Abstract: A process for converting methane to ethane and ethylene through oxidative coupling of methane and carbon conservation has been developed. The process begins by contacting methane and an oxygen-containing stream with an oxidative coupling catalyst that is capable of reacting with carbon oxides to form a solid carbonate compound in an oxidative coupling reactor to produce an effluent containing methane, ethane, and ethylene. The solid carbonate compounds are thermally decomposed to the oxidative coupling catalyst by reaction with hot hydrogen. The oxidative coupling catalyst is then available for reuse and a stream containing hydrogen and carbon oxide by-products are produced. The stream containing hydrogen and carbon oxide by-products is contacted with a methanation catalyst in a methanation reactor to produce a stream containing methane and water. The methane is separated, dried, and recycled to the oxidative coupling reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for a process of oligomerising ethylene to produce 1-butene and/or 1-hexene wherein the catalytic composition is obtained by mixing at least one chromium compound with at least one aryloxy aluminum compound with general formula R.sub.n Al(R'O).sub.3-n where R is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl radical containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R'O is an aryloxy radical containing 6 to 80 carbon atoms and n is a whole number which can take the values 0, 1 or 2, and with at least one other hydrocarbyl aluminum compound selected from tris(hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds or chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbyl aluminum compounds.

Abstract: A process to maximize the production of low molecular weight alpha olefins from ethylene is disclosed. The process comprises oligomerizing ethylene in the presence of a catalyst, of titanium aryloxide and/or titanium alkoxide; alkyl aluminum halide and triaryl phosphine and/or trialkyl phosphine in the temperature range of 80.degree. C. to 110.degree. C. at substantially low pressures of from 60 to 150 psi. A continuous supply of ethylene is maintained.

Abstract: The conversion of n-olefins, particularly n-butene, by skeletal isomerization, or by dimerization optionally with cracking, may be selectively carried out using as a catalyst a molecular sieve, such as a zeolite or silica/alumina phosphate, which has been ion exchanged with a cation to provide a Lewis acid site. No steam activation of the molecular sieve is required.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons. This method includes synthesizing ammonia from natural gas and nitrogen in the presence of a source of hydrogen. The ammonia is converted to nitrous oxide in the presence of a source of oxygen. Methane is coupled in the presence of the nitrous oxide to provide higher hydrocarbons. The invention also discloses a method of balancing reaction heat requirements in a process for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for producing an alpha olefin, a tertiary olefin or a tertiary alkyl ether from an unsaturated hydrocarbon cut containing at least one alpha olefin and at least one etherifiable tertiary olefin comprises synthesising at least one tertiary alkyl ether to obtain a product which is separated into a fraction (O1) which is depleted in ether and containing the alpha olefin and a fraction (E1) which is enriched in ether, followed by decomposition of at least a portion of the ether in fraction (E1) into a product (P1) containing at least one alcohol and at least one tertiary olefin, which is fractionated in a fractionation zone (C5) into a fraction (B1) containing the major portion of the tertiary olefin and a fraction (A1) containing the major portion of the alcohol.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products and coproduct water wherein a gas comprising methane and a gaseous oxidant are contacted with a nonacidic catalyst at temperatures within the range of about 700 to 1200.degree. C. A preferred catalyst comprises an alkali component associated with a support material. Results obtained over alkali-promoted solids are enhanced when the contacting is conducted in the presence of halogen promoters.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for preparing non-zeolitic molecular sieves using inexpensive reagents and at lower manufacturing cost. The method includes using a low density, small size particulate hydrated alumina, such as aluminum hydroxide, in place of aluminum alkoxides and other more costly reagents. The preferred particulate hydrated alumina has a density of less than 1.0 g/cm.sup.3, an average particle size of less than about 40 microns and an alkali content of less than 0.12 wt %.

Abstract: The disclosure described a process for producing an .alpha.-olefin oligomer, which comprises carrying out oligomerization of an .alpha.-olefin in a solvent in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a chromium-based catalyst system composed of a combination of at least (a) a chromium compound, (b) a nitrogen-containing compound of at least one selected from the group consisting of an amine, an amide and an imide, (c) an alkylaluminum compound and (d) a halogen-containing compound,wherein each of the .alpha.-olefin, the chromium compound (a), the nitrogen-containing compound (b) of at least one selected from the group consisting of an amine, an amide and an imide, the alkylaluminum compound (c) and the halogen-containing compound (d) is supplied to a reaction system in a mode that the chromium compound (a) and the alkylaluminum compound (c) do not contact each other before each of said compounds (a) to (d) and the .alpha.-olefin coexists in the reaction solvent and the oligomerization of an .alpha.

Abstract: A protecting group for use in separating oligodeoxyribonucleotide compounds having the formula Ar--L--Y, wherein Ar represents a substantially planar, fused ring system containing at least fused rings; L represents a linker group containing at least one carbon atom which is capable of bonding to Ar and Y; and Y represents a specifically acid labile group.

Abstract: A process for the bacterial production of the hydrocarbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is described and claimed. Various bacterial species, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, were found to produce isoprene, and a method to isolate isoprene-producing bacteria from natural sources is described. Production of isoprene is confirmed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of the tested species, Bacillus produces the most isoprene. Growth in a variety of media, including a chemically defined salts medium, in the presence of amino acid sources (casein, gelatin, or lactalbumin hydrolysates) supports isoprene production in logarithmic phase of growth, and with Bacillus cultured in a stirred fermentor, isoprene production occurs both in growing and non-growing cells. High isoprene production rates can also be restored to nutrient-limited cells by adding fresh media, suggesting isoprene production is dependent on nutrient availability.

Abstract: A method for converting methane by an oxidative coupling reaction to longer chain hydrocarbons comprising cofeeding methane and oxygen simultaneously and continuously into a reaction zone to form a mixture, contacting said methane and oxygen mixture under oxidative coupling reaction conditions with a solid catalyst consisting essentially of manganese oxide and silicon oxide, promoted with an alkaline metal and non metal, to form longer chain hydrocarbons wherein the manganese, silicon oxide, alkali metal and non metal are present in a molar ratio 0-0.5:93.2-93.7:4.2:2.1.

Abstract: A C.sub.4 and/or C.sub.5 normal olefin isomerization process using a catalyst which contains SM-3 produces high yields of C.sub.4 and/or C.sub.5 iso-olefins.

Abstract: An improved method for the oxidative conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons in which methane and oxygen are continuously and simultaneously cofed into a reaction zone under effective oxidative coupling conditions and contacted with a solid catalyst consisting essentially of a catalyst having a composition of empirical formula Ce.sub.a Na.sub.b Ca.sub.100 O.sub.x wherein a is in the range 0.03 to 2.0, b is in the range of 0.7 to 7.0 and oxygen is present in a molar amount sufficient to fulfill the valence requirements of cerium, sodium and calcium.

Abstract: The following steps are conducted for producing a hydrocarbon having a carbon number of at least 2: a coupling step, in which a coupling feed gas containing methane and a gas containing oxygen are supplied to a conveying catalyst bed which is formed by an ascending stream which contains a catalyst, and then methane and oxygen are allowed to react so as to produce a coupling product gas; a catalyst separation step for separating the catalyst from the coupling product gas; and a catalyst feedback step for feeding back the thus-separated catalyst to the coupling step. Accordingly, the reaction system does not accumulate excessive heat, the combustion reaction as a side reaction is hindered, and the selectivity of the coupling reaction is enhanced. In addition, the yield of the hydrocarbon having a carbon number of at least 2 is improved.

Abstract: A selective hydrogenation of an alkyne in an olefin-containing fluid is provided which comprises contacting the fluid and hydrogen gas with a catalyst in the presence of at least one sulfur compound, under reaction conditions effective to produce at least one alkene wherein the catalyst comprises at least one alkali metal, fluorine and an inorganic support material.

Abstract: Alpha-olefin oligomer is prepared by contacting an alpha-olefin monomer which contains from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms with a catalyst system comprising boron trifluoride, a protic promoter, and an organic sulfone, sulfoxide, carbonate, thiocarbonate, or sulfonate. Oligomer containing as much as 50% or more of dimer can be produced at high conversions, at modest reaction temperatures, and in acceptably short reaction periods.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic partial oxidation of methane in gas phase at very short residence time (800,000 to 12,000,000 hr.sup.-1) by contacting a gas stream containing methane and oxygen with a metal supported catalyst, such as platinum deposited on a ceramic monolith.

Abstract: Alpha-olefin oligomers are prepared by a process which comprises contacting an oligomerizable olefin monomer with a catalyst system comprising a catalytic amount of boron trifluoride, a protic promoter, and an organic modifier selected from the group consisting of phosphate, thiophosphate, phosphine oxide, and phosphine sulfide. The oligomerizable olefin monomer is a C.sub.6 to C.sub.20 linear olefin comprising at least 50 mole % alpha olefin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new catalyst for converting methane into ethane, preparation thereof, and process for manufacturing ethylene using said catalyst. The conversion reaction catalyst in the present invention is employed in converting directly methane or methane-containing gas in the presence of the above catalyst with the following general formula (1).Ma.Pc.D/S (1)Where,M is a metal cluster or metal complex compound selected from the group of VIII, VII and VI series;S is an inorganic carrier;P is a promoter of phosphorus compound;D is a cobalt compound.And "a" is weight percentage of metal cluster or metal complex compound in catalyst, having a value of 0.01 to 10, "c" is weight percentage of promoter in catalyst, ranging from 1.0 to 35.0.

Abstract: Process for the skeleton isomerization of linear olefins, preferably n-butenes or n-pentenes, which consists in putting said olefins in contact with a catalyst comprising alumina on whose surface boron oxide is deposited in a quantity which is lower than 2.1.times.10.sup.-4 g/m.sup.2 of the surface of the alumina.

Abstract: Dual-flow chemical reactor cores containing catalytic heat-transfer walls comprising both a gas-impervious material and a suitable catalyst which allows oxidative coupling of methane into higher hydrocarbons, dual-flow reactors having these catalytic heat-transfer walls to control and facilitate simultaneously coupling of methane and cracking of hydrocarbon compounds in separate gas streams, and chemical processes which combine coupling of methane and cracking of hydrocarbon compounds to make olefins in a dual-flow reactor having catalytic heat-transfer walls.

Abstract: The present invention concerns new compounds of rhenium and aluminum corresponding to the general formula: O.sub.3 Re--O--[Al(OR)(L).sub.x --O].sub.n --ReO.sub.3 in which R is a hydrocarbyl residue, for example alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl and aryl or cycloalkyl which are substituted, containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, which residue can be substituted by alkoxy groups or by halogens, L is the synthesis solvent, x is equal to 0 or 1 and n is an integer of from 1 to 10. The invention also concerns derived compounds of the formula O.sub.3 Re(L')--O--[Al(OR)(L).sub.x --O].sub.n --ReO.sub.3 (L') in which L' is a stabilising ligand. The invention also concerns the preparation of such compounds and the use thereof in the preparation of catalysts.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor which is composed of an electroconductive support and a photoconductive layer formed thereon comprising a novel pyrene-ring-containing olefin compound having formula [I]: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent hydrogen or an alkyl group which may have a substituent; Y is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, a cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic group which may have a substituent; n is an integer of 0 or 1, and m is an integer of 1 to 3, provided that when n is 0, m is 1, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, and Y is an aromatic group with a substituent ##STR2## R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent hydrogen, and Y and R.sup.1 may be bonded to form a ring, a method of synthesizing the pyrene-ring-containing olefin compound and an intermediate therefor are disclosed.

Abstract: Novel fluid mixtures of specified hydrocarbons meeting an array of structural criteria are described. Linear hydrocarbons having terminal double bonds and internal segments of specified differing chain lengths separated by one or more carbon atom(s) each of which has a methylidene substituent make up one group of such compounds. Another group is alkenyl end-capped compounds of the first group. Third and fourth groups are products formed by hydrogenation of the first and second groups, respectively. The products, whether end-capped or not, and whether hydrogenated or not, have desirable lubricating properties such as suitably low pour points and/or low NOACK volatility and/or very high viscosity index and thus can be used as base oils or as components in formulating lubricants.

Abstract: A method for oligomerizing an .alpha.-olefin in the presence of a catalyst comprising a specific chromium compound including chromium atom and pyrrolyl group and an alkylaluminum compound, wherein the .alpha.-olefin is contacted to the chromium compound and the alkylaluminum compound without preliminarily contacting the chromium compound to either the .alpha.-olefin or the alkylaluminum compound.

Abstract: Methane is converted into higher hydrocarbon products by oxidative coupling, by bringing a gaseous mixture containing methane and oxygen into contact with a solid catalyst formed from calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, a lanthanide oxide plus possibly lithium oxide, wherein:the lithium content is between 0 and 0.20 wt %,the calcium/magnesium atomic ratio is between 0.08 and 0.7, andthe (calcium+magnesium)/lanthanide atomic ratio is between 0.8/1 and 8/1, and preferably between 2/1 and 4/1.

Abstract: A tertiary phosphine compound of the formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent independently from each other a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, or together form --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms or a lower alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkoxyalkoxy group or a phenyl group; X.sup.1 is a halogen atom when both R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are hydrogen atoms, or a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group when at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is not a hydrogen atoms; and m is an integer of 1 to 5, which is useful as a ligand of a transition metal complex that can catalyze various reactions.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising palladium, silver and a support material (preferably alumina) is contacted at a relatively low temperature (of up to about 60.degree. C.) with a liquid composition comprising an effective reducing agent (preferably an alkali metal borohydride, hydrazinc, formaldehyde, formic acid, ascorbic acid, dextrose, aluminum powder). Preferably, at least one alkali metal compound (more preferably KOH, RbOH, CsOH, KF) is also present in the liquid composition. An improved process for selectively hydrogenating acetylene (to ethylene) employs this wet-reduced catalyst composition.

Abstract: An apparatus for the thermal conversion of methane into hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight, comprising a reactor (1) of elongate form, connected on the one hand, at a first end, to an inlet for supplying gaseous mixture containing methane (process gas) and on the other, at the opposite end, to an outlet (10), the reactor comprising on the first end side a plurality of elements disposed in at least two layers disposed between two refractory walls, at least one refractory wall being disposed between the outside walls of the reactor, the layers being substantially parallel to the axis of the reactor, at least one of these layers comprising a series of sheaths (4) inside which there are electric heaters (3) which thus form a layer of heating elements, the elements being disposed in such a way as to define spaces or passages for the circulation of gaseous mixtures and/or effluents, the heaters and the sheaths being adapted to heat the said passages by successive independent cross-sections substantially at rig

Abstract: A method for oligomerizing an .alpha.-olefin in the presence of a catalyst comprising a specific chromium compound including chromium atom and pyrrolyl group and an alkylaluminum compound, wherein the .alpha.-olefin is contacted to the chromium compound and the alkylaluminum compound without preliminarily contacting the chromium compound to either the .alpha.-olefin or the alkylaluminum compound.

Abstract: Processes for preparing a polymerization initiator precursor compound are disclosed wherein a first process involves dimerizing a halogen-diarylpropane compound to form a tetraarylhexane compound. A second process involves reacting a diaryl-propanol compound with a halogen-diarylpropane compound to form a bis(diaryl-propyl) ether compound. A third process involves reacting a halogen-diarylpropane compound with allyl halogen to form a diaryl-hexene compound.

Abstract: A system is provided for disposal of gaseous hydrocarbons produced from an undersea well, which minimizes the gas disposal cost. The system includes a polymerization station (80) mounted on an anchored floating vessel arrangement (12), which converts the gas to a liquid hydrocarbon that is stored and then transported by a shuttle tanker (52) to a refinery. The liquified gas can be mixed with liquid hydrocarbons originally obtained from the undersea well, both in the shuttle tanker and in storage tanks on the anchored vessel arrangement. Sea water can be used to create steam for the polymerization process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst and its use in a process for the conversion of ethene to a product rich in linear butenes, especially 2-butene, comprising contacting a feedstock comprising ethene under dimerization conditions with a catalyst composition comprising a porous crystalline silicate having the structure of ZSM-35 which has been treated by a) fluoriding, e.g., with NH.sub.4 F, and then b) at least partially surface deactivated for acid catalyzed reactions by chemisorption of a surface-deactivating agent which possesses an average cross section diameter greater than that of the zeolite pores, e.g., collidine.

Abstract: Disclosed is an integrated process for producing olefins by starting from methane containing gas mixture, which process essentially comprises the following steps:converting methane into higher hydrocarbons by oxidative coupling carried out in the presence of air and/or oxygen;dehydrogenating, with the aid of a catalyst, said higher hydrocarbons, with an olefin-rich mixture being obtained;removing H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2, CO and H.sub.2 from the resulting olefinic mixture;removing from said olefinic mixture any not converted methane, and recycling it upstream from the oxidating coupling;separating ethylene from the olefinic mixture;separating any not dehydrogenated ethane from the olefinic mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for converting methane into higher hydrocarbons. According to the invention, a catalyst comprised essentially of a metal belonging to the series of transition metals and of a carrier which is comprised particularly of a refractory metal oxide is subjected to a methane flow at a temperature comprised between 100.degree. C. and 300.degree. C. approximately, with a contact time of at least one second, and to a hydrogen flow at a temperature comprised between 100.degree. C. and 300.degree. C. with a contact time of at least one second. The method of the invention is particularly usable in chemical engineering.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products and coproduct water wherein a gas comprising methane and a gaseous oxidant are contacted with a nonacidic catalyst at temperatures within the range of about 700.degree. to 1200.degree. C. A preferred catalyst comprises an alkali component associated with a support material. Results obtained over alkali-promoted solids are enhanced when the contacting is conducted in the presence of halogen promoters.

Abstract: An alkane-containing feedstream is passed through one or more tubes, which may contain alkane-dehydrogenation catalyst, immersed in a bed of fluidized particles. The bed is at an elevated temperature which maintains the temperature within the tube(s) at an alkane-dehydrogenation temperature. The particles may be inert, chemically active and/or catalytically active. In one embodiment, cracking catalyst particles are circulated between a reaction zone wherein they contact a cracker feedstock which is converted to cracked hydrocarbon products and a regenerator (22) wherein carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst particles are exothermically removed by contact with an oxygen-containing gas (24). Hot regenerated particles from the regenerator (22) are recirculated (27) to the reaction zone for re-use therein.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the thermal conversion of methane into hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight, comprising a reactor (1) of elongate form, connected on the one hand, at a first end, to means (5) for supplying gaseous mixture containing methane (process gas) and on the other, at the opposite end, to discharge means (10), the said reactor comprising on a first part (the first end side) a plurality of elements disposed in at least two layers, substantially parallel inter se and substantially perpendicular to the axis of the reactor, at least one of these layers comprising a series of sheaths (4) inside which there are electric heating means (3) which thus form a layer of heating elements, the said elements being disposed in such a way as to define between them and/or between the layers which they form and/or between them and the walls of the spaces or passages for the circulation of gaseous mixtures and/or effluents, the said heating means and the said sheaths being adapted to heat the said passages

Abstract: A method for preparing ethane and ethylene by reacting methane or a methane-containing natural gas in the presence of oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, i.e., by partially oxidizing, at a temperature of 500.degree. through 1000.degree. C. using shellfishes or shells as a catalyst is disclosed. The oxidation coupling reaction of methane is controlled so as to remarkably increase the conversion ratio of methane and the selectivity of C.sub.2.sup.+ compounds. The waste matter abundantly released from food industries as well as easily accessible natural resources is used as a raw material of a catalyst for the reaction. The present method is extremely useful from the viewpoint of the recycling of waste as well.

Abstract: Higher hydrocarbons are produced from methane by reacting the methane at elevated temperature, suitably in the range from 600.degree. to 800.degree. C., with an oxygen-containing gas having a ratio of methane to oxygen of greater than the stoichiometric ratio for complete combustion in the presence as catalyst of a lithium-doped material which under the reaction conditions is a physically base-stable, non-melting, oxygen-stable compound of an element of Groups III to VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements including the rare earth elements.

Abstract: This invention discloses an improved integrated two step process for conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons of gasoline range. The invention particularly comprises catalytic oxidative conversion of methane with free oxygen to ethylene and higher olefins containing gaseous product in the first step and catalytic conversion of the olefins from the product stream of the first step without separating them to liquid hydrocarbons of gasoline range in the second step, for the conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. The process of the present invention could be used in the petroleum industry for the production of gasoline and liquid hydrocarbon fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Poly-n-butene is prepared from a mixed C.sub.4 hydrocarbon feedstream containing less than about 5 wt. % isobutylene using an AlCl.sub.3 -HCl catalyst system wherein the HCl is introduced separately into the feedstream to form organochloride in the feedstream. Polymer product having a very narrow molecular weight distribution is obtained over the M.sub.n range of 300 to 900.

Abstract: There is provided a catalyst comprising nickel supported on a pillared (e.g., silica pillared) vacancy titanate material. There is also provided a method for preparing this catalyst. This method may involve impregnating a pillared vacancy titanate material with a nickel nitrate solution. There is further provided a process for oligomerizing ethylene using this catalyst.

Abstract: A method for preparing a catalyst for conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons, discloses the steps of: forming a mixture of a manganese aqueous solution and an oxidative agent aqueous solution in an inorganic oxide support material; varying a pH value of the mixture between acidic and basic values to obtain a precipitate of manganese oxide; drying the manganese oxide precipitate; impregnating the dried manganese oxide precipitate with a promoter to obtain an impregnated solid; drying the impregnated solid; and calcining the impregnated solid until a surface atomic ratio of promoter to manganese is at least 5. The catalyst so acquired may be contacted with a methane gas to obtain stable conversion values over extended reaction times.

Abstract: Methane is converted into higher hydrocarbon products, and especially into ethane and ethylene, by oxidative coupling, by bringing a gaseous mixture containing methane and oxygen into contact at high temperature for a short contact time with a solid catalyst formed from lithium oxide, an alkaline earth metal oxide (preferably of magnesium) and a lanthanide oxide (preferably of neodymium or lanthanum), in which the lithium content is less than 0.20% by weight and the atomic ratio of the alkaline earth metal to the lanthanide varies from 0.8/1 to 8/1, said catalyst being obtained by:preparing a mixture of lithium, alkaline earth metal and lanthanide oxides in which the lithium content exceeds 1% by weight; andreducing the lithium content of the mixture to less than 0.20% by weight by high temperature thermal treatment conducted at least partly in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of producing an oxidative coupling catalyst is disclosed by mixing particles of Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, with a particle size in the range from 100 to 150 .mu.m, and silica, with a particle size in the range from about 150 to about 215 .mu.m. The particles are heated to a temperature of at least about 800.degree. C., after which the silica particles impregnated with Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 are separated from the remaining iron particles. The catalyst can be utilized for the oxidative coupling of methane with water molecules on the surface of the silica substrate, with the silica having a particle size in the range from about 150 to about 215.ltoreq..mu.m. The silicate catalyst substrate is essentially non-porous and has an average geometrical surface on the order of about 0.004 .mu.m.sup.2 /g and a surface concentration of iron on the order of about 2% by weight.

Abstract: A method for preparing an unsaturated compound mainly comprising monoolefins, or a mixture of .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated nitriles and monoolefins comprises coming a mixed gas which comprises paraffins and oxygen, or paraffins, oxygen and ammonia in contact with a catalyst which comprises (1) an oxide of phosphorus and (2) at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of indium oxide and tin oxide or comprises, in addition to the foregoing catalytic components, (3) at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide. The method makes it possible to prepare monoolefins, or a mixture of .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated nitriles and monoolefins in high yield and high selectivity from cheap starting materials, parafins.

Abstract: In an improved method for converting methane to at least one higher hydrocarbon product and coproduct water which comprises contacting a gas comprising methane and at least one added gaseous oxidant with nonacidic solid, the improvement comprising conducting at least a portion of said contacting in the presence of added water.

Abstract: In an improved method for converting methane to at least one higher hydrocarbon product and coproduct water which comprises contacting a gas comprising methane and at least one added gaseous oxidant with nonacidic solid, the improvement comprising conducting at least a portion of said contacting in the presence of added water.