Abstract: A plated steel sheet and a connection terminal material using the plated steel sheet have low contact resistance and excellent corrosion resistance. The coated film, which has excellent adhesion, is formed by coating a stainless steel base sheet which is coated with a nickel-tin alloy with a solution/suspension of carbon black or graphite, carboxymethyl cellulose, and a water-borne organic resin which is acrylic resin, polyester resin, urethane resin, or phenol resin.

Abstract: In a welded structure and welded pipe, having members joined to each other by welding wherein, at least one of the members is formed of Fe—Ni-base low thermal expansion coefficient alloy, there is provided a welded structure and welded pipe having a weld metal free from cracking and achieving an excellent toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance. Further, a welding material is provided which can form such a weld metal and is excellent in workability and weldability in fabrication. The weld metal comprises, on the weight % basis, Ni: 30 to 45%, Co: 0 to 10%, C: 0.03 to 0.5%, Mn: 0.7% or less, either one of or the total of Nb and Zr: 0.05 to 4%, and rare earth element: 0 to 0.5%, with impurities being P: 0.02% or less, Al: 0.01% or less, and oxygen: 0.

Abstract: The present invention describes the utilization of nanoscale bimetallic particles for the treatment of chlorinated contaminants in the environment, and more specifically, chlorinated contaminants in groundwater.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high strength hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed steel sheets with excellent drawability for press forming and excellent plating adhesion that is useful as a member for automobiles, construction, electric devices and the like, and to a process for its manufacture. According to an embodiment of the invention, the steel sheet contains in terms of weight percent, C: 0.05-0.2%, Si: 0.2-2.0%, Mn: 0.2-2.5%, Al: 0.01-1.5%, Ni: 0.2-5.0%, P: <0.03% and S: <0.02%, the relationship between Si and Al being such that 0.4(%)≦Si+0.8 Al(%)≦2.0% and the remainder consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities, the volume percentage of the retained austenite is 2-20% and the steel sheet surface wherein the relationship between the Ni and Si, Al in 0.5 &mgr;m of the steel sheet surface layer is such that Ni(%)≦¼ Si+⅓Al(%), has a Zn plating layer comprising Al: ≦1% with the remainder Zn and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: The invention provides a composite, laminated armor panel (10) for absorbing and dissipating kinetic energy from projectiles (12), the panel (10) comprising a first outwardly-positioned layer (14) made of a hard material selected from a ceramic material and a metal having a Rockwell-C hardness of at least 27, an intermediate layer (16) softer than the first layer (14), made of a material selected from aluminium and metals having a Rockwell-C hardness of less than 27 and a third backing layer (18) of tough woven textile material, wherein the three layers (14,16,18) are laminated together and wrapped on at least four sides in a further tough woven textile material (20) which is bonded to the outer surfaces of the composite, laminated armor panel (10).

Abstract: In a heat shield (1), in particular for combustion chambers and for thermal fluid flow machines, the heat shield consists of a feltlike material (3) composed of compressed and sintered intermetallic fibers. Advantageously, the intermetallic fibers consist of an iron based or nickel based intermetallic phase.

Abstract: An iron aluminide fuel injector component such as a nozzle, plunger or other part is manufactured from iron aluminide or includes an iron aluminide coating on at least a portion of a surface in contact with the fuel which passes through the fuel injector. The iron aluminide alloy can include 8 to 32 wt. % Al, up to 5 wt. % refractory metal, B and/or C in amounts sufficient to form borides and/or carbides. The fuel injector component can be formed from powders of the iron aluminide alloy by powder metallurgy techniques and the coating can be formed by a diffusional reaction process, cathodic plasma process, chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. The fuel injector component is corrosion, carburization, sulfidation and/or coking resistant.

Abstract: A composite material and a method of making a composite material is disclosed. The composite comprises a core of a precipitation hardenable metal having a coefficient of thermal expansion less than 9 parts per million/° C. in the temperature range of 20° C. to 100° C. The core material is clad with a transition metal or transition metal alloy cladding layer covering at least one surface of the core.

Abstract: An oxidation-resistant coating is described, formed of an alloy containing: about 40 to about 50 atom % aluminum and about 0.5 atom % to about 3 atom % tantalum; with a balance of nickel; cobalt, iron, or combinations thereof. The coating may also include chromium and a precious metal, as well as other components, such as zirconium or molybdenum. A method for applying the oxidation-resistant coating to a substrate is also described. The substrate can be formed of superalloy material, e.g., a turbine engine component. Related articles are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for producing a laminated metal ribbon comprises the steps of (a) vapor-depositing a third metal layer on at least one welding surface of a first metal ribbon 4 and a second metal ribbon 5 in a vacuum chamber 1, the third metal being the same as or different from a metal or an alloy of the first and second metal ribbons 4, 5; (b) pressure-welding the first metal ribbon 4 to the second metal ribbon 5; and (c) subjecting the resultant laminate 9 to a heat treatment for thermal diffusion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the production of a strip-like metallic composite material by the high-temperature dip coating of a metallic carrier strip, consisting of a metallurgic vessel for receiving the liquid depositing material, through which the carrier strip is capable of being led in a preferably vertical run-through direction by means of pairs of rollers arranged on the entry and the exit side, and of a preheating device for the carrier strip, said preheating device being located upstream of the metallurgic vessel. At the same time, the preheating device (41) is arranged in a housing (61) which is arranged in the entry region upstream of the metallurgic vessel (11) and surrounds the carrier strip (21) and into which the medium coming from a media supply (52) is capable of being introduced via at least one feed (51) led into the housing.

Abstract: A metal-ceramic joint assembly in which a brazing alloy is situated between metallic and ceramic members. The metallic member is either an aluminum-containing stainless steel, a high chromium-content ferritic stainless steel or an iron nickel alloy with a corrosion protection coating. The brazing alloy, in turn, is either an Au-based or Ni-based alloy with a brazing temperature in the range of 9500 to 1200° C.

Abstract: A coated metal component made of an alloy containing an intentional addition of nitrogen, comprising an oxidation-resistant coating layer and an intermediate layer disposed between the oxidation-resistant coating layer and the component. The intermediate layer is substantially devoid of nitrogen which if present would form a nitride with the oxidation-resistant layer.

Abstract: A titanium aluminide turbine blade (10) includes an aerofoil (12), a platform (14) and a root (16). A protective coating (2) is applied to the aerofoil (12) and the platform (14) of the turbine blade (10). The protective coating (2) comprises austenitic stainless steel. A chromium oxide layer (22) is formed on the protective coating (2). The protective coating (20) and chromium oxide layer (22) provides oxidation and sulphidation resistance for the titanium aluminide article (10).

Abstract: A surface-treated sheet for fuel tanks includes a cold-rolled steel sheet with a low carbon content, a zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer formed on the steel sheet, and a chromate film coated on the zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer. The chromate film is formed from a chromate solution. The chromate solution includes a subject solution and an aqueous silane solution in an amount ranging from 5 to 50% by weight of the subject solution. The subject solution contains a chrome aqueous solution where the concentration of chrome is in the range of 5-50 g/l and the ratio of trivalent chrome to the chrome content is in the range of 0.4 to 0.8.

Abstract: A cored wire consisting of an inner calcium wire surrounded by an aluminum sheath forming a composite core which in turn is encased in a steel jacket. The cored wire is formed continuously by covering an extruded calcium wire with aluminum then inserting the aluminum covered calcium wire into a steel jacket in a roll forming process. Also disclosed is a method of reducing splashing when introducing calcium metal into a molten ferrous metal bath.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a surface-treated steel sheet which has highly balanced corrosion resistance and formability, and satisfies fundamental properties required mainly for steel sheets for automobile body, and a manufacturing method thereof. The surface-treated steel sheet of the invention is excellent in corrosion resistance and formability, comprising an amorphous inorganic film containing at least 5% magnesium and having a weight within a range of from 0.1 to 2.0 g/m2, formed on the surface of a zinc or zinc alloy plated steel sheet; wherein the inorganic film is soluble in an acidic solution and hardly soluble in a neutral or alkaline solution, and a manufacturing method thereof is provided. A zinc phosphate film may be provided between the galvanized steel sheet and the amorphous inorganic film.

Abstract: A support structure is provided for holding open lumina, the support structure having a stainless steel substrate and a platinum layer forming the surface of the structure. The structure has at least one gold layer arranged between the substrate and the platinum layer. The platinum layer is preferably applied with a pulsed current with current reversal, in order to avoid or reduce brittleness occurring by absorption of hydrogen during galvanic deposition of platinum. Such a support structure (stent) substantially withstands the high mechanical stresses, particularly bending and torsional forces that occur during application, without the formation of significant tears in the platinum layer.

Abstract: An Fe group-based amorphous alloy ribbon having a cross section having a width of from 100 to 900 &mgr;m and a thickness of from 8 to 50 &mgr;m and a magnetic hysteresis loop which exhibits a large Barkhausen discontinuity. The amorphous alloy ribbon is suitable for preparing magnetic markers for use in an anti-theft system and an article surveillance system, and as a pulse generator. A magnetic marker formed from the amorphous alloy ribbon is also disclosed.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage laminated material can be obtained which is capable of achieving reduction in weight as well as being mass-produced industrially while assuring excellent hydrogen storage capability. The hydrogen storage laminated material (10) has a laminated structure of a first layer (6a) and a second layer (7a), wherein the first layer is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of a group 2A or 3A or an element of at least one of the groups 2A and 3A, and at least partially includes a bcc structure, and the second layer is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of one of groups 6A, 7A and 8A or an element of at least one of the groups 6A, 7A and 8A.

Abstract: A purpose of the present invention is to provide a resin coated steel sheet with excellent forming, anti surface roughness and corrosion resistances suitable for a thinned, deep drawn and ironed can and a steel sheet therefor, particularly to material suitable for a container for beverage such as pop drink, coffee, tea, fruit juice and so on. Therefore, the material according to the present invention is a steel sheet and a resin covered steel sheet suitable for a thinned, deep-drawn and ironed can comprising Carbon in the range of 0.008% to 0.08%, Silicon of equal or less than 0.05%, Manganese of equal or less than 0.9%, Phosphorous of equal or less than 0.04%, Sulfur of equal or less than 0.04%, Aluminum of equal or less than 0.03%, Nitrogen of equal or less than 0.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a metal substrate is coated with a multilayer surface finish comprising, in succession, an amorphous metal underlayer, a corrosion-resistent metal middle layer and one or more outer layers of precious metal. In an exemplary embodiment the metal substrate comprises copper alloy, the amorphous metal underlayer is Ni—P, the middle layer is nickel and the outer layer is palladium. The resulting structure is particularly useful as an electrical connector.

Abstract: Its basic means is a monolithically bonded construct prepared by monolithically bonding together a rare-earth magnet 2 and a an alloy material that is a high melting point metal or a high specific-tenacity material through the solid phase diffusion bonding by the hot isostatic pressing treatment, and a monolithically bonded construct with an interposal of a thin layer of the high melting point metal between a rare-earth magnet 2 and an alloy material 3, 4 that is a high specific-tenacity material.

Abstract: In a molten metal plating apparatus all surfaces of a sinking roller and a supporting roller to be in contact with a molten metal are coated with iron silicide films. A bearing comprises a holder made of a heat resistant steel and lined with a carbon-carbon fiber complex material. A surface of the holder is coated with an Fe3Si film similar to the sinking roller. There is an Fe3Si film on a surface of a shaft portion, and the Fe3Si is in contact with and slides on the carbon-carbon fiber complex material.

Abstract: A metal lid for use in hermetic sealing of a semiconductor package comprises a lid body comprising a metal plate having a solder layer secured to the entire surface of the metal lid by cladding. The lid is placed in position on a substrate and can seal the resulting package by heating to melt the solder layer. The lid can be readily mass-produced and can seal the package with high seal reliability and without deposition of solder balls on the inner wall of the package.

Abstract: A compound tube including a layer of a Fe—Cr alloy and a layer of load-carrying component, with the optional addition of further layers. The Fe—Cr alloy preferably has a composition including, in weight-%: less than 0.3% carbon, 15-60% chromium, less than 10% nickel, less than 5% molybdenum, less than 5% silicon, less than 0.3% nitrogen, less than 5% manganese, and the remainder iron with naturally occurring impurities. The compound tubes are very resistant to carbonization and metal dusting, and are suited for use as bayonet tubing, superheater tubing, and reforming tubing in steam formation environments.

Abstract: The golden decorative part of the present invention comprises a substrate and, formed thereon according to a dry plating process, an outermost coating, which coating comprises gold and titanium or iron together with inevitable ingredients in specific proportions. A Ti coating formed in an inert gas other than nitrogen, containing inevitable ingredients may be disposed on the substrate, and a TiN coating may be disposed on the substrate or the Ti coating. The above golden decorative part having the outermost coating containing titanium does not cause allergic dermatitis, such as contact dermatitis, even if used in contact with the skin, and exhibits a uniform golden tone. Further, the above golden decorative part having the outermost coating containing iron is strikingly less likely to cause allergic dermatitis, such as contact dermatitis, even if used in contact with the skin, and exhibits a uniform golden tone.

Abstract: A compound tube comprises a layer of a Fe—Cr—Al-alloy and a layer of a load-carrying component and optionally one or several additional layers. The Fe—Cr—Al-alloy has the following analysis in weight-%: carbon<0.3, chromium 5-30, nickel<10, manganese<5, molybdenum<5, aluminium 3-20 , silicon<5, nitrogen<0.3, cerium+bafnium+yttrium<1.0, titanium 0.005-1.0, zirconium 0.005-1.0, niobium 0.005-1.0, the remainder iron, and naturally occurring impurities. These tubes are very resistant towards carbonization and “metal dusting” and are being used to advantage for bayonet tubing, superheat tubing and reformer tubing in steam formation.

Abstract: A spin-valve film which enables a high output to be obtained and thermal stability to be improved without a necessity of reducing the thickness of films which constitute the spin-valve film, a spin valve type magnetoresistance-effect device and a magnetic head comprising the spin valve type magnetoresistance-effect device. A spin-valve film according to the present invention comprises a fixed layer in which a direction of magnetization is to be directed to substantially a predetermined direction; a non-magnetic layer; and a free layer in which a direction of magnetization is to be changed by an external magnetic field, wherein the free layer comprises at least a laminate film having a Ta film and a NiFeTa film.

Abstract: A magnetic read element for use in magnetic data retrieval includes a NiFeCr seed layer and an electrically insulating spacer layer between an MR stripe and a soft adjacent layer formed of, for example, NiFeRh. The magnetic read element includes a magnetoresistive stripe and a seed layer formed of NiFeCr that is interfacially adjacent the magnetoresistive stripe. The read element also includes a spacer layer adjacent the seed layer, with the seed layer being disposed between the magnetoresistive stripe and the spacer layer. The spacer layer is formed of an electrically insulating material. In addition, a soft adjacent layer is included in the read element, adjacent the seed layer and formed of a low-coercivity, high-permeability magnetic material. The spacer layer can be formed of Ta, while the soft adjacent layer can be formed of NiFeRh. The magnetic read element can be incorporated in a read/write head, and further incorporated in a read/write system for data retrieval.

Abstract: A component for use in manufacturing articles, such as printed circuit boards, comprised of a sheet of copper foil having an essentially uncontaminated surface facing an essentially uncontaminated surface of a sheet of metal, the surfaces of the sheets being in unattached contact with each other in an area that defines a substantially uncontaminated central zone, and the metal sheet being comprised of carbon steel having a layer of chromium thereon, wherein the chromium defines the substantially uncontaminated surface of the metal sheet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrically insulating polymer coating on a conductive metal substrate, especially zinc and tin-plated sheet steel. The polymer is applied to at least one side of the sheet, the amount being adequate to create a uniform layer of 0.5 to 0.8 micrometers thickness after curing. The polymer coated sheet is heat cured at 200° C. to 210° C. for 10-15 minutes. The thickness of the polymer layer is selected to be within a specified range. The range is determined based upon subsequent manufacturing operations which require an electrically conductive path between a component and the metal substrate. The curing conditions are selected for the dual purpose of heat curing the polymer to the substrate surface as well as to stress relieve the tin or zinc-plated sheet steel. This treatment helps to prevent tin whisker growth and improves the corrosion resistance of the substrate.

Abstract: A bond for a metal single layer abrasive tool can be easily chemically and electrochemically stripped from the metal core of a recovered used tool to facilitate reuse of the core. Relative to conventionally bonded tools, the speed of stripping the novel bond is quick, and the stripped core has a smooth, clean surface which needs only minimal mechanical repair prior to reuse. The composition of the novel bond consists essentially of copper, tin and titanium. It can be brazed at temperatures below diamond graphitization and is chemically compatible with diamond. Hence, the bond is particularly useful for the manufacture of large diameter, superabrasive metal single layer abrasive wheels employed in the construction industry. The bond can be applied to the cutting surface of the abrasive tool as a uniform mixture of bronze alloy, titanium compound and copper powders. The powders may be mixed with a liquid vehicle and applied as a paste.

Abstract: An iron aluminide coating as a bonding layer between a thermally stressed element of a thermal turbomachine and a heat insulation coat consists essentially of:  5-35 % by weight aluminum 15-25 % by weight chromium 0.5-10  % by weight molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum and/or niobium   0-0.3 % by weight zirconium 0-1 % by weight boron 0-1 % by weight yttrium the remainder being iron and incidental impurities arising from production thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-temperature-resistant component comprising a nickel-based or cobalt-based superalloy, in particular having a protective alloy selected from the class consisting of MCrAlY alloys. The component has an antioxidation coating comprising gallium. The invention also relates to a corresponding method of providing protection against oxidation.

Abstract: An abrasion resistant coating is created by adding a ductile phase to a brittle matrix phase during spray coating where an Al—Cu—Fe quasicrystalline phase (brittle matrix) and an FeAl intermetallic (ductile phase) are combined. This composite coating produces a coating mostly of quasicrystal phase and an inter-splat layer of the FeAl phase to help reduce porosity and cracking within the coating. Coatings are prepared by plasma spraying unblended and blended quasicrystal and intermetallic powders. The blended powders contain 1, 5, 10 and 20 volume percent of the intermetallic powders. The unblended powders are either 100 volume percent quasicrystalline or 100 volume percent intermetallic; these unblended powders were studied for comparison to the others.

Abstract: A slide surface construction is formed of a large number of truncated hexagonal pyramid-shaped metal crystals in a slide surface, with the area rate A of said truncated hexagonal pyramid-shaped metal crystals being in a range of 40%≦A≦100%. A top face of each of the truncated hexagonal pyramid-shaped metal crystals has a plurality of flat face portions, with a step provided between adjacent ones of the flat face portions. Each of the truncated hexagonal pyramid-shaped metal crystals is a (hhh) oriented metal crystal which has a body-centered cubic structure and whose (hhh) plane (by Miller indices) is oriented toward the slide surface.

Abstract: Non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers 2.5 to 50 Angstroms thick with compositions of Os, Ru and Re are used in laminated magnetic structures. The ultra-thin non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers are useful to fabricate micron and sub-micron laminated magnetic devices. The laminated magnetic structures using ultra-thin non-magnetic transition metal spacer layers of Os, Ru and Re have anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic layers. The anti-ferromagnetic coupling provides a mechanism for reduced edge curling and efficient directional magnetization. Alloying the non-magnetic transition metal layer provides a method for engineering coupling strengths, coercivities and remanences in magnetic structures useful for high frequency applications. These laminated magnetic structure have applications in magnetic read head, magnetic write head, magnetic memory, and miniature transformer devices.

Abstract: A glazing covered ferrite core electrode terminal has a ferrite core, a glazing covered layer coated on a surface of the ferrite core, a silver paste layer disposed on the glazing covered layer, a nickel plated layer disposed on the silver paste layer, a solder plated layer disposed on the nickel plated layer, and a solder paste layer disposed on the solder plated layer.

Abstract: A magnetic thin film forming method forms a magnetic thin film on a conductive film by electroplating using a plating bath containing Ni ions, Fe ions, Mo ions and an organic acid. A concentration of the organic acid in the plating bath is 3-20 times a concentration of the Mo ions in the plating bath. An organic acid concentration in the plating bath versus an Mo ion concentration of the plating bath is set to be a suitable value, whereby an Mo mixed amount in the magnetic thin film can be set to be a suitable value. Accordingly, a magnetic thin film having a large specific resistance value and good magnetic characteristics can be formed.

Abstract: A cutting tool having cutting edges made of a high speed tool steel exhibiting very high wear and anti-chipping resistances, and sufficient toughness is provided. The high speed tool steel consists essentially of by weight C:0.6 to 1.8%, Si:1.2% max, Mn:0.5% max, Cr:3.5 to 5.0%, Mo:10% max, W:21% max, V:2 to 4% and Co:7 to 10%, the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, and the steel of the cutting edge comprise MC-type carbide grains each having a maximum equal value diameter of a circle ranging substantially 5 to 14 &mgr;m, and the MC-type carbide grains having an equal value diameter of the circle ranging substantially 5 to 14 &mgr;m have a ratio between short and long diameters ranging over substantially 0.3.

Abstract: A multi-layer magnetic material (10) has magnetic vectors (21,22) that point along a length (27) of the material (10). Opposing magnetic fields cause the vectors to snap past the perpendicular position with a rapid change in the resistance of the material. The material is used as a memory cell (37,38,39,41) of a memory (36).

Abstract: An impeller shoe (110) having a front side (112) with a series of half column members (114) and raised upper and lower rims (116, 118) that form the impact surface of the impeller shoe. Half columns (114) and raised rims (116, 118) are formed with carbide material (120) formed therein in order to improve wear resistance at these critical surfaces.

Abstract: A zinc bath, which is particularly useful for batch-wise galvanizing of steel articles, of which the silicon content is not certain, contains 1-5 wt % of tin, 0.01-0.1 wt % of nickel, lead at a concentration up to saturation, and at least one of aluminum, calcium and magnesium, with the rest being zinc of any quality going from remelted scrap to SHG zinc.

Abstract: 16 A thick-film circuit (10) includes an electrically conductive substrate (12), such as stainless steel, and a first layer of a gold-rich conductor (15) applied directly thereon. The gold layer is fired in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, such as nitrogen, to ensure a solid mechanical and electrical connection between the gold and the substrate. A next layer of a silver composition (20) containing a first proportion of silver to a conductive metal is directly applied to the gold layer (15). Preferably, the composition (20) includes palladium in equal parts with the silver to achieve a secure mechanical and electrical contact with the gold layer with a minimum resistivity. A silver-rich layer (23) is then applied directly onto the intermediate layer. This silver-rich layer (23) is a composition of silver and the conductive metal in a second proportion greater than the first proportion. In one embodiment, this second proportion is three parts silver to one part palladium by weight.

Abstract: Provided are a high strength cold rolled steel sheet and a high strength plated steel sheet possessing improved geomagnetic shielding properties, that is, having a high relative permeability in a d.c. magnetic field around 0.3 Oe, a process for producing the same, and an explosion-proof band or an outer magnetic shielding material, for television cathode-ray tubes, using the steel sheet. An ultra low carbon steel, which has a carbon content of not more than 0.0060% and has been subjected to solid solution strengthening utilizing silicon and magnesium without relying upon precipitation strengthening, is deoxidized with silicon so that aluminum is substantially absent in the steel. Alternatively, when the ultra low carbon steel is deoxidized with aluminum, boron is added to inhibit the precipitation of AlN. Next, the deoxidized steel is finish rolled at 750 to 980.degree. C., cold rolled with a reduction ratio of 60 to 90%, and then annealed in the temperature range of 750.degree. C. to the Ac.sub.

Abstract: A babbitted bearing is disclosed. The babbitted bearing includes a bearing backing and a layer of iron electroplated to the backing. A layer of babbitt material is bonded to the layer of electroplated iron. The electroplated layer provides a favorable bond between the babbitt material and the bearing backing.

Abstract: An austenoferritic stainless steel with high tensile elongation includes iron and the following elements in the indicated weight amounts based on total weight:carbon<0.04%0.4%<silicon<1.2%2%<manganese<4%0.1%<nickel<1%18%<chromium<22%0.05%<copper<4%sulfur<0.03%phosphorus<0.1%0.1%<nitrogen<0.3%molybdenum<3%the steel having a two-phase structure of austenite and ferrite and comprising between 30% and 70% of austenite, whereinCreq=Cr %+Mo %+1.5 Si %Nieq=Ni %+0.33 Cu %+0.5 Mn %+30 C %+30 N %and Creq/Nieq is from 2.3 to 2.75, and whereinIM=551-805(C+N)%--8.52 Si %--8.57 Mn %--12.51 Cr %--36 Ni %--34.5 Cu %--14 Mo %,IM being from 40 to 115.

Abstract: A permanent magnet useful in an ultra-high vacuum atmosphere, such as an undulator requiring the ultra-high vacuum atmosphere of less than 1.times.10.sup.-9 Pa and which, has excellent magnetic characteristics, includes an R-Fe-B system permanent magnet having a Ti undercoat layer on a surface thereof, an external layer selected from TiN, AlN and Ti.sub.1-x Al.sub.x N (x is 0.03 to 0.70), and an Al intermediate layer therebetween.

Abstract: Composite nanoparticles comprising an elemental metal core surrounded by a metal-containing shell material are described wherein the particles have an average diameter of from about 5-500 nm; the core metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of the transition metals and especially Fe, Co and Ni, whereas the shell material is advantageously a metal such as an alkaline earth metal, or a metal salt such as a metal oxide or metal halide. The shell material is preferably more oxophilic than the elemental core material, enabling the core metal to remain purely metallic. These core/shell composite particles can be used to fabricate magnetizable recording media such as tapes and disks.