Abstract: Provided is a magnetic sensor using an anomalous Hall effect. Nonmagnetic metal layers are disposed on and below a ferromagnetic material so as to form a Hall voltage corresponding to a change in applied magnetic field. Linearity and saturation magnetization of the magnetic sensor depend on a thickness of the nonmagnetic metal layer and a thickness of the ferromagnetic material. In addition, provided is a Hall sensor using an anomalous Hall effect. Nonmagnetic metal layers are formed with respect to a ferromagnetic layer, and CoFeSiB constituting the ferromagnetic layer has a thickness ranging from 10 ? to 45 ?. A magnetic easy axis is formed in a direction perpendicular to an interface due to interface inducing action of the nonmagnetic metal layers. In addition, the Hall sensor includes a sensing region having a rhombic shape, an electrode line portion having a line shape, and a pad portion.

Abstract: A laminated varistor includes a varistor layer, a first internal electrode provided on an upper surface of the varistor layer, a second internal electrode provided on a lower surface of the varistor layer and facing the first internal electrode across the varistor layer in upward and downward directions, a first external electrode provided on a first side surface of the varistor layer and electrically connected to the first internal electrode, and a second external electrode provided on a second side surface of the varistor layer and electrically connected to the second internal electrode. The first internal electrode is extended from the first external electrode in a first extension direction. The first internal electrode includes first electrode strips arranged in a first arrangement direction perpendicular to the first extension direction and spaced apart from one another. This laminated varistor has improved surge-resistant characteristics.

Abstract: An unmanned aerial vehicle including a body and a docking mechanism coupled to the body is provided. The docking mechanism secures a magnetic crawler to the body during flight and during landing on a ferromagnetic cylindrical surface. The docking mechanism includes a docking hook that couples to the magnetic crawler and a linear actuator coupling the docking hook to the body. The docking hook includes passive latches that passively release the magnetic crawler from the docking hook onto the cylindrical surface after the landing, receive the magnetic crawler into the docking hook from the cylindrical surface after the releasing, and secure the magnetic crawler to the body during takeoff from the cylindrical surface after the receiving. The linear actuator lowers the docking hook and coupled magnetic crawler from the body to the cylindrical surface, and raises the docking hook and received magnetic crawler from the cylindrical surface to the body.

Abstract: A magnetic recording array according to the present embodiment includes a plurality of spin elements, a first reference cell, and a second reference cell, wherein the plurality of spin elements, the first reference cell, and the second reference cell each have a wiring and a stacked body including a first ferromagnetic layer stacked on the wiring, wherein the electrical resistance of the wiring of the first reference cell is higher than the electrical resistance of the wiring of each spin element, and wherein the electrical resistance of the wiring of the second reference cell is lower than the electrical resistance of the wiring of each spin element.

Abstract: A circuit interrupting device with overload current detection is provided. It comprises a hot conductor, a main contactor and a first electromagnetic device configured to remove power from an electrical circuit when overload current exceeds a predetermined % of a rated load current. It further comprises a section of conductor that generates heat and a thermal overload current detection mechanism including a temperature sensing switch having contacts. The temperature sensing switch closes the contacts when a temperature reaches a predefined temperature threshold corresponding to an overload current, in which case the temperature sensing switch electrically couples power to a second electromagnet which is disposed across the hot conductor and a connection to a neutral conductor. The energized second electromagnet generates a magnetic force capable of moving an armature that unlatches the latch releasing the spring to open the main contactor removing power from the electrical circuit.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a substrate; an energy generating member provided on the substrate to generate energy for liquid ejection; a terminal part provided on the substrate to be electrically connected with an outside, the terminal part including at least an electrode for supplying electric power to the energy generating member; a wiring layer provided on the substrate to electrically couple the energy generating member and the electrode; a nozzle member provided on the substrate, the nozzle member including a liquid ejection port and a liquid flow path, the liquid ejection port being arranged to correspond to the energy generating member, and the liquid flow path communicating with the liquid ejection port; and a metal structure provided to cover the wiring layer in a region where neither the nozzle member nor the electrode is provided, and the metal structure is electrically independent of the terminal part.

Abstract: A thermal fluid ejection heating element may include a first conductive trace, and an at least partially perforated resistive thin film material electrically coupling the first conductive trace to a second conductive trace. The perforations within the perforated resistive thin film material defines a resistance of the thermal fluid ejection heating element.

Abstract: A strain sensor can include a resistor, a first electrical contact at a first end of the resistor, and a second electrical contact at a second end of the resistor. The resistor can be formed of a matrix of sintered elemental transition metal particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles.

Abstract: A traction battery includes cell modules for storing electrical energy, a housing for encasing the cell modules, and sensors for measuring a mechanical load on the cell modules. Also disclosed is a vehicle having the traction battery.

Abstract: A sensor element and a method for producing a sensor element are disclosed. In an embodiment a sensor element for temperature measurement includes a ceramic carrier and at least one NTC layer printed on the carrier, wherein the NTC layer covers at least part of a surface of the carrier, and wherein the sensor element is designed for wireless contacting.

Abstract: Provided is an ink jet recording method capable of suppressing deterioration in an ejection property which occurs after a protection layer is eluted by an electrochemical reaction. The ink jet recording method includes using an ink jet recording apparatus having a recording head equipped with a heater, a first protection layer and a second protection layer made of a material such as iridium and a unit of causing an electrochemical reaction with the second protection layer as one of electrodes and an ink-mediated conduction site as the other electrode and ejecting the ink from the recording head to record an image on a recording medium, wherein the ink is an aqueous ink containing a pigment, a resin dispersant for dispersing the pigment and a specified chelating agent.

Abstract: Provided is an ink jet recording method capable of suppressing deterioration in an ejection property when voltage control of a recording head is performed. The ink jet recording method includes using an ink jet recording apparatus having a recording head equipped with a heater, a first protection layer and a second protection layer made of a metal material, and a unit of applying a voltage with the second protection layer as a cathode and an ink-mediated conduction site as an anode and ejecting the ink from the recording head to record an image on a recording medium, wherein the ink is an aqueous ink containing a component having an anionic group and a soluble metal ion having a standard electrode potential of more than 0 V.

Abstract: The invention relates to a four-terminal resistor. A resistor layer is made to have a big area and symmetrical shape on a substrate. On the resistor layer, an electrode layer is deposed. The electrode layer has two sub-electrode layers, and each sub-electrode layer has the same shape and is disposed with a space to each other. Each sub-electrode layer comprises two terminals, one is a current terminal and the other is a voltage-testing terminal. Especially, the current terminal and the voltage-testing terminal could be exchanged when connecting to the external circuit to enhance the usage flexibility of the four-terminal resistor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and methods for assembling cartridges for aerosol delivery devices. The cartridges may be assembled by transporting carriages between various substations at which parts are added to a base. In another assembly method, the base may be moved between a plurality of robots which direct the base downwardly into contact with components to couple the components therewith. An inspection system may inspect the cartridges at various stages of completion.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a thin film resistor (TFR) module in an integrated circuit (IC) structure is provided. A TFR trench may be formed in an oxide layer. A resistive TFR layer may be deposited over the structure and extending into the trench. Portions of the TFR layer outside the trench may be removed by CMP to define a TFR element including a laterally-extending TFR bottom region and a plurality of TFR ridges extending upwardly from the laterally-extending TFR bottom region. At least one CMP may be performed to remove all or portions of the oxide layer and at least a partial height of the TFR ridges. A pair of spaced-apart metal interconnects may then be formed over opposing end regions of the TFR element, wherein each metal interconnect contacts a respective upwardly-extending TFR ridge, to thereby define a resistor between the metal interconnects via the TFR element.

Abstract: A chip resistor has a substrate, a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode that are formed on the substrate, and a resistor network that is formed on the substrate and that has ends one of which is connected to the first connection electrode and the other one of which is connected to the second connection electrode. The resistor network is provided with a resistive circuit. The resistive circuit has a resistive element film line that is provided along inner wall surfaces of trenches. The resistive element film line extending along the inner wall surfaces of the trenches is long and has a high resistivity as a unit resistive element.

Abstract: A method for inspecting a laminated board, includes: performing a reflow process to solder an electronic component to a surface of a laminated board in which at least one of a plurality of wiring layers which are laminated with each other is coupled to another adjacent wiring layer via a via; and inspecting, in the reflow process, a conduction state of the via after a temperature of the laminated board reaches a melting point of a solder, and when the temperature of the laminated board is at a temperature range lower than the melting point and higher than room temperature.

Abstract: A variable-resistor plate for a liquid level detector includes: a substrate main body that is formed from a material having insulation properties; sliding electrodes that are spaced from each other and are arranged side by side along a slide locus of a slide member, which is displaced relative to the plate in accordance with a liquid surface level, on the substrate main body; a resistor that mutually connects the sliding electrodes to generate electric resistances between the sliding electrodes and that enables the correction of the variations in resistance value among individuals through adjustment of a shape of the resistor on the substrate main body; an adjustment contact part that is formed at at least one sliding electrode and is located to be deviated from the slide locus of the slide member, a measuring part of a measuring device being brought into contact with the adjustment contact part; and a pair of correction contact parts that are formed at a correction electrode, which is provided on the substra

Abstract: A varistor composition free of Sb comprising: (a) ZnO; (b) B—Bi—Zn—Pr glass, or B—Bi—Zn—La glass, or a mixture thereof; (c) a cobalt compound, a chromium compound, a nickel compound, a manganese compound, or mixtures thereof; (d) SnO2; and (e) an aluminum compound, a silver compound, or a mixture thereof. By adjusting the ratio between the components, the varistor composition may be made into a multilayer varistor with inner electrodes having a low concentration of noble metals at a sintering temperature less than 1200° C. The multilayer varistor made from the varistor composition has good maximum surge current, good ESD withstand ability, and low fabrication cost.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a resistor, including a step of forming a through-hole in a sheet-like conductive material; a step of fitting a resistive element piece into the through-hole and thus forming joint portions where end surfaces of the resistive element piece are joined to respective side surfaces of the conductive material exposed by the through-hole; and stamping a region including the joint portions from the conductive material, thereby forming a resistor including a resistive element and a pair of electrodes.

Abstract: Arrangement of a sensor for measuring the temperature of a medium in a motor vehicle. The sensor has a sensor body and two connecting wires. The first connecting wire and the major part of the sensor body is in direct contact with the medium. The second connecting wire is completely insulated from the medium.

Abstract: A wearable thermometer patch for monitoring healing of a wound on a user's skin includes a circuit substrate comprising an electric circuit and a plurality of temperature probe units distributed in a two-dimensional array. Each of the plurality of temperature probe units can include a temperature sensor in electric connection with the electric circuit in the circuit substrate. The plurality of temperature probe units can measure temperature values on a user's skin at different positions defined by the two-dimensional array.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surge-resistant wire-wound resistor and a manufacturing method thereof, wherein soldering points, at which a cap at each end of the wire-wound resistor is soldered, are electroplated with an electroplated metal layer to significantly improve the reliability of soldering points. The surge-resistant wire-wound resistor comprises a ceramic rod; one or more than one wound metal wire; a first cap and a second cap; a first lead wire and a second lead wire, wherein the first cap and the second cap are respectively electroplated to have a first cap electroplated layer and a second cap electroplated layer.

Abstract: A measurement resistor for current measurement is described. According to one exemplary embodiment, the measurement resistor includes a first and a second metal layer, an electrically insulating interlayer and a resistive layer. The first metal layer is arranged in a first plane. The second metal layer is arranged in a second plane that is essentially parallel to the first plane and separated from the first plane. The electrically insulating interlayer is arranged between the first and second metal layers and mechanically connects the first and second metal layers to one another. The resistive layer electrically connects the first and second metal layers to one another.

Abstract: An electronic smoking article includes a liquid supply including liquid material, a heater operable to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form an aerosol, a wick in communication with the liquid material and in communication with the heater such that the wick delivers the liquid material to the heater, and at least one air inlet operable to establish a predetermined resistance to draw under a prescribed test of said smoking article.

Abstract: A resistor includes a first conductive layer; a second conductive layer protruding from the first conductive layer; a third conductive layer located above and facing the first conductive layer to face the first conductive layer; and at least two contact plugs electrically coupled to the third conductive layer.

Abstract: Provided is a connection structure for a detection terminal of shunt resistor that allows a lead wire, that is to be connected to an electrode of the shunt resistor and is for detecting electrical current, to be easily and compactly connected to the electrode within a narrow and small module. A terminal connection structure for a resistor, which connects a detection terminal to an electrode, comprises a shunt resistor (13) that has a pair of electrodes (12) at both ends of a resistor body (11); a connector base (14) formed of insulating material; and an electrically conductive section (15a) formed on the connector base (14); wherein the connector base (14) is fit onto the shunt resistor (13) such that the electrically conductive section (15a) is electrically connected to the electrodes (12). The connector base (14) is provided with a joint section (C) that can be fit onto the resistor body (11).

Abstract: A shunt resistor includes: two measuring terminals for applying a measuring current flowing through the shunt resistor along a main flow direction; slot structures dividing the shunt resistor along the main flow direction to include two side flow areas of respective first widths and a main flow area of a second width; and two calibration terminals connected to the side flow areas. A circuit connected to the measuring terminals is designed to detect, and generate a signal based on, a measuring current flowing through the shunt resistor. A calibration device connected to the calibration terminals is designed to apply a reference voltage or current to the calibration terminals, and ascertain a calibration voltage based on a falling voltage across those terminals. A correction circuit connected to the calibration device and the detection circuit is designed to correct the signal generated by the detection circuit based on the detected calibration voltage.

Abstract: A chip resistor includes an insulating substrate, a resistor element arranged on the obverse surface of the substrate, a bonding layer provided between the resistor element and the substrate, a first electrode connected to the resistor element, and a second electrode connected to the resistor element. The second electrode is deviated from the first electrode in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction of the substrate. The substrate includes a side surface between the obverse surface and the reverse surface. The first electrode covers the resistor element, and also the side surface and the reverse surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the electrical behavior or characteristics of a calibration element includes adjusting the electrical behavior or characteristics of the calibration element by making one or more incisions or cuts in the calibration element. The calibration element has a plurality of apertures, and the method includes making an incision or cut in the calibration element between an edge thereof and at least one of the apertures, and/or making an incision or cut in the calibration element between at least two of the apertures.

Abstract: The invention provides a barrel-shaped fireproof and explosion-proof surge protection device with the function of over-temperature protection, comprising a barrel-shaped housing, a barrel-shaped varistor and a cylindrical temperature protector, wherein the barrel-shaped housing houses the outer wall of the barrel-shaped varistor, the barrel-shaped varistor comprises a barrel-shaped varistor chip, an outer electrode, and an inner electrode, wherein the outer electrode is connected with an outer pin while the inner electrode is connected with an inner pin, the cylindrical temperature protector is arranged in the barrel space of the barrel-shaped varistor and is provided with two leading foots which are led out independently, or one of which is connected with the inner electrode of the barrel-shaped varistor and is led out, or one of which is connected with the inner electrode of the barrel-shaped varistor but is not led out.

Abstract: Provided are a multilayer chip ZnO varistor with base metal inner electrodes and a preparation method thereof. The varistor is formed by ceramic sheets and inner electrodes which were alternately laminated. Wherein the main material of inner electrodes is the base metal nickel(Ni), both ends of the varistor are coated with silver electrodes.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, there are temperature sensing and temperature control devices and methods of making them. The temperature sensing and control devices can include a composite member, the composite member including a non-metallic binder material, and one or more non-metallic, electrically conductive fibers disposed in the non-metallic binder material. The temperature sensing and control devices can also include a plurality of contacts disposed on the one or more non-metallic, electrically conductive fibers, wherein the composite member has a substantially continuous decrease in electrical resistance with an increase in temperature.

Abstract: A method for assembling a radio frequency (RF) safe switch and detonator system in a non-RF free environment. More particularly, the method is for assembling an RF-safe switch and detonator system for an oil well perforating gun at a well-site that is in a non-RF free environment.

Abstract: A measurement resistor for current measurement is described. According to one exemplary embodiment, the measurement resistor includes a first and a second metal layer, an electrically insulating interlayer and a resistive layer. The first metal layer is arranged in a first plane. The second metal layer is arranged in a second plane that is essentially parallel to the first plane and separated from the first plane. The electrically insulating interlayer is arranged between the first and second metal layers and mechanically connects the first and second metal layers to one another. The resistive layer electrically connects the first and second metal layers to one another.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a method and an apparatus that allow production of metal plate chip resistors having a relatively low resistance with high accuracy and yield through simple process. The object is achieved by apparatus for manufacturing metal plate chip resistors including cutting mold for cutting intermediate product strip transversely to obtain worked product chip, ohm meter for measuring the resistance of the worked product chip, control device having a calculating part for performing a calculation using the resistance measured by the ohm meter to work out a width in which the strip is to be cut transversely so as to obtain a worked product chip of a desired resistance, and cutting width adjustor for making an adjustment so that the strip is to be cut transversely in the width obtained from the calculating part.

Abstract: A current sense resistor and a method of manufacturing a current sensing resistor with temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) compensation are disclosed. The resistor has a resistive strip disposed between two conductive strips. A pair of main terminals and a pair of voltage sense terminals are formed in the conductive strips. A pair of rough TCR calibration slots is located between the main terminals and the voltage sense terminals, each of the rough TCR calibration slots have a depth selected to obtain a negative starting TCR value observed at the voltage sense terminals. A fine TCR calibration slot is formed between the pair of voltage sense terminals.

Abstract: A resistor and an integrated heat spreader are provided. A resistive element having a first surface is in contact with electrically conducting terminals. A heat spreader is provided having at least a portion in thermally conductive contact with at least a portion of the first surface of the resistive element. The heat spreader comprising a thermally conducting and electrically insulating material, and has terminations, each termination adjacent to one of the electrically conducting terminals. Each termination is in thermally conducting contact with the adjacent electrically conducting terminal. A method of fabricating a resistor and an integrated heat spreader is also provided.

Abstract: [Subject] To provide a chip resistor free from chipping of corner portions thereof and a method of producing the chip resistor. [Solution] The chip resistor (1) includes: a board (2) having a device formation surface (2A), a back surface (2B) opposite from the device formation surface (2A) and side surfaces (2C-2F) connecting the device formation surface (2A) to the back surface (2B), a resistor portion (56) provided on the device formation surface (2A), a first connection electrode (3) and a second connection electrode (4) provided on the device formation surface (2A) and electrically connected to the resistor portion (56), and a resin film (24) covering the device formation surface (2A) with the first connection electrode (3) and the second connection electrode (4) being exposed therefrom. Intersection portions (11) of the board (2) along which the back surface (2B) intersects the side surfaces (2C-2F) each have a rounded shape.

Abstract: A composite resistor includes a thin film resistor element having a first temperature coefficient of resistance and a metal resistor element having a second temperature coefficient of resistance. A portion of the metal resistor element overlaps a portion of the thin film resistor element such that the portion of the metal resistor element is in thermal communication with the portion of the thin film resistor element to compensate for a resistance drift arising during operation of the composite resistor.

Abstract: Methods of manufacturing a fluid flow measuring device are provided. In an embodiment of the present invention, shields are disposed to prevent or reduce circulating electrical currents from causing a voltage difference that would adversely affect the measured voltage difference between two adjacent electrodes. Groups of sensors, e.g., two or more, may be placed within the shield. The shields may have any cross-section shape. A magnetic field source is disposed proximate the electrodes such that the magnetic field source is oriented to generate a magnetic field substantially orthogonal to an imaginary line intersecting each pair of electrodes. A voltage measuring circuit is electrically coupled to the plurality of electrodes and configured to measure a voltage difference between each pair of electrodes.

Abstract: Inertial sensor comprising a fixed part and at least one mass suspended from the fixed part and means of damping the displacement of the part suspended from the fixed part, said damping means being electromechanical damping means comprising at least one DC power supply source, one electrical resistor and one variable capacitor in series, said variable capacitor being formed partly by the suspended part and partly by the fixed part such that displacement of the suspended part causes a variation of the capacitance of the variable capacitor.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a heating resistor element includes a concave portion forming step, a bonding step and a resistor forming step. The concave portion forming step includes forming a concave portion on at least one of bonded surfaces between an insulating substrate and a heat accumulating layer. The bonding step causes the bonded surfaces between the insulating substrate and the heat accumulating layer to adhere to each other to bond the insulating substrate and the heat accumulating layer. The resistor forming step includes forming a heating resistor at a position on the heat accumulating layer. The position is opposed to the concave portion. The concave portion forming step further includes processing an inner surface of the concave portion on a side of the insulating substrate to have surface roughness Ra of 0.2 ?m or more.

Abstract: There is described a method for stabilizing a post-trimming resistance of a thermally isolated electrical component made from a thermally mutable material, the method comprising: generating at least one heating pulse, the at least one heating pulse having an initial amplitude corresponding to a trimming temperature, a slope corresponding to a given cooling rate and a duration corresponding to a given cooling time; and applying the at least one heating pulse to one of the thermally isolated electrical component and a heating device in heat transfer communication with the thermally isolated electrical component, after a trimming process, in order to cause the electrical component to cool in accordance with the given cooling rate, the given cooling rate being slower than a passive cooling rate determined by the thermal isolation of the electrical component.

Abstract: [Object] A chip resistor suitable for enhancing manufacturing efficiency is provided. [Means] A chip resistor includes a first electrode 1, a second electrode 2, a resistor portion 3, a first intermediate layer 4 connected to the first electrode 1 and the resistor portion 3, a second intermediate layer 5 connected to the second electrode 2 and the resistor portion 3, a coating film 61 covering the first electrode 1, and oxides existing in the first intermediate layer 4. The coating film 61 is made of a material having a higher absorptance of a laser beam of a predetermined wavelength than that of the material forming the first electrode 1. The oxides are oxides of the material forming the coating film 61.

Abstract: A chip resistor includes first and second electrodes spaced apart from each other, a resistor element arranged on the first and the second electrodes, a bonding layer provided between the resistor element and the two electrodes, and a plating layer electrically connected to the resistor element. The first electrode includes a flat outer side surface, and the resistor element includes a side surface facing in the direction in which the thirst and the second electrodes are spaced. The outer side surface of the first electrode is flush with the side surface of the resistor element. The plating layer covers at least a part of the outer side surface of the first electrode in a manner such that the covering portion of the plating layer extends from one vertical edge of the outer side surface to the other vertical edge.

Abstract: A metal strip resistor is provided. The metal strip resistor includes a metal strip forming a resistive element and providing support for the metal strip resistor without use of a separate substrate. There are first and second opposite terminations overlaying the metal strip. There is plating on each of the first and second opposite terminations. There is also an insulating material overlaying the metal strip between the first and second opposite terminations. A method for forming a metal strip resistor wherein a metal strip provides support for the metal strip resistor without use of a separate substrate is provided. The method includes coating an insulative material to the metal strip, applying a lithographic process to form a conductive pattern overlaying the resistive material wherein the conductive pattern includes first and second opposite terminations, electroplating the conductive pattern, and adjusting resistance of the metal strip.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical sensor (10) for detecting the concentration of analyte in a fluid test sample is disclosed. The sensor (10) includes a counter electrode having a high-resistance portion for use in detecting whether a predetermined amount of sample has been received by the test sensor.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a thermal head, a groove portion is formed in one surface of at least one of a first substrate and a second substrate, and a width dimension of the groove portion is measured. The first and second substrates are bonded to each other in a stacked state so as to close an opening of the groove portion. A heating resistor is formed on a surface of the second substrate in a region opposed to the groove portion. A protective film for covering and protecting the heating resistor is formed on the surface of the second substrate. A thickness dimension of the protective film is set so as to increase with an increase in the measured width dimension of the groove portion and so as to decrease with an increase in a thickness dimension of the second substrate.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention provides a method for making a multi-state memory resistor device. The method comprises providing a convertible component and inducing multiple state-dependent resistances on the convertible component to provide a multi-state memory resistor device. The convertible component is characterized by at least one of packing density, applied pressure, temperature, contact area or combinations thereof. The resistance from the multiple state-dependent resistances of the multi-state memory resistor device is a function of maximum current applied across the convertible component. In another aspect, the invention provides a multi-state memory resistor device comprising a convertible component, wherein the convertible component converts into a multi state memory resistor device having multiple state-dependent resistances when induced with a maximum current across the convertible component.