Abstract: Provided are a conductive polymer composite and composition which: improve water volatilization efficiency during film formation by incorporating a novel non-doping fluorinated unit in a dopant polymer; also reduce H+ generation by using the non-doping fluorinated unit in place of an acid unit generating extra acids; have good filterability and film formability; and are capable of forming a film having high transparency and good flatness when the film is formed. The conductive polymer composite is a composite containing: (A) a ?-conjugated polymer; and (B) a dopant polymer which is a copolymer containing a repeating unit “a” shown by the following general formula (1) and at least one repeating unit “b” selected from repeating units shown by the following general formulae (2-1) to (2-7).

Abstract: The present invention provides quantum dot compositions and methods of producing quantum dot compositions. The quantum dot compositions comprise a population of quantum dots, an aminosilicone polymer, an epoxy-functional silicone, and an organic resin. The present invention also provides quantum dot films comprising a quantum dot layer and methods of making quantum dot films.

Abstract: A conductive agent, a slurry for forming an electrode, the slurry including the same, an electrode manufactured using the same, and a lithium secondary battery are provided. The conductive agent includes graphene flakes the maximum peak of which is observed in a range of 24.5° to 26° of 2? in a data graph obtained by a X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, wherein the aspect ratio of the average lateral size of the surfaces of the graphene flakes to the average thickness of the graphene flakes in a direction perpendicular to surfaces of the graphene flakes is 500 to 50,000.

Abstract: A laminate includes a layer containing a polyaniline-based polymer and a phenoxy-based resin, and a layer containing zinc and/or a zinc alloy, a laminate includes, in sequence, a layer containing a polyaniline-based polymer and a phenoxy-based resin, a layer containing zinc and/or a zinc alloy, and an aluminum or aluminum alloy layer. A rust prevention method includes forming a layer containing a polyaniline-based polymer and a phenoxy-based resin on a layer containing zinc and/or a zinc alloy or on a layer containing zinc and/or a zinc alloy disposed on an aluminum or aluminum alloy layer. The laminates and the rust prevention method are for reducing the formation of rust on the layer containing zinc and/or the zinc alloy or the aluminum or aluminum alloy layer for a long period of time.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a perovskite crystal, where the perovskite crystal is in the form of a powder, and the perovskite crystal is semiconducting and photovoltaically active.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electron buffering material, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a light-emitting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electron transport zone and an electron buffering layer between the light-emitting layer and the second electrode. The organic electroluminescent device comprising the electron buffering material of the present disclosure has low driving voltage, excellent luminous efficiency, and long lifespan.

Abstract: Provided herein are composite electrolytes that include inorganic conductors and polar polymers. By providing the polar polymers as structures such as microspheres in a suspension in a non-polar solvent, the polar polymers can be used as binders in composites that include sulfide electrolytes. The resulting composites have high room temperature conductivities and good mechanical properties. Also provided are composites that include inorganic conductors and other polymers that are insoluble in non-polar solvents. Also provides methods of forming composite electrolytes using suspensions of polymer microstructures in a processing solvent and the resulting composite electrolytes.

Abstract: A battery cell comprising a composite water-responsive safety layer and/or composite water- and pH-responsive safety layer to protect against tissue damage and/or electrolysis, when the battery cell is exposed to aqueous solution or tissue, is provided. The composite water-responsive safety layer and/or composite water- and pH-responsive safety layer is adapted to change from a non-electronically conducting state to an electronically conducting state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to spirobifluorene compounds of the formula (1) which are suitable for use in electronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, and to electronic devices which comprise these compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymer, an organic solar cell comprising the polymer, and a perovskite solar cell comprising the polymer. The polymer according to the present invention has excellent absorption ability for visible light and an energy level suitable for the use as an electron donor compound in a photo-active layer of the organic solar cell, thereby increasing the light conversion efficiency of the organic solar cell. In addition, the polymer according to the present invention has high hole mobility, and is used as a compound for a hole transport layer, and thus can improve efficiency and service life of the perovskite solar cell without an additive.

Abstract: Provided is a composite material including carbon fibers having a weight average fiber length of 1 mm or more and 100 mm or less and a thermoplastic resin. The composite material satisfies K1?1.5×K2 and exhibits excellent conformability during a stretching step in press molding; and a press molded body production method using said composite material. K1 represents the inclination of an approximate straight line of linear approximation on the plot in the range of 35% strain or more, obtained by strain sweep tests from 0% to 100% on the composite material at a temperature of 270° C., a shear of 100 rad/sec, and a normal load of 2 N, plotting, both in logarithmic scales, the values of strain % versus the values of complex viscosity coefficient Pa·sec. K2 represents the inclination of an approximate straight line of linear approximation on the plot in the range of less than 35% strain.

Abstract: Polymeric photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with an inverted structure comprising: an anode; a first anode buffer layer; an active layer comprising at least one photoactive organic polymer as the electron donor and at least one organic electron acceptor compound; a cathode buffer layer; a cathode; wherein between said first anode buffer layer and said active layer a second anode buffer layer is placed comprising a hole transporting material, said hole transporting material being obtained through a process comprising: reacting at least one heteropoly acid containing at least one transition metal belonging to group 5 or 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements; with at least an equivalent amount of a salt or a complex of a transition metal belonging to group 5 or 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements with an organic anion, or with an organic ligand; in the presence of at least one organic solvent selected from alcohols, ketones, esters, preferably alcohols.

Abstract: Electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are provided that include hexagonal tungsten bronze having oxygen deficiency, wherein the tungsten bronze is expressed by a general formula: MxWO3-y(where one or more elements M include at least one or more species selected from among K, Rb, and Cs, 0.15?x?0.33, and 0<y?0.46), and wherein oxygen vacancy concentration Nv in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is greater than or equal to 3×1014 cm?3 and less than or equal to 8.0×1021 cm?3.

Abstract: A polyethylene composition includes a first polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, a second polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 15,000 to 100,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, and a third polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of >2.3, where the first polyethylene has more short chain branching than the second polyethylene or the third polyethylene. The polyethylene composition has a soluble fraction in a CEF analysis of at least 10 weight percent. Film made from the polyethylene composition may have a machine direction 1% secant modulus of ?190 MPa (at a film thickness of about 1 mil), a seal initiation temperature (SIT) of ?100° C.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention discloses an electrostatic chuck made of an aluminum nitride sintered body, wherein the aluminum nitride sintered body comprises aluminum nitride and a composite oxide formed along the grain boundaries of the aluminum nitride, wherein the composite oxide comprises at least two kinds of rare earth metals which have a solid-solution relationship with each other, and wherein the composite oxide comprises a collection area having a higher oxygen content than a surrounding area.

Abstract: A fabric delivers active ingredients to a surface when the fabric includes a moist-vapor porous combination of fabric materials, and the fabric comprises at least 0.5% by total weight of at least one layer of the fabric of a superabsorbent polymer fiber. The superabsorbent polymer fiber contains an absorbed aqueous reservoir of an aqueous solution carrying the active ingredients. The superabsorbent fiber has a coating on its surface of an aqueous penetrable layer through which a liquid in the absorbed aqueous reservoir can migrate or flow, carrying the active ingredients onto an exposed surface of the superabsorbent polymer fiber, so that the active ingredients on the surface of the superabsorbent polymer can react or interact with an environment in contact with the active ingredients on the superabsorbent polymer fiber surface.

Abstract: A polyethylene composition comprises a first polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, a second polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 50,000 to 200,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, and a third polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 200,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, where the first polyethylene has more short chain branching than the second polyethylene or the third polyethylene. The polyethylene composition has a composition distribution breadth index, CDBI50 obtained from a crystallization elution fractionation (CEF) analysis of <45 weight %.

Abstract: Polymerize ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in a polymerization process using dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (DNNSA) as the dopant and Fe(III) p-toluenesulfonate (Fe (III) p-TSA) as the oxidizing agent to produce an organically soluble polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT).

Abstract: A monitor comprises circuitry to receive a signal and process the signal to monitor at least one characteristic of a subject, and a flexible polymer casing forming a waterproof enclosure for the circuitry. The flexible polymer casing is infused with a conductive material at location to form infused electrode that extends from an exterior of the flexible polymer casing to an interior of the flexible polymer casing, and the infused electrode is coupled to the circuitry so as to allow the signal to pass from outside the flexible polymer casing to the circuitry. A polymer in a portion of the flexible polymer casing that is infused with the conductive material at the location is cross-linked with a polymer in a portion of the flexible polymer casing that is not infused with the conductive material.

Abstract: A method for preparing a stabilized assembly includes combining a first liquid phase including nanoparticles and a second, immiscible liquid phase, dissolving in the second phase a first end-functionalized polymer having a first molecular weight, and a second end-functionalized polymer having a second molecular weight, wherein the second molecular weight is greater than the first molecular weight, applying a shearing external deformation field to increase the surface area of the first phase to create a new interface, wherein the nanoparticle surfactants form a disordered, jammed assembly at the new interface, and releasing the shearing external deformation field. The polymer and the nanoparticles can interact at an interface through ligand interactions to form nanoparticle surfactants and upon releasing the external deformation field the jammed assembly at the new interface traps the first phase in a deformed state having the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase as interpenetrating domains.

Abstract: A step of obtaining a mixture by adding 0.3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight of a particulate binder dispersion, which has a solid content concentration of 20% by weight to 60% by weight in terms of a solid content, to 100 parts by weight of an electrode active material; a kneading step of stirring the mixture by a kneading blade to obtain a uniformly dispersed mixture; a crushing step of crushing the uniformly dispersed mixture by a crushing blade to obtain granulated particles; and a drying step of drying the granulated particles are included.

Abstract: Provided are a method for manufacturing a perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted, a light-emitter manufactured thereby, and a light emitting device using the same. A method for manufacturing an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted may comprise the steps of: preparing a solution including an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter, wherein the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter comprises an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure and a plurality of first organic ligands surrounding the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure; and adding, to the solution, a second organic ligand which is shorter than the first organic ligands or includes a phenyl group or a fluorine group, thereby substitutes the first organic ligands with the second organic ligand.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a composite material, comprising providing a conductive polymer having a hydrophilic end and adding a metal oxide, such that the metal oxide is connected to the hydrophilic end of the conductive polymer, wherein the metal oxide is obtained by subjecting a metal oxide precursor to a dehydration reaction, a polymerization reaction, a condensation reaction, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Boron and nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are disclosed, which can be used as emitters, hosts, charge blocking materials, charge transporting materials, etc. in an electroluminescent device. These novel compounds can offer very narrow emissive spectrum, and obtain high saturated deep blue emission. Also disclosed are an organic light-emitting device and a formulation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lithium complex oxide sintered plate for use in a positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery. The lithium complex oxide sintered plate has a structure in which a plurality of primary grains having a layered rock-salt structure are bonded, and has a porosity of 3 to 30%, a mean pore diameter of 15 ?m or less, an open pore rate of 70% or more, a thickness of 40 to 200 ?m, a primary grain diameter of 20 ?m or less, the primary grain diameter being a mean diameter of the primary grains, and a pore diameter distribution in which the number of peaks is one and volume-based D10, D50 and D90 pore diameters satisfy expressions: D50/D10?2.5, D90/D50?2.5 and D90/D10?8.0.

Abstract: The invention relates to heterocyclic compounds, particularly for use in electronic devices. The invention further relates to a method for producing the compounds according to the invention, and to electronic devices comprising same.

Abstract: In an aspect, a method for making a metal-containing material comprises steps of: forming a metal-containing hydrogel from an aqueous precursor mixture using a photopolymerization; wherein the aqueous precursor mixture comprises water, one or more aqueous photosensitive binders, and one or more aqueous metal salts; and thermally treating the metal-containing hydrogel to form the metal-containing material; wherein the metal-containing hydrogel is exposed to a thermal-treatment atmosphere during the step of thermally treating; wherein a composition of the metal-containing material is at least partially determined by a composition of the thermal-treatment atmosphere during the thermally treating step.

Abstract: An ink composition for an organic light-emitting device, the ink composition including a luminescent host material and a solvent, wherein the luminescent host material includes at least one compound represented by Formula (1) and Formula (3), and wherein the solvent includes at least one selected from an aromatic ether, an aromatic ester, and an aromatic ketone: wherein, in Formulas (1) and (3), groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: Methods for making a plurality of microparticles from a reaction solution that includes an organic acid in a solvent are provided. The method may include adding a chromium salt and a palladium salt to the reaction solution; bringing the reaction solution to a reaction temperature of 0° C. to 150° C. to form palladium cations and chromium cations within the reaction solution such that the palladium cations and chromium cations combine to form the plurality of microparticles that precipitate from the reaction solution; and collecting the microparticles from the reaction mixture. The plurality of microparticles comprises a palladium-chromium alloy. The palladium-chromium alloy may comprise chromium in a weight percentage of 1% to 20% of the total weight of the palladium-chromium alloy.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a superconductor includes a base member, and a superconducting layer provided on the base member. The superconducting layer has a first surface on the base member side, and a second surface on the side opposite to the first surface. The lattice constant of the base member substantially matches the lattice constant of the superconducting layer. The superconducting layer includes REA1-xREBxBa2Cu3O7-z. The x is not less than 0.01 and not more than 0.40. The z is not less than 0.02 and not more than 0.20. The REA includes at least one of Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu. The REB includes at least one of Nd or Sm. The superconducting layer includes a first surface-side region including a portion of the first surface. The first surface-side region includes a first region having an orientation property, and a second region.

Abstract: A polyethylene composition including a first polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, a second polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of less than 75,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, and a third polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 100,000 to 300,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of >2.3, where the first polyethylene has more short chain branching than the second polyethylene or the third polyethylene. The polyethylene composition has a soluble fraction in a CEF analysis of at least 15 weight percent.

Abstract: An electrode sensor involves a solid conductive polymeric substrate shaped as an electrode sensor or portion of an electrode sensor having a layer of silver-coated particles distributed on and embedded into a surface of the substrate. The electrode sensor is particularly useful for ECG electrodes and utilizes less silver without unduly sacrificing performance. A process for producing the electrode sensor involves distributing a layer of silver-coated particles on a surface of a solid conductive polymeric substrate shaped as an electrode sensor or portion of an electrode sensor and thermally embedding the silver-coated particles into the surface. The process is simpler and less costly than existing processes for producing electrode sensors.

Abstract: A resin impregnated wet friction material that serves as the friction lining on either a clutch plate or a brake pad plate is formed as a paper matrix. The composition of the paper matrix contains graphene nanoparticles as an aid for thermal capacity and conductivity.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an electrically conductive paste having excellent bonding strength when bonded to an electronic substrate and the like, a laminated body, and a method for bonding a Cu substrate or Cu electrode to an electrical conductor. An electrically conductive paste comprising: a flake-like silver powder A having a particle size in the range of 1 ?m or more and 15 ?m or less and having a median diameter D50 of 2 ?m or more and 5 ?m or less; a silver powder B having a particle size in the range of 25 ?m or more and 100 ?m or less and having a median diameter D50 of 30 ?m or more and 40 ?m or less; a silver powder C having a particle size in the range of 10 nm or more and 190 nm or less and having a median diameter D50 of 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less; and a solvent, wherein the content of the silver powder C is more than 5.0 parts by mass and less than 90.

Abstract: In some embodiments disclosed herein are polyethylene composition including a first polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 70,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, a second polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of less than 75,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, a third polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of less than 75,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of <2.3, and a fourth polyethylene which is an ethylene copolymer or homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from 100,000 to 250,000 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of >2.3, where the first polyethylene has more short chain branching than the second polyethylene or the third polyethylene. The polyethylene composition may have a soluble fraction in a CEF analysis of at least 7.

Abstract: A copolymer comprising a repeat unit A, wherein repeat unit A comprises a repeat unit B, wherein repeat unit B comprises and at least one optional repeat unit D, wherein repeat unit D comprises an aryl group. In this copolymer, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups and R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups.

Abstract: A squarylium compound has high transmittance in a visible wavelength spectrum of light and is configured to selectively absorb light in an infrared/near infrared wavelength spectrum of light.

Abstract: The present application relates to a polymer containing at least one structural unit of a formula (I) and at least one further structural unit selected from structural units A, B and C. The present application further relates to the use of the polymer in an electronic device and to a process for preparing the polymer. The present application further relates to an electronic device comprising the polymer.

Abstract: A thermoelectric sintered body according to an embodiment comprises thermoelectric powder, the thermoelectric powder, arranged in a horizontal direction, comprising: a plurality of first powders in the shape of plate-type flakes; and a plurality of second powders in a shape different from that of the first powders, wherein the second powders comprise 5 volume % or less of the total thermoelectric powder.

Abstract: A conductive polymer dispersion of this disclosure includes: a conductive composite containing a n-conjugated conductive polymer and a polyanion; an isocyanurate-based compound; and a dispersion medium for dispersing the conductive composite.

Abstract: A polymer for an electron injection layer, an electron injection layer, an OLED device, and a display device are disclosed. The polymer includes a unit A and a unit B, in which the unit A is an aromatic group; and the unit B is a group represented by one of six possible formulae disclosed herein. The electron injection layer includes the polymer. The OLED device includes an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, and a cathode stacked in sequence.

Abstract: Provided is a thermal conductive silicone composition containing: (A) an organopolysiloxane having a kinetic viscosity of 10 to 100,000 mm2/s at 25° C., and represented by the following average composition formula (1) R1aSiO(4-a)/2??(1) wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and a represents a number satisfying 1.8?a?2.2; (B) silver nanoparticles having an average particle size of 3 to 600 nm; (C) a thermal conductive filler other than the component (B), having an average particle size of 0.7 to 100 ?m and a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m° C. or higher; and (D) a catalyst selected from the group consisting of a platinum based catalyst, an organic peroxide and a catalyst for condensation reaction.

Abstract: A condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1: wherein, in Formula 1, X11, X12, and R11 to R24 are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: A vehicle arrangement is provided including a vehicle body having at least a partially open top and transverse window with a ferromagnetic frame, a flexible membrane sunscreen cover for at least a portion of the vehicle. A magnetic member connected with the sunscreen cover holds an end of the cover with the window frame.

Abstract: A method of forming a polyolefin-carbon nanomaterial composite which contains oriented electrically conductive pathways. The method involves milling a polyolefin with particles of a carbon nanomaterial, molding to form a composite plate, and subjecting the composite plate to an AC voltage. The AC voltage forms oriented electrically conductive pathways by partial dielectric breakdown of the composite. The presence of the oriented electrically conductive pathways gives the polyolefin-carbon nanomaterial electrical and thermal conductivity higher than the polyolefin alone.

Abstract: A graft copolymer has good moldability and good continuous moldability, and a thermoplastic resin molded article having excellent impact resistance can be produced. A method can produce the graft copolymer. A graft copolymer (B-I) produced by grafting at least one vinyl monomer (b-I) selected from the group consisting of an aromatic vinyl, an alkyl (meth)acrylate, and a vinyl cyanide to a rubbery polymer mixture including a rubbery polymer (A-I) and a hydrophobic substance, the rubbery polymer (A-I) including an alkyl (meth)acrylate unit and a multifunctional monomer unit copolymerizable with the alkyl (meth)acrylate, the hydrophobic substance having a kinematic viscosity of 5 mm2/s or more at 40° C. or a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 4 mm2/s at 100° C., a principal constituent of the hydrophobic substance being a hydrocarbon. A thermoplastic resin composition includes the graft copolymer (B-I). A molded article produced uses the thermoplastic resin composition.

Abstract: There is disclosed ultrathin film material templating layers that force the morphology of subsequently grown electrically active thin films have been found to increase the performance of small molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. There is disclosed electron-transporting material, such as hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) can be used as a templating material that forces donor materials, such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to assume a vertical-standing morphology when deposited onto its surface on an electrode, such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. It has been shown that for a device with HAT-CN as the templating buffer layer, the fill factor and short circuit current of CuPc:C60 OPVs were both improved compared with cells lacking the HAT-CN template. This is explained by the reduction of the series resistance due to the improved crystallinity of CuPc grown onto the ITO surface.

Abstract: Provided is a thermoplastic resin composition having excellent electrical properties, and the thermoplastic resin composition comprises: (A) 100 parts by weight of polycarbonate; (B) 2 parts by weight to 6 parts by weight of a cyclic phosphazene compound flame retardant; (C) 0.1 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight of an impact-reinforcing agent; and (D) 1 part by weight to 3 parts by weight of a fluorinated polyolefin.

Abstract: A metallic ink for solvent-cast 3D printing, the ink comprising a solution or a gel of a polymer in a volatile solvent, and heat-sinterable metallic particles dispersed in the solution or gel, wherein the particles are present in a particles:polymer weight ratio of more than about 85:15, is provided. There is also provided a method of manufacturing this ink and a method of manufacturing a solvent-cast metallic 3D printed material using this ink.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a semiconductor-based substrate with a functional structure that is formed in or on the semiconductor-based substrate. The apparatus includes a frame structure surrounding the functional structure and includes a coating that covers the functional structure and is delimited by the frame structure.