Abstract: An optical communication device has a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator; a monitor configured to monitor a modulated light output from the optical modulator; a first controller configured to set a substrate bias voltage or an amplitude of a drive signal applied to the first waveguide of a waveguide pair of the optical modulator to a desired level that provides a first modulation index; and a second controller configured to control a substrate bias voltage or an amplitude of the drive signal applied to the second waveguide of the waveguide pair based upon an output signal from the monitor such that a second modulation index for the second waveguide becomes the same or closer to the first modulation index set for the first waveguide.

Abstract: Tracking frequency conversion employs optical modulation of an optical signal to convert a radio frequency (RF) signal into an intermediate frequency (IF) output signal. A tracking frequency converter includes an optical modulator configured to receive the RF signal and to modulate the optical signal according to the received RF signal. The tracking frequency converter further includes a first square-law photodetector configured to receive the modulated optical signal and another optical signal to convert the received RF signal into the IF output signal. One or both of the modulated optical signal and the other optical signal is a tunable optical signal.

Abstract: In a method for etching a piezoelectric film and a manufacturing method thereof, a piezoelectric film is formed on a substrate on which a lower electrode is formed, a metal film having a thickness of 20 nm to 300 nm is formed, a patterned resist film is formed, the metal film is etched with a first etchant to which the piezoelectric film has etching resistance, and the piezoelectric film is etched with a second etchant to which the metal film has etching resistance.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first substrate, a second substrate that is opposed to the first substrate, a first reflecting section that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a second reflecting section that is disposed between the first reflection section and the second substrate, a first gap existing between the first reflecting section and the second reflecting section, a first electrode that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a second electrode that is disposed between the first electrode and the second substrate, a second gap existing between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a third electrode that is disposed between the first substrate and the second electrode. The second gap is larger than the first gap.

Abstract: A periodic polarization reversal electrode, periodic polarization reversal structure forming method and periodic polarization reversal element. The element includes a plurality of stripe electrode sections with a stripe shape extending in parallel at a gap from each other, arranged in contact with the +Z surface of a ferroelectric crystal substrate; an insulation film arranged over the +Z surface so as to cover the plurality of stripe electrode sections; and an equipotential electrode section which has a portion that opposes at least a part of each of the plurality of stripe electrode sections across the insulation film and is arranged over the insulation film without contacting the ferroelectric crystal substrate or the plurality of stripe electrode sections, wherein an electric field is generated in the area of the ferroelectric crystal substrate directly below the plurality of stripe electrode sections by applying a voltage to the equipotential electrode section.

Abstract: An electrochromic multi-layer stack is provided. The multi-layer stack includes an electrochromic multi-layer stack having a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer, a first electrode layer, an ion conductor layer, a second substrate, a second electrically conductive layer, and a second electrode layer. The multi-layer stack includes a redox element, wherein the redox element is electrically isolated from the first and second electrically conductive layers and the first and second electrode layer and is laterally adjacent to either the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrode, or the second electrically conductive layer and the second electrode layer. A method for controlling an electrochromic device is also provided.

Abstract: A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure based on a doubly-corrugated spoofed surface plasmon polariton (DC-SSPP) waveguide is presented. The dependence of phase change on the dielectric loading of the DC-SSPP structure causes the output from both arms to interfere and enhance features on the transmission spectrum of the MZI. The proposed MZI structure can be used for tag-free bio-molecular sensing. The highly localized electro-magnetic field at frequencies close to SSPP resonance is shown to reduce the sample amount needed to produce interference patterns without affecting the selectivity of the sensing structure.

Abstract: An optical modulator has a ridge optical waveguide and a modulation electrode. The modulation electrode is composed of a signal electrode to which a modulation signal is supplied, a first ground electrode, and a second ground electrode, the signal electrode has a wide portion having a width wider than the width of the uppermost portion of the ridge optical waveguide, the first ground electrode has a central portion ground electrode component provided on a first surface so as to extend along a first direction, and the second ground electrode has a central portion ground electrode component provided on a second surface so as to extend along the first direction. The central portion ground electrode components respectively have a first and a second through-holes, and these through-holes overlap the wide portion of the signal electrode as seen in a planar view.

Abstract: An exterior rearview mirror assembly suitable for a vehicle includes an attachment portion and a casing portion having a variable reflectance mirror reflective element. A mirror reflector is disposed at at least a portion of a surface of a rear substrate of the reflective element. The mirror reflector includes a stack of thin films having at least a first metal thin film and a second metal thin film. The first metal thin film is formed of a metal material that has a specific resistivity of less than about 1×10?3 ohm·cm and the second metal thin film is formed of a metal material that has a specific resistivity of less than about 1×10?3 ohm·cm. No part of the rear substrate extends beyond any part of a front substrate of the reflective element. An indicator is disposed rearward of the reflective element and, when actuated, illuminates through the reflective element.

Abstract: A guided mode resonance (GMR) sensor assembly and system are provided. The GMR sensor includes a waveguide structure configured for operation at or near one or more leaky modes, a receiver for input light from a source of light onto the waveguide structure to cause one or more leaky TE and TM resonant modes and a detector for changes in one or more of the phase, waveshape and/or magnitude of each of a TE resonance and a TM resonance to permit distinguishing between first and second physical states of said waveguide structure or its immediate environment.

Abstract: A silicon waveguide comprising a waveguide core that comprises a first positively doped (P1) region vertically adjacent to a second positively doped (P2) region. The P2 region is more heavily positively doped than the P1 region. A first negatively doped (N1) region is vertically adjacent to a second negatively doped (N2) region. The N2 region is more heavily negatively doped than the N1 region. The N2 region and the P2 region are positioned vertically adjacent to form a positive-negative (PN) junction. The N1 region, the N2 region, the P1 region, and the P2 region are positioned as a vertical PN junction and configured to completely deplete the P2 region of positive ions and completely deplete the N2 region of negative ions when a voltage drop is applied across the N1 region, the N2 region, the P1 region, and the P2 region.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system includes a nanoporous gold structure and a plurality of oxide particles deposited on the nanoporous gold structure; the oxide particles are characterized by a crystalline phase. In another embodiment, a method includes depositing oxide nanoparticles on a nanoporous gold support to form an active structure and functionalizing the deposited oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract: This image display unit includes an image display panel and a barrier liquid crystal panel. The barrier liquid crystal panel appropriately controls a potential applied to one or the plurality of electrodes forming the scan-side transparent electrode (105) and the common-side transparent electrode (104) according to an operation mode that is specified, changes a slit width and a slit pitch of the slits (100S, and switches a function to one of the three functions of the 2D display function that emits image light for 2D display from the pixels, the 3D display function that emits image light for 3D display from each of pixels for left eye and pixels for right eye of the pixels, and the viewing angle control function that controls a viewing angle of the image light from the pixels.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a transparent panel provided on an external surface of the vehicle and spaced from an internal component part disposed at a vehicle inner side and an exterior member at least one of whose end portions is adjacent to the transparent panel and which is disposed on the external surface so as to be substantially parallel to the transparent panel. The exterior member includes a light transmissive layer located at a vehicle outer side and a print layer that is located at the vehicle inner side of the light transmissive layer and in contact with the light transmissive layer and that includes a printed pixel pattern in which pixels are two-dimensionally arranged. The print layer is printed such that when the exterior member is viewed from outside the vehicle, a virtual image of the pixel pattern appears on the vehicle inner side of the print layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the substrate; a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and a roof layer facing the pixel electrode. A plurality of microcavities are between the pixel electrode and the roof layer. A liquid crystal material is in the microcavities, and a dent is formed in the roof layer.

Abstract: An electrophoretic reflective color display has a color filter on an electrophoretic display layer displaying black and white. A colored portion and a non-colored portion are provided in a pixel of the color filter layer, and the colored portion has a hue defined by specified values of chromaticity coordinates (a*, b*), measured with transmitted light using a D65 light source, in a chromaticity diagram of the L*a*b* color system.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a glossy display substrate and a glossy display apparatus. Reflective area and transmissive area are formed on the glossy display substrate. The glossy display substrate comprises an underlayer as well as a first control unit, a reflection layer and a second control unit arranged above the underlayer. The first control unit and the reflection layer are arranged in the reflective area, and the second control unit is arranged in the transmissive area.

Abstract: The disclosed technology, in one aspect, includes an optical comb generator device which includes a laser cavity that includes an optical gain material to provide an optical gain and an optical path to allow laser light to circulate inside the laser cavity; and a high-Q resonator optically coupled in the optical path inside the laser cavity so that the laser light generated and sustained inside the laser cavity is in optical resonance with the high-Q resonator to cause laser light stored inside the high-Q resonator to have an optical intensity above a four wave mixing threshold of the high-Q resonator to cause parametric four wave mixing so as to produce an optical comb of different optical frequencies.

Abstract: A method of making a mirror substrate for an interior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle includes providing a glass substrate having a generally planar front surface, a generally planar rear surface and a circumferential perimeter edge about a periphery of said glass substrate and extending between the front and rear surfaces. A grinding wheel is moved around the periphery of a front perimeter portion of the glass substrate while rotating the grinding wheel to establish a ground generally rounded surface about and around the glass substrate periphery. A polishing wheel is moved around the glass substrate periphery while rotating the polishing wheel to establish a polished generally rounded surface about and around the glass substrate periphery. The polished generally rounded surface provides a smooth transition between the generally planar front surface of the glass substrate and a rear portion of the circumferential perimeter edge of the glass substrate.

Abstract: An optical transmitter determines the transfer function in the reference-based pre-equalization for applying to an optically modulated signal at the transmitter. The determined pre-equalization transfer function is made robust to linewidth inaccuracy of the optical source by performing phase correction during the calculation of the pre-equalization transfer function. The phase correction includes averaging a number of consecutive received phase samples. The determined pre-equalization transfer function is applied to modulated signals prior to the transmission over an optical medium.

Abstract: The present invention includes a linear driver for Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) configured in a differential form with two waveguides carrying two traveling waves. Each waveguide comprises a MZM material configured with either a single segment in 3×MZM length or two split segments with one in 2×MZM length and another one in either 1× or 2×MZM length. By coupling a DC current source supplied with a modulation voltage with each segment thereof for providing electrical modulation signal overlapping with each of the two traveling waves. The modulated traveling waves in the two waveguides then are combined in one output signal by a multimode interference coupler. By properly choosing the configuration of MZM linear segments with optional length ratios, a low power consumption MZM linear driver provides either NRZ or PAM-4 modulation scheme to the input optical signals for telecommunication through silicon photonics.

Abstract: An optical modulator according to the present invention includes an optical branching section having at least one beam splitter and a mirror and configured to branch input light, a lens configured to converge the respective lights branched in the optical branching section, a plurality of phase modulation sections each configured to perform phase modulation of each light which is input thereto through the lens, and an optical combining section configured to combine a plurality of phase-modulated lights which are output from the plurality of phase modulation sections, and output modulated signal light.

Abstract: Provided are an islands-in-sea type photorefractive polymer composite, and a photorefractive device and an optical device including the same. The islands-in-sea type photorefractive polymer composite includes at least a photoconductive polymer matrix, a nonlinear optical chromophore, and a plasticizer, as a sea component, and includes at least a photocharge generator as an island component.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an apparatus includes an optical transmitter module that can be electrically coupled to an electrical serializer/deserializer and a controller. The optical transmitter module can include an electrical detector that can receive an in-band signal. The electrical detector can send to the controller a first power error signal and a second power error signal based on the in-band signal. The controller can send a correction control signal to the electrical serializer/deserializer based on the first power error signal and the second power error signal such that the electrical serializer/deserializer sends a pre-emphasized signal to the optical transmitter module based on the correction control signal. In such embodiments, the first power error signal, the second power signal and the correction control signal are out-of-band signals.

Abstract: Various structures of an electro-optic device and fabrication methods thereof are described. A fabrication method is provided to fabricate an electro-optic device which may include a silicon-based rib-waveguide modulator which includes a first top silicon layer, having a first doped region that is at least partially doped with dopants of a first conducting type, a second top silicon layer, having a second doped region that is at least partially doped with dopants of a second conducting type, and a thin dielectric gate layer disposed between the first top silicon layer and the second top silicon layer. The second doped region may be at least in part directly over the first doped region. The modulator may also include a rib waveguide formed on the second top silicon layer, a first electric contact formed on the first top silicon layer, and a second electric contact formed on the second top silicon layer.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element includes: first and second electrodes; and luminous units between the electrodes on a substrate, adjacent luminous units each being separated by an intermediate electrode layer, wherein at least one of the electrodes is a transparent electrode; the luminous units are each an organic functional layer including an organic luminous layer; the intermediate electrode layer includes an independent connecting terminal for electrical connection; a thin-film layer is disposed on a surface of the transparent electrode being at least one of the electrodes; and the thin-film layer has a variable refractive index across a thickness of the thin-film layer, the variable refractive index having an extreme value at which the refractive index changes from an increase to a decrease or an extreme value at which the refractive index changes from a decrease to an increase.

Abstract: A light source includes a light emitting element configured to emit a non-diffraction limited input light beam, a nonlinear frequency conversion (NLFC) component that exhibits walkoff and performs second harmonic generation whereby at least a portion of an output beam outputted by the NLFC component has twice a frequency of the input beam, and an optical component positioned to receive the input light beam and configured to converge the non-diffraction limited input beam into the NLFC component. The light emitting element emits the input light beam having a beam quality factor in at least one plane of the input beam that is greater than 2 (M2>2). Furthermore, the light emitting element is a laser diode including AlyInxGa1-x-yN (0?x?1, 0?y?1) semiconductor materials, and one dimension of an emission region of the laser diode is at least 5 ?m.

Abstract: A device electrically contacts an electrically activatable functional layer of a vehicle windowpane that is adjustable by a windowpane driver. The device has the windowpane driver with at least two first contact elements for the transmission of control signals to the functional layer. In an as-intended installed state, the first contact elements are in electrical contact directly with at least two corresponding first contact points of the functional layer or of a windowpane holder directly securing the vehicle windowpane.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device module has an optical waveguide device including an optical waveguide formed in a substrate, and a control electrode for controlling light; and a connection substrate including an interconnection, provided to the outside of the waveguide device, electrically connected to the control electrode. The control electrode includes ground electrodes that sandwich a signal electrode. The connection substrate has ground lines that sandwich a signal line. A width of the signal electrode in an input or output end is smaller than a width of the signal line on the waveguide device side. A distance between inner edges of the ground electrodes closest to the signal electrode, measured at an input or output end of the control electrode, is larger than a distance between inner edges of the ground lines closest to the signal line on the waveguide device side of the connection substrate.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a planar waveguide optical element, a projection optical system, and a microdisplay device. By including free-form optics and waveguide technology, the volume and weight of the display apparatus can be reduced, and an optical system can be realized with improved image quality, structure, and performance parameters.

Abstract: A vehicular rearview mirror assembly includes a mirror reflective element and a touch sensor device disposed behind a portion of the reflective element and operable to sense the presence of a person's finger at a touch zone of the reflective element proximate to the touch sensor device. A backlighting device is disposed behind the touch sensor device and is operable to backlight a portion of the touch sensor device. The touch sensor device includes a touch sensor substrate having a conductive trace established at a patterned conductive zone of the touch sensor substrate. When the backlighting device is activated, light emanating from the backlighting device passes through the patterned conductive zone of the touch sensor substrate and illuminates an icon so that the icon is viewable through the reflective element by a driver of the vehicle when the rearview mirror assembly is normally mounted at the vehicle.

Abstract: An optical transmitter includes: a drive signal generator configured to generate a drive signal from input data; an optical modulator configured to generate an optical signal corresponding to the drive signal; a superimposer configured to superimpose a first reference signal on the drive signal and superimpose a second reference signal on a bias voltage of the optical modulator; a detector configured to detect the first reference signal and the second reference signal included in the optical signal, and generate a first monitor signal indicating intensity and a phase of the detected first reference signal and a second monitor signal indicating intensity and a phase of the detected second reference signal; and a controller configured to control the bias voltage of the optical modulator in a control scheme determined based on the first monitor signal and the second monitor signal.

Abstract: This invention discloses methods and apparatus for patterning Multi-piece ophthalmic Insert and Ophthalmic lenses comprising Inserts. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens is cast molded from a silicone hydrogel and the lens includes a sealed and encapsulated Multi-piece ophthalmic Insert portion which has been patterned.

Abstract: Provided are a chip-on-film (COF) package and a device assembly including the same. The device assembly includes a COF package including a film substrate on which a plurality of film-through wires are formed. The device assembly includes a panel unit including a panel substrate on which a plurality of panel-through wires are formed. The panel unit is disposed on the COF package. One end of the panel unit is electrically connected to a first end of the COF package. The device assembly includes a control unit disposed below the panel unit. One end of the control unit is electrically connected to a second end of the COF package.

Abstract: A method of operating a BPSK modulator includes receiving an RF signal at the BPSK modulator and splitting the RF signal into a first portion and a second portion that is inverted with respect to the first portion. The method also includes receiving the first portion at a first arm of the BPSK modulator, receiving the second portion at a second arm of the BPSK modulator, applying a first tone to the first arm of the BPSK modulator, and applying a second tone to the second arm of the BPSK modulator. The method further includes measuring a power associated with an output of the BPSK modulator and adjusting a phase applied to at least one of the first arm of the BPSK modulator or the second arm of the BPSK modulator in response to the measured power.

Abstract: An optical transmitter comprises: first and second sets of optical in-phase and quadrature modulators; an integrable tunable laser assembly; a first polarization beam splitter that is configured to divide the continuous-waveform optical signal into a x-polarized tributary and a y-polarized tributary, each of the x-polarized tributary and the y-polarized tributary is modulated by one of the first and second sets of optical in-phase and quadrature modulators in accordance with the two respective input signals; a second polarization beam splitter that is configured to combine the modulated x-polarized tributary and the modulated y-polarized tributary into one optical signal; and an optical modulator that is configured to modulate the combined optical signal using a driving voltage, wherein the driving voltage has a bias point that is reduced by a predefined offset from a predefined reference voltage level.

Abstract: A wireless transmission system includes: a communication unit for transmission; and a communication unit for reception. The communication units for transmission and reception are housed in a housing of the same electronic apparatus, or the communication unit for transmission is housed in a housing of first electronic apparatus and the communication unit for reception is housed in a housing of second electronic apparatus and a wireless signal transmission path enabling wireless information transmission between the communication units is formed between the communication units when the first and the second electronic apparatus are disposed at given positions to be integrated with each other. The communication unit for transmission includes a first carrier signal generating unit and a first frequency converter, and the communication unit for reception includes a second carrier signal generating unit, and a second frequency converter.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a panel module displaying a 2-dimensional (2D) image or a 3-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic image, a lens panel disposed over the panel module and including a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the first substrate including a plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of floating electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes, the floating electrodes partially overlapping with the first electrodes and being electrically floated, the second electrodes partially overlapping with the floating electrodes, and a light source module supplying light to the panel module.

Abstract: A tunable optical filter is formed in the structure of an etalon. A thin electro-optic ceramic substrate is fixed between two end substrates. Each end substrate has an inner parallel surface toward said electro-optic ceramic substrate covered by an electrode layer and a reflecting layer. An adhesive which attaches the electro-optic ceramic substrate to each first and second end substrates has a consistency so as to avoid stress on the electro-optic ceramic substrate. A voltage imposed on the electro-optic ceramic substrate by the electrode layers on the inner parallel surfaces of the first and second end substrates effectively controls an optical distance between the reflective coating layers on the inner parallel surfaces of the first and second end substrates of the etalon structure. The electro-optic ceramic substrate is preferably PMN-PT ((1?x)Pb (Mg? Nb?) O3-x—Pb Ti O3) and no more than 160 ?m thick.

Abstract: A pixel structure and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The pixel structure includes a substrate, a scan line, a data line, a first insulating layer, an active device, a second insulating layer, a common electrode and a first pixel electrode. The data line crossed to the scan line is disposed on the substrate and includes a linear transmitting part and a cross-line transmitting part. The first insulating layer covering the scan line and the linear transmitting part is disposed between the scan line and the cross-line transmitting part. The active device, including a gate, an oxide channel, a source and a drain, is connected to the scan line and the data line. The second insulating layer is disposed on the oxide channel and the linear transmitting part. The common electrode is disposed above the linear transmitting part. The first pixel electrode is connected to the drain.

Abstract: Disclosed are a p-doped conjugated polymer electrolyte and an organic electronic device using the same. The p-doped conjugated polymer electrolyte according to the present invention not only has an outstanding hole-transport capability but can also act as an electron-blocking layer and hence can be used in organic electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting devices or organic solar cells, in order to improve the light-emitting efficiency of the organic light-emitting device or the energy-conversion efficiency of the organic solar cell. Also, because the charge on the p-doped conjugated polymer electrolyte is almost completely neutral, the present invention can solve the problem of anode corrosion and make a positive contribution to increased life-cycle of the device.

Abstract: A device for generating a plasma, comprises an alternating voltage source, a travelling wave resonator and coupling means that are designed to couple the alternating voltage generated by the alternating voltage source into the travelling wave resonator in such a manner that travelling electromagnetic waves are produced, wherein the travelling wave resonator is designed to increase the electric field strength of the travelling electromagnetic waves in such a manner that a plasma is ignited in a gas. The invention further relates to a method for generating a plasma, comprising the steps of: generating an alternating voltage; generating travelling electromagnetic waves in a travelling wave resonator by coupling said alternating voltage into the travelling wave resonator; and increasing the electric field strength of the travelling electromagnetic waves in the travelling wave resonator in order to ignite a plasma in a gas.

Abstract: A display device includes a heat sink and an LCD panel having peripheral edges. The LCD panel includes a non-activated area extending inwardly a predetermined distance from the peripheral edges. A thermal link is provided, made from an anisotropic graphite material, and is in thermal contact with the heat sink and with at least a portion of the non-activated area of said LCD panel.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel comprises: mixing negative liquid crystals, UV polymerizable monomers, and a photoinitiator to obtain a liquid crystal mixture; sealing the liquid crystal mixture in a liquid crystal cell formed from an array substrate and an opposed substrate to form the liquid crystal display panel; and radiating the liquid crystal display panel using UV light and heating the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: A spectacle lens is disclosed. The disclosed lens provides a vision correcting area for the correction of a wearer's refractive error. The viewing correction area provides Correction for non-conventional refractive error to provide at least a part of the Wearer's vision correction. The lens has a prescription based on a wave front analysis of the wearer's eye and the lens can further be modified to fit within an eyeglass frame.

Abstract: An optical modulator has a continuous wave laser input, an RF input, a bias and dither input and an output. A photodiode connected to an output tap produces a voltage that is amplified. Noise is removed from the amplified output. A spread-spectrum dither harmonic is generated and supplied to a multiplier with the amplified and filtered feedback and is used to create a DC bias. A spread-spectrum dither is created and added to the DC bias. Spread spectrum dither and bias both are applied to the bias input of optical modulator. The bias and spread spectrum dither controller is usable with other non-optical modulators and other electronic devices.

Abstract: In a machine for making absorbent sanitary articles, such as nappies for babies or incontinence pads for adults, sanitary towels or the like, a plurality of operating stations are equipped with cutting and/or sealing devices for the materials of which the articles consist; all or some of the operating stations each being equipped with at least one laser unit for performing the cutting and/or sealing operation; the laser units all being connected to the same laser source.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes an excitation light source element that emits excitation light; a substrate that faces the excitation light source element; a fluorescent layer located on the substrate, the fluorescent layer being excited by the excitation light to emit fluorescence; an optical reflection body disposed on a side surface of the fluorescent layer, the side surface extending in a direction parallel to a stacking direction of the substrate and the fluorescent layer; and a low-refractive-index material layer disposed between the fluorescent layer and the substrate, the low-refractive-index material layer having a refractive index lower than that of the substrate.

Abstract: A 2D-3D switchable autostereoscopic display device has an imaging arrangement (109) electrically switchable between a 2D mode and a 3D mode, which comprises in-plane switching electrodes comprising coplanar parallel electrode lines. The electrode lines are arranged as a plurality of sets of parallel lines, each set defining a lenticular lens area. Each set comprises first electrode lines at the opposite boundaries between the lens area and adjacent lens areas, and at least a first pair of electrode lines disposed between the opposite boundaries and symmetrical about the centre of the lens area, wherein each set comprises at most six electrode lines between the opposite boundaries. This provides an electrode layout which is simple to manufacture and yet has been found to provide good optical lens quality.

Abstract: An active optical device and a display apparatus including the same are provided. The active optical device includes: first to third electrodes that are sequentially disposed spaced apart from one another; a first refractive index change layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and in which a refractive index is changed by an electric field; and a second refractive index change layer disposed between the second electrode and the third electrode and in which a refractive index is changed by an electric field.