Abstract: A power source for actuation of a microfluidic device and related devices, methods and systems.

Abstract: Singlet oxygen metastables can be formed. A catalytic coating is formed on an interior surface of a flow reactor, and an oxygen containing species is flowed into the flow reactor to produce singlet oxygen metastables by a chemical reaction in the presence of the catalytic coating.

Abstract: A process and device for the regeneration of catalyst is presented. The device includes a series of grids within a regeneration vessel, where each grid includes small openings for the passage of gas, and larger openings for the passage of catalyst. The grids span horizontally across the vessel, and are spaced vertically apart to create a flow of catalyst down through the regenerator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst-containing nanofiber composition, comprising a ceramic nanofiber having a plurality of metal catalysts wherein the metal catalysts exist as dispersed particles partially embedded in the nanofiber and cover from about 1% to about 90% of the surface area of the ceramic nanofiber.

Abstract: A method for removing contaminants from an process stream that includes the use of reticulated material to filter the process stream. The reticulated material also facilitate process stream flow distribution in process units. The reticulated material can be packed with a void space between a substantial number of the reticulated material that can be varied to enhance filtration and flow distribution. The method of filtering also provides a method of removing contaminants leaving process equipment. The methods can be used on a variety of process streams and process equipment. The reticulated material can include ceramics, metallic materials, and chemical vapor deposition elements. The reticulated material can be of various shapes and sizes, and can also be catalytically active.

Abstract: A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises an activation system or means for activating the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst system at a predetermined time or in response to a predetermined stimulus.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a dispersion which includes a dispersion medium and particles dispersed therein, the method includes bringing at least two types of liquids into contact with each other to form a reaction product comprising the particles, wherein the liquids are ejected from respective nozzles to be brought into contact with each other and then to flow in an integrated manner while forming a spiral flow.

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) unit includes at least one FT reactor tube. The FT reactor tube is configured to convert syngas into one or more hydrocarbon products. Inside the tube is a nano-sized catalyst particles dispersed in a micro-fibrous substrate. The FT reactor tube may be positioned within a cooling block that may be made of aluminum or another metal. The cooling block includes an aperture, wherein the FT reactor tube is housed within the aperture. At least one cooling channel is located on the cooling block. The cooling channel houses at least one cooling tube that is designed to dissipate the heat produced by the FT reaction.

Abstract: A device for generating a sterilizing gas includes a methanol gas generation device (11) for vaporizing methanol to generate a methanol gas, a tubular part (12) and a catalyst section (13). The tubular section (12) is arranged on top of the methanol gas generation device (11) to provide a flow path for upwardly directing the methanol gas generated by the methanol gas generation device by natural convection. The tubular section also operates to mix the methanol gas with a predetermined proportion of air. The catalyst section (13) is arranged on top of the tubular section (12) for turning the methanol gas mixed with the air at the predetermined proportion in the tubular section (12) into radicals by a catalyzed reaction. The catalyst section (13) is formed by a turn-into-radical reaction catalyst layer (30) obtained on forming a thin metal sheet (35a) to a honeycomb structure.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for contacting radially flowing fluids with a solid particulate (e.g., catalyst) with reduced tendency to form fluid jets that impinge on the solid particulate, leading to solid attrition and plugging, are described. Representative particle retention devices for use in these apparatuses and methods have flow channels passing therethrough, from a first surface to an opposing second surface that is adjacent to a particle retention zone. Widths of the flow channels at this opposing second surface will exceed their smallest flow channel widths.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a physical mixture of particles of a catalytic material and particles of char is provided. The catalyst can be used in various processes, including the reforming of tars present in syngas generated during biomass gasification. The catalyst is produced through a mechanical mixing of the catalytic material and char particles, which results in significant time and energy savings over methods of catalyst preparation that involve impregnation and calcining of a support material.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis three-phase suspension bed reactor (“suspension bed” also called “slurry bed”) and its supplemental systems, may include: 1) structure and dimension design of F-T synthesis reactor, 2) a gas distributor located at the bottom of the reactor, 3) structure and arrangement of a heat exchanger members inside the reactor, 4) a liquid-solid filtration separation device inside reactor, 5) a flow guidance device inside reactor, 6) a condensate flux and separation member located in the gas phase space at the top of reactor, 7) a pressure stabilizer, a cleaning system for the separation device; an online cleaning system for the gas distributor; an ancillary system for slurry deposition and a pre-condensate and mist separation system located at the outlet of upper reactor. This reactor is suitable for industrial scale application of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: Process for evaluating the effect of a refinery feedstock on a refinery process by (i) providing a refinery feedstock (ii) treating the refinery feedstock to produce a plurality of fractions each representative of a feedstock for the refinery process, the plurality of fractions having at least two fractions with different properties; (iii) treating each of the plurality of fractions under experimental conditions representative of those in the refinery process, the treatments being carried out in an essentially parallel manner; and (iv) determining one or more performance criteria for each fraction for the refinery process by analyzing the respective product streams produced from each fraction at least partially in parallel.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method, apparatus and method of manufacturing an apparatus; all to produce hydrogen gas, particularly synthesis gas. Preferred embodiments of the invention include an alpha alumina membrane which has been treated with a TiO2 wash coat on one side and has an active gamma alumina layer on an opposite side. A metal catalyst, preferably rhodium, is deposited within the pores of the alumina. Oxygen travels through the membrane and is activated before contacting methane on the other side of the membrane and forming synthesis gas through partial oxidation of the methane. Embodiments of the invention have a number of benefits including the high conversion rate of oxygen (100%), the separate feed streams of methane and oxygen which allow for optimal ratios to be used without danger of explosion, and the opportunity to vary the feed rates without changing the products formed.

Abstract: A device for continuously conditioning fed-out natural gas prior to feeding the same to supply lines leading to consumers has a mixing station for producing a burnable gas from natural gas and oxygen, a reactor container for a catalytic combustion of an introduced mixture of burnable gas and natural gas, at least one drying station that is connected downstream of an outlet of the reactor container, at least one separator, particularly for water, and at least one expansion fitting for reducing the pressure. The reactor container and separator chamber of the separator are disposed in an enclosed housing. The mixing chamber, into which a first feed line for fed-out cold natural gas opens, is disposed in the housing between the reactor container and the separator chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a large volume of gas from a liquid stream is disclosed. The apparatus includes a first channel through which the liquid stream passes. The apparatus also includes a layer of catalyst particles suspended in a solid slurry for generating gas from the liquid stream. The apparatus further includes a second channel through which a mixture of converted liquid and generated gas passes. A heat exchange channel heats the liquid stream. A wicking structure located in the second channel separates the gas generated from the converted liquid.

Abstract: A catalytic reformer assembly comprises walls that define a first flow path for a first medium and a second flow path, fluidly isolated from the first flow path, for a second medium. The first flow path includes a central flow channel, a first annular flow channel radially surrounding the central flow channel, and a second annular flow channel radially surrounding the first annular flow channel. The second flow path comprises a third annular flow channel and a fourth annular flow channel each disposed radially between the first annular flow channel and the second annular flow channel.

Abstract: A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container, including the closure, closure insert, label, label glue, and/or any other portions of the final container assembly. In addition, the catalyst and the hydrogen generator can both be located in the same component. Methods for dispersing the hydrogen generator and catalyst in the container wall without affecting clarity are provided.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a method passing one or more fluids through a compartment. The method may include collecting a liquid on a tray, passing a vapor through the compartment, and mixing the vapor with the liquid entering the compartment via at least one aperture to impart swirling to the vapor and liquid exiting the compartment. Also, the compartment can include or consist of an interior wall and an exterior wall, and generally the compartment at least partially forms rifling on the interior wall.

Abstract: A composite membrane for selective gas separation, comprises a layer system having a continuously porous, mechanically stable carrier layer, which has an average pore size in the ?m range, further having at least one continuously porous intermediate layer, which is disposed on the carrier layer and has an average pore size in the range of 2 to 200 nm, and further having a gastight functional layer, which is disposed on the intermediate layer and is made of a mixed-conductive material having a maximum layer thickness of 1 ?m. The carrier layer comprises a structural ceramic, a metal, or a cermet and has a layer thickness of no more than 1 mm. The intermediate layer is present with a total layer thickness of no more than 100 ?m and has an average pore size in the range of 10 to 100 nm. The functional layer comprises a perovskite, a fluorite, or a material having a K2NiF4 structure, such as La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-8 (LSCF).

Abstract: The plate reactor includes a rotatable plate coated with a thin film containing an active photocatalytic nanocomposite. In use, the plate is partially submerged in polluted water so that a portion thereof is exposed to air and light. The exposed areas of the plate gains oxygen from the air, which reacts with the photo-promoted electrons from the coating. This results in the formation of very reactive superoxide radical ions (O2?) and/or the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH), either of which can oxidize targeted organic matter and pollutants in wastewater when the exposed area is submerged during rotation of the plate, thus purifying the water. A plurality of paddles radially extend from the edge of the plate to mix the water during rotation.

Abstract: Injection nozzles for use in a gas distribution device are disclosed. In one aspect, the injection nozzle may include: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the inlet comprises a plurality of flow restriction orifices. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an injection nozzle for use in a gas distribution device, the injection nozzle including: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the fluid inlet comprises an annular orifice surrounding a flow restriction device. Injection nozzles according to embodiments disclosed herein may be disposed in a gas distribution manifold used in a vessel, for example, for conducting polymerization reactions, spent catalyst regeneration, and coal gasification, among others.

Abstract: A process for producing acetic acid comprising the steps of reacting carbon monoxide and at least one of methanol and a methanol derivative in a first reactor under conditions effective to produce a crude acetic acid product; separating the crude acetic acid product into at least one derivative stream, at least one of the at least one derivative stream comprising residual carbon monoxide; and reacting at least a portion of the residual carbon monoxide with at least one of methanol and a methanol derivative over a metal catalyst in a second reactor to produce additional acetic acid.

Abstract: A method of forming a honeycomb reactor or reactor component is disclosed, including the steps of providing a honeycomb structure having cells divided by cell walls, providing an array of cutting tools arrayed in a pattern so as to be able to simultaneously align with a first plurality of the cell walls at a first end of the structure, and cutting the walls of the first plurality, reducing their height. Systems utilizing the reactors or reactor components thus formed are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a reactor tube comprising a fixed bed of Fischer-Tropsch catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles in 5% to 40% of the fixed bed volume at the upstream end have an average outer surface to volume ratio (S/V) of between 3.0 to 4.5 mm?1, and the catalyst particles in the remaining fixed bed volume have an average S/V of between 4.5 to 8.0 mm?1, and wherein the difference between the average S/V of the particles at the upstream end and the average S/V of the particles in the remaining fixed bed volume is at least 0.5 mm?1. The weight of catalytically active metal per volume unit in 5% to 33% of the fixed bed volume at the upstream end is 59% to 69% lower than the weight of catalytically active metal per volume unit in the remaining fixed bed volume.

Abstract: A processing apparatus that is formed from a plurality of metal layers that are stacked and aligned together and then connected together to form one or more portions of the processing apparatus.

Abstract: A carbocatalyst for use in oxidation and polymerization reactions includes particles having a carbon and oxygen-containing material, such as catalytically-active graphene oxide and/or catalytically-active graphite oxide. In some cases, the particles are disposed on a solid support formed of a carbon-containing material, such as graphene or graphite, or a non-carbon containing material, such as a metallic or insulating material.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for making a catalyst including an effective amount of iron for catalyzing one or more reactions in a hydrocarbon conversion system. The process can include grinding and coating the particles. The ground particles can have an effective amount of iron, and substantially all the particles may have a maximum dimension no larger than about 130 microns. The coating can have an effective amount of one or more hydrocarbons to provide the catalyst with improved flowability.

Abstract: A device is provided for performing chemical transformation in a fluid, with a flow distributor having at least one fluid medium inlet, at least one fluid medium outlet, and at least one confinement wherein the chemical transformation is performed; and a means for rotating, rocking, wagging, or oscillating the device. At least one confinement may be equipped with a provision for providing heat, cooling, sound, light or other types of radiation, such provision being contacted to an external source through an actuator shaft. The flow distributor may be provided with sectors connected with the centrally located fluid medium inlet and a designated peripheral fluid medium outlet. The means for rotating, rocking, wagging, or oscillating the device may be an element producing magnetic fields or a shaft mechanically connected to an external actuating device.

Abstract: Provided is hydrogen supply equipment that, when switching hydrogen supplied to equipment using hydrogen from (i) hydrogen produced at a normal temperature or hydrogen stored at a normal temperature to (ii) hydrogen stored at a low temperature, supplies the equipment using hydrogen with normal hydrogen obtained by returning the hydrogen at the low temperature to a normal temperature and then passing this hydrogen through equipment for accelerating a conversion from parahydrogen to orthohydrogen.

Abstract: A system for enhancing the efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator in a flue gas stream that withdraws a selected amount of combustion gas from a main flue gas stream at a location downstream of the electrostatic precipitator; typically heats the selected amount of combustion gas to a predetermined temperature; passes the selected amount of combustion gas through a catalyst to convert sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide producing a mixture of flue gas enriched with sulfur trioxide; and returns the mixture of the flue gas enriched with the sulfur trioxide back into the main flue gas stream at a point upstream of the electrostatic precipitator. A controller can control fans, heaters and dampers as well as make computations as the required amount of sulfur trioxide needed.

Abstract: The present invention includes a removable microchannel unit including an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice in fluid communication with a plurality of microchannels distributed throughout the removable microchannel unit, and a pressurized vessel adapted have the removable microchannel unit mounted thereto, the pressurized vessel adapted to contain a pressurized fluid exerting a positive gauge pressure upon at least a portion of the exterior of the removable microchannel unit. The invention also includes a microchannel unit assembly comprising a microchannel unit operation carried out within a pressurized vessel, where pressurized vessel includes a pressurized fluid exerting a positive gauge pressure upon an exterior of the microchannel unit operation, and where the microchannel unit operation includes an outlet orifice in fluid communication with an interior of the pressurized vessel.

Abstract: A reactor module for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis having a generally rectangular reactor block with a stack of plates defining flow channels for coolant and flow channels for the synthesis reaction arranged alternately in the block. The synthesis flow channels extend in a generally vertical direction between upper and lower faces of the reactor block and are defined by plates in combination with either bars or sheets such that each channel is of width no more than 200 mm. The coolant flow channels are oriented in the same direction, and communicate through distributor chambers with inlet and outlet ports at side faces of the reactor block. A plant may contain a multiplicity of such reactor modules operating in parallel, the modules being interchangeable and replaceable. The temperature control is enhanced by allowing the coolant flow to be parallel to the synthesis gas flow.

Abstract: Zero valent metal composite, manufacturing thereof, using thereof, and system including thereof, for (in-situ or ex-situ) catalytically treating contaminated water, such as sub-surface water, surface water, above-surface water, water vapor, or/and gaseous water. Composite includes powdered diatomite matrix incorporated with nanometer (1-1000 nm) sized particles of a zero valent (transition) metal (iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium, platinum, or/and gold) and at least one electron transfer mediator (catalyst) from porphyrinogenic organometallic complexes (e.g., metalloporphyrins (chlorophylls, hemes, cytochromes) or metallocorrins (e.g., vitamin B12), and optionally, includes vermiculite. System includes composite and in-situ or/and ex-situ unit containing the composite, enabling exposure of contaminated water thereto. Applicable to in-situ sub-surface permeable reactive barriers (PRBs).

Abstract: Herein disclosed is an apparatus having a first porous rotor positioned about an axis of rotation, wherein the first porous rotor comprises a first catalyst; an outer casing, wherein the outer casing and the first porous rotor are separated by an annular space; and a motor configured for rotating the first porous rotor about the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A circulating fluid bed reactor such as that used in fluid coking processes has a circular dense bed reaction section above the reactor base where the fluidizing gas is injected and a plurality of frusto-conical baffles in the dense bed reaction section, each of which depends downwardly and radially inwards from the reactor wall to a lower, inner edge defining a central aperture. The baffles are preferably provided with downcomers which permit downward flow of solids and upward flow of gas through the baffles.

Abstract: A system (8; 9; 50) is described of walls for catalytic beds of synthesis reactors (1), in which there is a wall (14) in direct contact with a catalytic bed (7) for containing it, said wall (14) having a plurality of portions (17) permeable to the gases and a plurality of portions (19; 54; 55) impermeable to the gases, said portions (17) permeable to the gases being equipped with slits (18; 52, 53; 60; 70) of a size such as to allow the free passage of the synthesis gases through them but not the passage of the catalyst, in which the slits are obtained with milling, water cutting or electro-erosion processing.

Abstract: A method of: introducing hydrogen and a feed gas containing at least 50 vol % carbon dioxide into a reactor containing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst; and heating the hydrogen and carbon dioxide to a temperature of at least about 190° C. to produce hydrocarbons in the reactor. An apparatus having: a reaction vessel for containing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, capable of heating gases to at least about 190° C.; a hydrogen delivery system feeding into the reaction vessel; a carbon dioxide delivery system for delivering a feed gas containing at least 50 vol % carbon dioxide feeding into the reaction vessel; and a trap for collecting hydrocarbons generated in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A system and method for the percutaneous, autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and progenitor helper cells (PHC) from bone marrow to degenerated intervertebral discs or joints. This method is designed to be used by operating room staff in a clinical setting to isolate a mesenchymal stem cell population and PHC during the same surgical procedure as transplantation. The method can be used as a two step procedure where cells are harvested, then isolated, then reimplanted at a later time. In addition, experimental techniques are described to determine which bone marrow cells should be removed via negative selection to generate a PHC population most likely to regenerate certain tissue types in-vitro as well as which combination of fibrinogen and hyaluronic acid and which degree of gel maceration provides the best matrix for in-vitro and in-vivo regeneration of joints and intervertebral discs.

Abstract: A compact catalytic reactor defines a multiplicity of first and second flow channels arranged alternately, for an endothermic reaction and for an exothermic reaction respectively, and each containing a removable fluid-permeable catalytic insert to catalyze the reaction. The flow channels have a straight portion extending from one end face of the reactor and a linking portion that communicates between the end of the straight portion and at least one side face of the reactor, wherein the straight portion and the linking portion are defined at least in part by fin structures. The fm structures of the linking portion may be perforated, so that there are perforations aligned with each straight portion, but at the end of the reactor each line of perforations is obstructed. Removal of the obstructions enables the catalytic inserts to be pushed out of the flow channels when they are spent.

Abstract: A vessel packed with a microfibrous media made of micron-sized highly conductive fibers, which are able (and may be used) to immobilize various reactive materials including catalysts, sorbents, electrocatalysts, and other chemically reactive solids. The vessel enables fine temperature control and a uniform temperature profile for a range of highly endothermic or exothermic chemical reactions, sorptions, separation processes, mixing operations, and heat transfer applications.

Abstract: A suspended mass transfer and reaction tower system used for the scrubbing, stripping or chemical reaction between gases and liquids. The system comprises a top head having a suspension means, a bottom head, and a shell capable of retaining and supporting a suspended packing bundle. The shell is capable of securely and removably attaching to the top head and bottom head, thereby creating a single tower capable of being suspended by the suspension means in the top head. Various embodiments of the system can be adapted for the purposes of chemical vent scrubbing, absorption, odor abatement, gas-liquid chemical reactions, or similar processes. The tower can be operated in the classical counter current or concurrent flow modes, under pressure, or in a partial vacuum.

Abstract: Isothermal vertical reactor (1) for a chemical reaction, comprising a shell (2) with internal gas-permeable walls (16, 18) defining an inlet distribution chamber (17) and a product collecting chamber (19), an open-top catalytic bed between said gas-permeable walls, and a tube heat exchanger (5) embedded in said catalytic bed, the tube heat exchanger (5) comprising a bundle of U-tubes, where an inlet (14) is disposed to direct a fresh charge in an upper chamber (21) over the catalytic bed and the U-shaped top portion of the tube bundle; a portion (F1) of the fresh charge passes through the catalytic bed with a mixed axial-transversal flow, and another portion (F2) of the fresh charge enters the inlet gas-distribution chamber (17) and passes through the catalytic bed with a substantially transversal flow.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes cell walls. The cell walls extend along a longitudinal direction of the honeycomb filter to define a plurality of cells each of which has one end and another end opposite to the one end along the longitudinal direction. A majority of the plurality of cells are sealed cells sealed at either the one end or the another end. A part of the plurality of cells are open cells open at both of the one end and the another end. A number of the open cells is from about 0.1% to about 4.9% of a number of the plurality of cells.

Abstract: A tubular reactor for producing a product mixture in a tubular reactor where the tubular reactor comprises an internal catalytic insert with cup-shaped structures having orifices for forming fluid jets for impinging the fluid on the tube wall. Jet impingement is used to improve heat transfer between the fluid in the tube and the tube wall in a non-adiabatic reactor. The tubular reactor and method may be used for endothermic reactions such as steam methane reforming and for exothermic reactions such as methanation.

Abstract: Plate heat exchange unit (12) for isothermal or pseudo-isothermal chemical reactors, for the heat exchange between a fluid circulating inside the plates and an outer flow of reactant gases, wherein the walls (14, 15), of the plates (13) have notches (14s, 15s) surrounded by suitable joining lines (105), obtaining openings (104) passing through the plates (13) themselves, the plates resulting substantially permeable in the transversal direction to the reactant gases.

Abstract: A system for reforming diesel fuel into hydrogen including feeds for water and diesel fuel, a supercritical water (SCW) reactor in fluid communication with the water feed and the diesel fuel, at least one pre-heater in thermal communication with the water feed, the diesel fuel feed that is configured to heat water from the water feed and diesel fuel from the diesel fuel feed to a predetermined temperature equal to or greater than the critical temperature of water before the water and the diesel fuel are mixed, a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor, and a hydrogen capturing system, where the SCW reactor reforms the diesel fuel into a synthesis gas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and outputs the synthesis gas, the synthesis gas output by the SCW reactor is fed into the WGS reactor which converts the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and hydrogen and outputs an output gas including a higher percentage of hydrogen to carbon monoxide compared to the synthesis gas, and the hydrogen in the output ga

Abstract: The invention provides a recirculating reactor for converting a substrate to a product. The reactor comprises a reaction chamber and a recirculation system, said recirculation system comprising a separator. The reaction chamber contains a catalyst, and comprises a chamber body, a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet. The recirculation system is adapted for recirculating liquid from the chamber outlet to the chamber inlet, and the separator is used for separating a by-product from the liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for externally holding a catalyst bed in a radial flow catalytic reactor, comprising a plurality of hollow longitudinal duct elements (2) regularly distributed in a peripheral ring around a central space (3) containing the catalyst bed and having a front filtering wall (5) facing the catalyst for the radial intake of a fluid to be treated in the catalyst bed (3). Each of the duct elements (2) is laterally defined by two lateral walls (6) radially oriented in the reactor (1) and comprising an assembling means for assembly with the respectively adjacent elements (2?) of the male member in female member (7, 8) type.

Abstract: A catalyst containment unit, includes two concentric perforate members defining an annular space in which a particulate catalyst may be placed, and process fluid-impermeable end members mounted on the ends of the perforate members, wherein one end member extends across the unit to provide a closed end and the other end member closes the annular space thereby providing an open end through which gases may enter or exit the unit, and suspending means attached to one or both end members for securing the unit within an ammonia oxidation vessel. The unit may be suspended, for example, below a precious metal ammonia oxidation gauze pack and may contain a particulate ammonia oxidation catalyst or nitrous oxide abatement catalyst. A catalyst combination includes a precious metal ammonia oxidation catalyst gauze on a supporting framework and a particulate catalyst disposed in a catalyst containment unit.