Abstract: The present invention also discloses the processes of producing the low pour point palm diesel particularly but not exclusively via esterification of C18, C18:1 and C18:2 mixed fatty acids with methanol or ethanol, or fractional distillation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, or fractional distillation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, followed by crystallisation, or crystallisation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, or crystallisation of methyl or ethyl esters of palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil products, followed by fractional distillation.

Abstract: There is described a fuel composition incorporating levulinic acid or a functional derivative thereof.

Abstract: A process for producing a fatty acid ester with a high yield from an oil or fat and an alcohol which comprises reacting an oil or fat with an alcohol in the presence of a solid base catalyst under conditions in which at least one of the oil or fat and the alcohol is in a supercritical state at a temperature exceeding 260° C.

Abstract: A fuel composition exhibiting improved anti-static properties, comprises a liquid fuel which contains less than 500 parts per million by weight sulfur; 0.001 to 1 ppm of a hydrecarbyl monoamine or hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(alkylenieamine); and 10 to 500 ppm of at least one fatty acid containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an ester thereof.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition containing an alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and a friction modifier is disclosed. The alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and friction modifier are surprisingly useful for improving the acceleration response and the driving performance of vehicles having internal combustion engines when used as fuel additives in hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as gasoline fuel or diesel fuel.

Abstract: Low molecular weight and high molecular weight two-block emulsifiers, in particular based on polyisobutylene, of the formula (Ia) or (Ib) and mixtures thereof 1

Abstract: A fuel additive composition containing at least one amide compound selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid alkanol amide and a hydrocarbyl amide, and a polyalkylene-oxide. The fuel additive composition is surprisingly useful for improving the acceleration response and the driving performance of vehicles having internal combustion engines when used as fuel additives in hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as gasoline fuel or diesel fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition is provided containing (i) a base fuel, (ii) a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil and (iii) an oxygenate. The components (ii) and (iii) can be used in a tertiary fuel blend with a base fuel (i) for the purpose of achieving for the composition (a) a neutral or close to neutral effect on elastomeric components compared to that of the base fuel, and/or (b) a neutral or better emissions performance (in particular with respect to NOx and/or particulate emissions) compared to that of the base fuel, preferably in addition to a neutral or close to neutral density for the composition with respect to that of the base fuel.

Abstract: An additive composition for a fuel oil composition and that is free of polycyclic carboxylic acids and of acid derivatives thereof comprises an additive that comprises one or more monocarboxylic acids, each having from 10 to 24 carbon atoms, or acid derivatives thereof, optionally in combination with one or both of an anti-oxidant additive and an anti-static additive.

Abstract: A fuel composition exhibiting improved anti-static properties, comprises a liquid fuel which contains less than 500 parts per million by weight sulfur; 0.001 to 1 ppm of a hydrocarbyl monoamine or hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(alkyleneamine); and 10 to 500 ppm of at least one fatty acid containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an ester thereof.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition comprising: a) a Mannich condensation product of (1) a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound (2) an amine having the formula:  wherein A is CH or nitrogen, R1, R2, R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and each R2 and R3 is independently selected in each —CR2R3— unit, and x is an integer from 1 to about 6; and (3) an aldehyde, wherein the respective molar ratio of reactants (1), (2), and (3) is 1:0.1-2:0.1-2; b) a hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) monool; and c) a carboxylic acid as represented by the formula: R4(COOH)y  or anhydride thereof, wherein R4 represents a hydrocarbyl group having about 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, and y represents an integer of 1 to about 4.

Abstract: A firefighting training fluid (FFTF) comprising an isoparaffin blend. The blends of isoparaffins typically have no less than about two carbon atoms and no more than about twelve carbon atoms. The blends of isoparaffins may possess Reid vapor pressures in the range from about 2 to about 6.5 pounds per square inch. The blends also typically possess an initial boiling point of not less than about 80 degrees Fahrenheit and an end boiling point of not more than about 370 degrees Fahrenheit. The blends burn relatively cleanly and keep emissions of volatile organic compounds, compounds containing sulfur, smoke, particulates, olefins, and aromatics to a minimum. The blend components mixed to create the blends of isoparaffins are controlled in order to maintain Reid vapor pressure and initial and end boiling points. Oxygenates may be added to an FFTF in order to further reduce smoke emissions.

Abstract: A natural oil byproduct, which can be produced as a “still bottoms” byproduct of a distillation of a feed composition including an animal fat and/or vegetable oil, is used as an energy source. The natural oil byproduct can comprise unhydrolyzed fat/oil and free fatty acids; and its emissions upon burning have substantially-reduced pollutant concentrations relative to other fuels. When used as an energy source, the natural oil byproduct can be burned alone or in combination with a traditional fuel, such as number 2 or number 6 oil or coal.

Abstract: A method of improving the compatibility of a fuel additive composition comprising blending together the following components: a) a Mannich condensation product of (1) a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, (2) an amine having the formula:  wherein A is CH or nitrogen, R1, R2, R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and each R2 and R3 is independently selected in each —CR2R3— unit, and x is an integer from 1 to about 6;  and (3) an aldehyde, wherein the respective molar ratio of reactants (1), (2), and (3) is 1:0.1-2:0.1-2; b) a hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) monool; c) a carboxylic acid as represented by the formula: R4(COOH)y  wherein R4 represents a hydrocarbyl group having about 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, and y represents an integer of 1 to about 4; and d) an anhydride selected from the group consisting of succinic, glutaric, phthalic, and alkyl anhydrides.

Abstract: The invention relates to low-temperature-stabilized additives for fuel oils having a sulfur content of up 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel oil additive capable of effectively improving the quality of fuel oils, which comprises an oil-soluble metal salt of organic acid having the general formula MR, where R is an organic acid radical and the corresponding organic acid is a C1-C40 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, naphthenic acid, aromatic acid or alkylphenol, M is a metal cation and the corresponding metal is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, rare-earth metal, transition metal, or the like. The present invention also provides fuel oil products added to the fuel oil additive, including gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy oil, resid, or the like. The present invention especially provides a gasoline antiknock agent and a gasoline having excellent antiknock property, and this kind of gasoline antiknock agent is characteristic of effectiveness, economy, safety, no environmental pollution, no toxicity to human body, no adverse effect on parts of automobile engine, use convenience, and the like.

Abstract: A fuel composition for a combustion engine that is treated with a hybrid molecule that is balanced into a polymer by ethoxylation, the result being a commercially viable fuel that is delivered to the point of combustion in the best possible condition with least resistance.

Abstract: An additive for improving the lubricity of fuel oils having a maximum sulfur content of 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides oily liquids comprising

Abstract: A fuel additive composition comprising a solution or dispersion of an oil soluble metal carboxylate or metal complex derived from a compound of the formula: 1

Abstract: This invention relates to fuel oil, especially middle distillate fuel oil, compositions comprising middle distillate fuel oil and at least one fuel-soluble or fuel dispersible calcium and/or magnesium salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising A) 5-95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble amphiphile of the formula  in which R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl or aromatic radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, X is NH, NR3, O or S, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl radical carrying hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical carrying nitrogen and/or hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or C1-C20-alkyl, and B) 5 to 95% by weight of a terpolymer containing from 10 to 35 mol % of structural units derived from the vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 15 mol % of structural units derived from the vinyl ester of a neocarboxylic acid having 8 to 15 carbon atoms, and structural units of ethylene to 100 mol %, having a melt viscosity, measured at 140° C., of from 20 to 10,000 mPas.

Abstract: The invention relates to low-temperature-stabilized additives for fuel oils having a sulfur content of up 0.05% by weight, comprising fatty acid mixtures of A1) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, A2) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates, in an amount of from 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), and to the use of said mixtures for improving the lubrication properties of low-sulfur middle distillates.

Abstract: A fuel additive comprising a) at least one wax having a refractive index of greater than 1.4550 at 70° C. and a melting point of less than 40° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to low-temperature-stabilized fatty acid mixtures comprising A) from 10 to 99.99% by weight of fatty acid mixtures comprising: A1) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, A2) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and B) from 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving the cold flow properties of middle distillates, containing from 10 to 95% by weight of copolymers A), from 5 to 90% by weight of copolymers B) and, if required, from 0 to 70% by weight of copolymers C), which correspond to the following formulae: A) copolymers of lower olefins and vinyl esters, B) copolymers comprising B1) from 40 to 60 mol % of bivalent structural units of the formula  where X is O or N—R4 and in which a and b are 0 or 1 and a +b=1, and B2) from 60 to 40 mol % of bivalent structural units of the formula —H2C—CR11R5—  B2 and, if required, B3) from 0 to 20 mol % of bivalent structural units which are derived from polyolefins, the polyolefins being derivable from monoolefins having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and in which a) R4 is an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 10 to 40 carbon atoms or an alkoxyalkyl radical having 1 to 100 alkoxy units and 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl

Abstract: The invention concerns a fuel for diesel engines, with a sulphur content of less than 500 ppm containing in a major proportion at least one average distillate from a straight-run distilling cup of crude oil, with temperature ranges between 150 and 400° C. and in a minor proportion a lubricating additive containing monocarboxylic and polycyclic acids.

Abstract: An additive concentrate for improving the lubricity of low sulfur fuels comprises an additive composition diluted in an aromatic solvent, said composition comprising the reaction product of a first glyceride possessing an unsaturated fatty acid content of at least about 40 mole %, based on the total weight of fatty acid present in the first glyceride, and an iodine number of greater than 35, a second glyceride possessing an unsaturated fatty acid content of less than about 20 mole %, based on the total weight of the fatty acids present in the second glyceride, and an iodine number of less than 35, and, at least one alkanolamine. The concentrate remains fluid and stable at low temperatures and, when added to low sulfur fuels, improves lubricity, enhances fuel economy and minimizes engine deposits.

Abstract: A fuel blend for use in an internal combustion engine is provided. The fuel blend comprises a hydrocarbon-containing fuel component and an oxygen-containing component capable of providing a portion of the oxygen needed for combustion of the fuel component under conditions prevailing during the combustion cycle of the internal combustion engine. The major oxygen-providing agent of the oxygen-containing component is one or more compounds having the general formula (I) R2—0—(CO)—R1, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, R2 is selected from lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, or a group having the general formula (II) R3—(CO)—0—R4— wherein R3 is selected from lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, and R4 is selected from lower alkyl. The blend may additionally comprise one or more of a stabilizer, a biocide and a substituted alcohol.

Abstract: The invention relates to an additive for stabilizing a water-containing liquid hydrocarbon fuel, which comprises an alcohol of 5-10 carbon atoms, 0.5-3 parts by weight, calculated for 1 part by weight of said alcohol, of a carboxylic amide of 5-10 carbon atoms, and 3-10 parts by weight, calculated for 1 part by weight of said alcohol, of a carboxylic acid of 5-10 carbon atoms. The invention also relates to a stabilized liquid fuel for an internal combustion engine, which comprises 10-40% by weight of water, 45-85% by weight of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, and 5-15% by weight of an additive as defined above, all percentages being calculated for the total weight of said liquid fuel.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition comprising: a) a Mannich condensation product of (1) a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound wherein the alkyl group has a number average molecular weight of from about 300 to about 5,000 (2) an amine which contains an amino group having at least one active hydrogen atom, and (3) an aldehyde, wherein the respective molar ratio of reactants (1), (2), and (3) is 1:0.1-10:0.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition comprising: a) a Mannich condensation product of (1) a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound wherein the alkyl group has a number average molecular weight of from about 300 to about 5,000 (2) an amine which contains an amino group having at least one active hydrogen atom, and (3) an aldehyde, wherein the respective molar ratio of reactants (1), (2), and (3) is 1:0.1-10:0.1-10; b) a hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) monool having an average molecular weight of about 500 to about 5,000, wherein the oxyalkylene group is a C2 to C5 oxyalkylene group and the hydrocarbyl group is a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group; and c) a carboxylic acid as represented by the formula: R1(COOH)x or anhydride thereof, wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbyl group having about 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, and x represents an integer of 1 to about 4.

Abstract: Composition and method of making a combustible organic mixture used to generate a colorful flame that is environmentally safe and non toxic. In accordance with the invention there is provided a fuel blend mixture of hydrocarbons, alcohols, glycols or glycol ethers with a color flame generator in the form of an organometallic complex such as acetyl acetonate complexes of alkaline, alkaline earth or transition metals such as lithium, cesium, sodium, and copper acetyl acetonate complexes. The homogenous material can be used as a fuel in various types of candles and lantern devices to generate flames of red, yellow, blue, green or purple color and variations thereof depending on the organometallic complex that is used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of fuel additives in the regeneration of particulate filter traps, e.g. diesel particulate filter traps. The invention further relates to fuel additives suitable for use in such a process.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving cold-flow and lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising A) 5-95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble amphiphile of the formulae in which R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl or aromatic radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, X is NH, NR3, O or S, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, R2 is an alkyl radical carrying hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical carrying nitrogen and/or hydroxyl groups and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a C1-C20-alkyl radical, and B) 5 to 95% by weight of a terpolymer of ethylene, the vinyl ester of one or more aliphatic, linear or branched monocarboxylic acids which contain 2 to 20 carbon atoms in the molecule and a C5-C7-olefin containing from 9 to 18 mol % of vinyl ester and from 0.5 to 5 mol % of olefin (based in each case on the terpolymer), having a melt viscosity, measured at 140° C., of from 20 to 10,000 mPas.

Abstract: A method of improving the flow properties of a wax-containing crude oil and natural gas liquids containing a natural pour point depressant wherein a synthetic pour point depressant is added to the crude oil or natural gas liquid when at a temperature of not more than 20° C. below the inversion temperature thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to additives for improving lubricating properties of fuel oils, comprising A) 10-95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble amphiphile of the formulae 1  and/or 2 R1—X—R2  (2) B) 5-90% by weight of at least one copolymer which contains B1) from 5 to 80 mol % of structural units which are derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds, and B2) from 20 to 95 mol % of structural units which are derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds, B3) from 0 to 40 mol % of further structural units selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers and alkenes, and the copolymer has an average molar mass Mw of from 500 to 100,000 g/mol and an OH number of from 10 to 350 mg KOH/g.

Abstract: This invention provides a fuel oil composition comprising a major amount of a fuel oil and a minor amount of an additive comprising at least one fuel oil-soluble alkyl or alkoxy aromatic compound wherein at last one group independently selected from alkyl and alkoxy groups of 1 to 30 carbon atoms is attached to an aromatic nucleus and at least one carboxyl group and optionally one or two hydroxyl groups are attached to the aromatic nucleus; a process for the preparation of such a fuel oil composition; and the use of such a fuel oil composition as fuel in a compression-ignition engine for controlling wear rate in the fuel injection system thereof.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for recovering low-boiling acids from a concentrated solution of the calcium salt of the acid by treating the concentrated solution of calcium salts of the low-boiling acids with a high molecular weight tertiary amine and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive composition for a combustible fuel to utilize readily available and renewable resources and to produce improved combustion and reduced smoke and particulate production of the combusted fuel, which additive composition comprises: a. ethanol, in an anhydrous state or as a 0.5-36% aqueous solution, optionally with alcohols having between about 3 and 5 carbon atoms, and one or more of the following: b. one or more alcohols selected from the group consisting of clear, liquid saturated or unsaturated, straight- or branched-chain alcohols having from between about 6 and 12 carbon atoms, optionally with alcohols having between about 13-18 carbon atoms, orone or more alcohols selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated straight- or branched-long-chain alcohols having between about 13 and 18 carbon atoms, where the ethylene oxide add-on is less than 5 moles; c.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive composition for a combustible fuel to utilize readily available and renewable resources and to produce improved combustion and reduced smoke and particulate production of the combusted fuel, which additive composition comprises:

Abstract: A jet fuel composition having reduced tendency to discoloration of high temperatures comprises a cyclic compound comprising m units of the formula 1a.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for thermally converting volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts to ketones by mixing dry calcium salts of VFAs with hot heat transfer agent in an evacuated container, thereby causing thermal decomposition of the calcium salts of VFAs to form ketone-containing vapor and calcium carbonate; and separating the ketone-containing vapor from the calcium carbonate and heat transfer agent by condensing a mixture of ketones from the ketone-containing vapor. This invention also provides a process for conversion of VFA salts, produced by anaerobic fermentation of cellulosic biomass, into liquid fuels, volatile fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, and lactic acid.

Abstract: A polymeric fuel additive, a method of making the additive, and a fuel containing the additive are disclosed. The additive is prepared by isothermally mixing an ethoxylated alcohol and an amide, wherein the ethoxylated alcohol comprises at least about 75 weight percent of at least one linear, straight-chain alcohol having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms, and wherein the amide is formed by reacting an alcohol amine with an equimolar amount of an alkyl ester of a fatty acid or derivative. The alcohol/amide product is isothermally mixed with a substantially equimolar amount of an ethoxylated fatty acid having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms to produce the polymeric additive. The inventive method is carried out with gentle mixing so as to avoid molecular degradation of the additive.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fuel lubricity additive, made by a two-step process wherein the first step is co-reacting an unsaturated base oil, predominantly from vegetable oil sources, and a compound having a diene structure and a carboxylic acid group, wherein the second step is esterifying or amidifying the free carboxylic acid group of anhydride group with a poly-hydroxy-containing compound or poly-amine compound to form the final fuel lubricity additive useful in diesel fuels. The inventive fuel lubricity additive also is useful as a dispersant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, comprising: (A) a compound represented by the formula RO(C4H8O)nCH2CH2CH2NH2  (I) wherein in formula (I), R is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, an n is a number in the range of about 12 to about 30; and (B) a compound selected from the group consisting of: a fatty acid; a fatty acid amide; a fatty acid ester; an amide, imide or ester derived from a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent has about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms; an alkoxylated amine, and mixtures of two or more thereof. The invention also relates to concentrates and fuels containing the foregoing composition.

Abstract: A polymeric fuel additive, a method of making the additive, and a fuel containing the additive are disclosed. The additive is prepared by isothermally mixing an ethoxylated alcohol and an amide, wherein the ethoxylated alcohol comprises at least about 75 weight percent of at least one linear, straight-chain alcohol having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms, and wherein the amide is formed by reacting an alcohol amine with an equimolar amount of an alkyl ester of a fatty acid or derivative. The alcohol/amide product is isothermally mixed with a substantially equimolar amount of an ethoxylated fatty acid having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms to produce the polymeric additive. The inventive method is carried out with gentle mixing so as to avoid molecular degradation of the additive.

Abstract: It has been discovered that compositions which are blends or mixtures including a monomeric fatty acid component can serve as stable lubricity additives in distillate fuels, including gasoline. The compositions may include saturated or unsaturated, monomeric fatty acids having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms; a synthetic monomeric acids having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms; and saturated or unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acids having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms. Where a saturated monomeric fatty acid is used, a hindered and/or tertiary amine may be present as a stabilizer.

Abstract: Fuel conditioner and improver compositions for (1) diesel fuel for medium speed diesel engines and (2) gasoline, diesel fuel, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), and liquified natural gas (LNG).

Abstract: A polymeric fuel additive, a method of making the additive, and a fuel containing the additive are disclosed. The additive is prepared by isothermally mixing an ethoxylated alcohol and an amide, wherein the ethoxylated alcohol comprises at least about 75 weight percent of at least one linear, straight-chain alcohol having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms, and wherein the amide is formed by reacting an alcohol amine with an equimolar amount of an alkyl ester of a fatty acid or derivative. The alcohol/amide product is isothermally mixed with a substantially equimolar amount of an ethoxylated fatty acid having a hydrocarbon chain length of about nine to about fifteen carbon atoms to produce the polymeric additive. The inventive method is carried out with gentle mixing so as to avoid molecular degradation of the additive.