across the network, and any data science or decision science associated with the system can be updated or modified via remote, autonomous updates. The system can comprise computing devices and systems across multiple layers of the network, wherein each layer of the network can comprise a plurality of nodes. Each node of the network can be enhanced or embedded with the Smart Distributed system, and the Smart Distributed system can provide each node of the network the ability to apply data or decision science to any data in real or near real-time.

Abstract: Systems and methods detect a potential hacking attack by monitoring the number and timing of DELBA (Delete Block Acknowledgement) action frames. When the number and timing of the DELBA action frames correspond to an unauthorized access pattern, an unauthorized access is detected. The potential unauthorized access may be detected by an access point (AP) or by the AP and a backend system. When a potential unauthorized access is detected, the AP may remain in silent mode for a longer period of time and limit access to the network to only trusted devices. In addition, an alarm or other notification of the potential unauthorized access may be provided to a user or other designated contact.

Abstract: Methods, systems and devices to authorize access to a simultaneous media streams are described. After a first media stream is initiated with a first client device, an authorization service receives a request to establish the simultaneous second media stream with a second client device. The service determines whether the second client device is at a geographic location where simultaneous streaming is allowed, and grants or denies access to the second simultaneous stream accordingly.

Abstract: An electronic device (such as an origin server) in a content delivery system performs intelligent content server handling of client receipt disruptions. The electronic device may receive requests for segments of a content asset submitted using a manifest that has segment request addresses with session identifiers, estimate a session interruption using the requests and the session identifiers, and handle the session interruption. The electronic device may handle the session interruption by scheduling a recording of the content asset, reallocating network resources, and so on. In some examples, the electronic device may also provide the manifest.

Abstract: A network interface device, including: an ingress interface; a host platform interface to communicatively couple to a host platform; and a packet preprocessor including logic to: receive via the ingress interface a data sequence including a plurality of discrete data units; identify the data sequence as data for a parallel processing operation; reorder the discrete data units into a reordered data frame, the reordered data frame configured to order the discrete data units for consumption by the parallel operation; and send the reordered data to the host platform via the host platform interface.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described for virtualizing routing of network traffic by offloading routing decisions to a controller in communication with a plurality of network devices. For load balancing applications, the controller may make up-front decisions as to both destination and route, rather than wait until traffic has been routed to a load balancing point before determining the destination.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for generating new node profiles using information from electronic activities. The system is configured to maintain node profiles corresponding to unique entities; access electronic activities transmitted or received via electronic accounts associated with data source providers; identify a first email address of a sender and second email addresses of respective recipients of an electronic activity; identify that the first email address matches a value of a field of a first node profile; link the electronic activity to the first node profile; determine that a second email address of a respective recipient of the electronic activity cannot be matched to any node profile associated with the respective participant; and generate, responsive to determining that the electronic activity cannot be matched to any node profile of the plurality of node profiles, a new node profile including the second email address of the respective recipient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a computer system and method for allowing a plurality of users to concurrently use a single main computer by selectively transferring data between a communication port of the main computer to software running on devices of the plurality of users to enable viewing of data in realtime.

Abstract: A method includes configuring, by a cloud provisioning server, a first cloud domain. The first cloud domain and a second cloud domain use at least one of the same operating system and the same system resource pool. The method also includes configuring a tenant within the first cloud domain. The tenant is isolated from tenants of the second cloud domain. Resources used by the configured tenant are not shared with tenants of the second cloud domain.

Abstract: A Slow Protocol packet processing method includes receiving, by a network device, a first Slow Protocol packet, determining, based on port information of a port of the network device receiving the first Slow Protocol packet, that a negotiation process is already completed between the network device and the transmit end device, querying, based on device information of the transmit end device carried in the first Slow Protocol packet, whether a device information base stored by the network device in the negotiation process includes the device information of the transmit end device, and identifying the first Slow Protocol packet as a valid packet in response to a result that the device information base includes the device information of the transmit end device.

Abstract: A method of configuring a client device at a customer premises is provided. An electronic message is received from a vendor of a client device with customer premise equipment (CPE) at the customer premises or a portable communication device. The electronic message provides configuration information for the client device. The configuration information includes a password and an access name of a service for use in configuring the client device via communications with a remote configuration server. The service is made available at the customer premises via the CPE or the communication device so that the client device automatically pairs to the service and is authenticated with the password to the configuration server via Internet connectivity capability of the CPE or portable communication device so that the client device may be configured. The client device has firmware preprogramed to automatically and securely access the service, when detected, at the customer premises.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a trace stream, a method for generating a trace stream, an apparatus for receiving a trace stream and a method of receiving a trace stream are provided. Header items and payload items in the trace stream are respectively grouped together into a contiguous sequence of header items and a contiguous sequence of payload items. This can for example facilitate the production of a trace stream in which the trace stream is aligned to a predetermined length (e.g. corresponding to an alignment of a memory in which the trace stream is to be stored) thus facilitating its interpretation.

Abstract: A radio communication route enables communication from an originating ground station to a destination ground station via one of multiple randomly orbiting, rotating satellites with no active attitude control. The ground stations and satellites include directional antennas for receiving radio signals from and transmitting radio signals in multiple directions. The satellites store an address of a destination ground station from which an initial information signal is transmitted and antenna information identifying the satellite antenna on which the initial information signal was received. Plural satellite antennas transmit linking information identifying the satellite to the originating ground station.

Abstract: Method of dynamically assigning storage locations starts with the processor updating first user's home location data. Processor selects communication session between first user and second user and determines second user's home location data. Processor determines a session location data that indicates current storage location that stores data of communication session received from first and second client devices. Processor identifies available data storage locations based on first user and second user's home location data and determines whether to update the session location data based on an average of a distance over network fiber using the first user and second user's home locations, current storage location, and available storage locations. In response to determining to update the session location data, processor updates session location data to indicate one of the available storage locations, and causes transfer of data of communication session to one of the available storage locations.

Abstract: The present application relates to autonomous and/or real-time monitoring of power transmission devices using an unmanned vehicle. The unmanned vehicle may have a modular payload that controls the unmanned vehicle's positioning and orientation. The modular payload may include processing circuitry that controls data acquisition and perform processing of the collected data. Processing of the collected data may include determinations of the type of power transmission device being monitored and/or determinations of the operational status of the power transmission device being monitored. Communication between the autonomous vehicle and/or payload and the power transmission device may be established using radiofrequency data links.

Abstract: A device can receive, from a user device, a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) CONNECT request associated with a toll-free data service. The user device can establish a first transmission control protocol (TCP) connection with a proxy server. The HTTP CONNECT request can request the proxy server to establish a second TCP connection with a content provider server. The device can determine, based on the HTTP CONNECT request, that an authorization condition is satisfied. The device can store information associated with a flow between the user device and the content provider server. The user device and the content provider server can establish a transport layer security (TLS) connection based on the first TCP connection and the second TCP connection. The device can provide the information associated with the flow to permit an account of an entity to be adjusted in association with the toll-free data service.

Abstract: Embodiments of a device and method are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method of communications involves determining a characteristic of a header or a payload, generating an error control code for the header or for the header and the payload based on the characteristic of the header or the payload, and attaching the error control code to the header and the payload to form a data packet for communications in a wired communications network.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a method for service deployment in a virtualized network and a server. The method includes: receiving, by a server, a service deployment request, where the service deployment request includes description of a to-be-deployed service, for example, node information, connection information, and information about access to a deployed service; creating, by the server, an instance of the service, including: creating node instances, and establishing a connection between node instances; and finally establishing, by the server, a connection between the to-be-deployed service and the deployed service according to the information about access to the deployed service.

Abstract: According to one general aspect, a device may include a host interface circuit configured to communicate with a host device via a data protocol that employs data messages. The device may include a storage element configured to store data in response to a data message. The host interface circuit may be configured to detect when a tunneling command is embedded within the data message; extract a tunneled message address information from the data message; retrieve, via the tunneled message address information, a tunneled message stored in a memory of the host device; and route the tunneled message to an on-board processor and/or data processing logic. The on-board processor and/or data processing logic may be configured to execute one or more instructions in response to the tunneled message.

Abstract: A device for obtaining, storing and displaying information from a remote server, the device has a modem for establishing communication sessions with the remote server. A memory coupled to the modem stores the obtained information, and a display is coupled to the memory for displaying the stored information. The device automatically and periodically communicates with the remote server for obtaining the information.

Abstract: Techniques for application aware device monitoring are disclosed. In some embodiments, a system, a process, and/or a computer program product for providing application aware device monitoring includes collecting network layer information from one or more agents utilizing a plurality of tests; collecting device layer information from the one or more agents deployed to monitor a plurality of devices in a network computing environment; correlating the network layer information and the device layer information; and generating a graphical visualization based on the correlated network layer and device layer information (e.g., an alert, report, and/or a graphical visualization can be provided based on the correlated network layer and device layer information to facilitate root cause detection for application performance issues).

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and software for an edge network that serves content to end user devices is presented. In one example, a method includes establishing domain name relationships for use by a top-level DNS to recurse DNS queries to a DNS node associated with the edge network. The method also includes establishing address correlations between prefixed IPv6 network addresses and PQDNs that comprise indicators for at least a routing provider identifier and a server node grouping. The method also includes receiving recursed DNS queries and responsively translating domain names in the recursed DNS queries into associated IPv6 network addresses to reach content indicated by the domain names, the associated IPv6 network addresses each determined by at least selecting one of the prefixed IPv6 network addresses according to a desired routing provider and a desired server node grouping indicated in the PQDNs.