Abstract: A surface plasmon polariton modulator capable of locally varying a physical property of a dielectric material to control a surface plasmon polariton. The surface plasmon polariton modulator includes a dielectric layer, including first and second dielectric portions, which is interposed between two metal layers. The second dielectric portion has a refractive index which varies with an electric field, a magnetic field, heat, a sound wave, or a chemical and/or biological operation applied thereto. The surface plasmon polariton modulator is configured to control one of an advancing direction, an intensity, a phase, or the like of a surface plasmon using an electric signal. The surface plasmon polariton modulator can operate as a surface plasmon polariton multiplexer or a surface plasmon polariton demultiplexer.

Abstract: An apparatus to modify an incident free space electromagnetic wave includes a block of an artificially structured material having an adjustable spatial distribution of electromagnetic parameters (e.g., ?, ?, ?, ?, and n). A controller applies control signals to dynamically adjust the spatial distribution of electromagnetic parameters in the material to introduce a time-varying path delay d(t) in the modified electromagnetic wave relative to the incident electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: A dynamic optical grating device and associated method for modulating light is provided that is capable of controlling the spectral properties and propagation of light without moving mechanical components by the use of a dynamic electric and/or magnetic field. By changing the electric field and/or magnetic field, the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, the transmittivity, and the reflectivity of the optical grating device may be controlled in order to control the spectral properties of the light reflected or transmitted by the device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a color tone variable film which is formed by a reaction of a cationic polymer containing a structural unit containing a positive ionic group in a side chain and a compound containing an acid group and a partial structure which can change color tone as a result of energy application, which can be formed by a wet method, which has flexibility and strength in practical use, and which changes color tone with high sensitivity as a result of energy application, a simple manufacturing method thereof, and an electrochromic element obtained by the manufacturing method.

Abstract: A method of fabricating the flexible color display medium module includes the steps of: forming a flexible substrate on a rigidly substrate; forming a color filter film comprising a plurality of color filter patterns; forming the display medium layer on the color filter film; and separating the flexible substrate from the rigidly substrate. Since the display medium layer is immediately disposed on the color filter film, the accuracy of aligning the display medium layer and the color filter film may be improved and the parallax resulted from the light passed through the display medium layer and the color filter film may be reduced.

Abstract: A crystallization apparatus includes a light modulation element, and an image forming optical system that forms a light intensity distribution set based on light transmitted through the light modulation element on an irradiation surface. The crystallization apparatus irradiates a non-single crystal semiconductor film with light having the light intensity distribution to generate a crystallized semiconductor film. A curvature radius of at least one isointensity line of a light intensity substantially varies along the isointensity line in the light intensity distribution on the irradiation surface, and a curvature radius of at least a part of the isointensity line has a minimum value of 0.3 ?m or below.

Abstract: An electric-field-sensitive element (1) includes: an optical function layer (5) that includes a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of tin dioxide, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, and an insulating material covering the metal oxide, the optical function layer (5) having a visible light transmittance that changes through application of an electric field; and a first and second electrode layer (7, 9) that sandwich the optical function layer (5) therebetween.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for presenting three-dimensional content on a display. An exemplary system for presenting a plurality of frames on a display comprises a first lens, a second lens, and an activation system. The activation system utilizes electromagnetic radiation to activate the first lens when a respective frame being presented on the display corresponds to the first lens, resulting in the first lens being substantially transparent and the second lens being substantially opaque, and to activate the second lens when a respective frame being presented on the display corresponds to the second lens, resulting in the second lens being substantially transparent and the first lens being substantially opaque.

Abstract: An active chiral photonic metamaterial having a dynamically controllable photonic material parameter is employed in a system and a method of polarization rotation. The active chiral photonic metamaterial includes a first chiral photonic element formed in a first metal layer, a second chiral photonic element formed in a second metal layer, and an active material layer disposed between the first and second metal layers. The active material layer includes the photonic material parameter that is dynamically controllable. A coupling between the first chiral photonic element and the second chiral photonic element is a function of the photonic material parameter of the active material layer. The system further includes a means for controlling the dynamically controllable photonic material parameter. The method includes illuminating the active chiral photonic metamaterial with an optical signal and applying a control signal to vary the dynamically controllable photonic material parameter.

Abstract: Exemplary methods of maximizing a spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) or a gain of an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) are disclosed. At least one parameter in a set of design parameters for an EAM is varied. An SFDR of the EAM is determined in part by a first set of design parameters. A gain of the EAM is determined in part by a second set of design parameters. An output versus bias voltage transfer curve of the EAM is generated. An optimal SFDR bias voltage at which a maximum SFDR occurs for a given optical input power or an optimal gain bias voltage at which a maximum gain occurs for a given optical input power is programmatically determined based at least in part on the transfer curve.

Abstract: A plasmonic display device is provided having dual modulation mechanisms. The device has an electrically conductive bottom electrode that may be either transparent or reflective. A dielectric layer overlies the bottom electrode, made from an elastic polymer material having a refractive index responsive to an electric field. An electrically conductive top electrode, either transparent or reflective, overlies the dielectric layer. A plasmonic layer, including a plurality of discrete plasmonic particles, is interposed between the top and bottom electrodes and in contact with the dielectric layer. In one aspect, the plasmonic layer is embedded in the dielectric layer. Alternately, the plasmonic layer overlies the bottom (or top) electrode. Then, the dielectric layer overlies the plasmonic layer particles and exposed regions of the bottom electrode between the first plasmonic layer particles.

Abstract: A crystallization apparatus includes a light modulation element, and an image forming optical system that forms a light intensity distribution set based on light transmitted through the light modulation element on an irradiation surface. The crystallization apparatus irradiates a non-single crystal semiconductor film with light having the light intensity distribution to generate a crystallized semiconductor film. A curvature radius of at least one isointensity line of a light intensity substantially varies along the isointensity line in the light intensity distribution on the irradiation surface, and a curvature radius of at least a part of the isointensity line has a minimum value of 0.3 ?m or below.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a structure and method for realizing electromagnetically-induced transparency. In the present invention, a first split-ring resonator and a second split-ring resonator form a resonance structure. The first split-ring resonator and the second split-ring resonator are made of a conductive material. The first split-ring resonator has a “U” shape with a containing space. The second split-ring resonator has a “rectangular loop” shape with a gap or has a “U” shape with an opening. The second split-ring resonator is inserted into the containing space with the gap or opening arranged inside the containing space and faced downward to form the resonance structure. The resonance structures are periodically arranged on a chip to form an array. Thereby, different-frequency electromagnetic waves can be used to generate electromagnetically-induced transparency via regulating the dimensions of the resonance structure.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a structure and method for realizing electromagnetically-induced transparency. In the present invention, a first split-ring resonator and a second split-ring resonator form a resonance structure. The first split-ring resonator and the second split-ring resonator are made of a conductive material. The first split-ring resonator has a “U” shape with a containing space. The second split-ring resonator has a “rectangular loop” shape with a gap or has a “U” shape with an opening. The second split-ring resonator is inserted into the containing space with the gap or opening arranged inside the containing space and faced downward to form the resonance structure. The resonance structures are periodically arranged on a chip to form an array. Thereby, different-frequency electromagnetic waves can be used to generate electromagnetically-induced transparency via regulating the dimensions of the resonance structure.

Abstract: The refractive index of the at least one photonic structure having two separate photonic bands is modulated, so that light supplied to the at least one photonic structure and initially in one of the two photonic bands of the traveling along a forward direction in the at least one photonic structure is converted to light in a second one of the photonic bands, and light in the one photonic band traveling along a backward direction opposite to the forward direction in the at least one photonic structure is not converted and remains in the one photonic band, achieving non-reciprocity. An interferometer comprises a first and a second photonic structure coupled at two coupler regions. The first photonic structure has two separate photonic bands.

Abstract: An optical limiting structure includes a metal layer with a single metal particle or a plurality of metal particles spaced from each other so as to form an array, where the metal particles have sizes no greater than about 1000 nanometers. A phase-change material layer is disposed adjacent at least a portion of the metal layer, where the phase-change material layer includes a phase-change material. The optical limiting structure is configured to transition from a first optical state to a second optical state, where the optical limiting structure substantially limits transmittance of light of at least one wavelength through the optical limiting structure at the second optical state, and the at least one wavelength at which the optical limiting structure substantially limits transmittance of light is different from any wavelength of light at which transmittance is substantially limited through the phase-change material prior to integration into the optical limiting structure.

Abstract: An optical deflection apparatus includes a signal light source configured to emit signal light having one or more wavelengths, a control light source configured to emit control light having a wavelength different from the wavelength of the signal light, a thermal lens forming optical element including a light absorption layer configured to transmit the signal light and selectively absorb the control light, and a beam-condensing unit configured to cause beam-condensation of the control light and the signal light at different convergence points in the light absorption layer.

Abstract: The invention provides flash imaging devices that include an optical change component that undergoes a change in response to an applied stimulus, a substrate and a stimulus element. Also provided are articles that include the subject devices, as well as methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: An image area is described comprising numerous pixels arranged in a raster-like manner. which have at least three color levels which are formed by flat transparent chambers. These chambers of the color levels are each connected to a reservoir whose content is electronically movable in such a way that colored fluid flows from the reservoir into the color level or from the color level into the reservoir. For visual and manufacturing-related reasons, the pixels and their color levels in the image plane have substantially the shape of an isosceles triangle and the channels for the supply of the colored fluids are flat and situated on the three different sides of the pixel.

Abstract: A photoelastic modulator, comprising a driving block and a driver transducer for perturbing said block in a predefined direction to establish a standing wave extending longitudinally in said block and hence perpendicularly to said predefined direction. The transducer is affixed to said block at two regions of the transducer mutually displaced in said predefined direction, to minimize the coupling of lateral perturbation perpendicular to the predefined direction. A recess or gap may be provided under the transducer.

Abstract: An optical image shutter is disclosed. The optical image shutter includes an optical filter having a fixed refractive index and an optical filter having a variable refractive index. The optical filter having a fixed refractive index may include two layers having different refractive indexes and stacked alternately at least once. Alternatively, the optical filter having a variable refractive index may include at least one refractive index variable layer, and two layers having different refractive indexes and stacked alternately at least once. The optical image shutter may further include a transparent electrode for applying an electric field to the at least one refractive index variable layer.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator applied to the collinear volume holographic storage system uses a hollow phase modulator to modulate the surrounding portion of an incident light to be a reference light, and the center portion of the incident light is modulated by an amplitude modulator to be a signal light. Thus, the spatial light modulator can enhance the convergence of the point spread function of the system.

Abstract: A thin-film interference filter structure has a generally wavelength-dependent resonant response to incident optical energy in a predetermined range of wavelengths. The thin-film interference filter structure includes a thermally tunable layer having a thermally tunable optical characteristic such that a range of wavelength-dependent resonant optical responses of the thermally tunable layer are induced by a corresponding range of thermal conditions of the thermally tunable layer. The thin-film interference filter structure is configured to (1) receive a spatially varying pattern of thermal energy at the thermally tunable layer to impart a corresponding spatially varying pattern to the thermally tunable characteristic of the thermally tunable layer, and (2) receive the incident optical energy into the thermally tunable layer and output optical energy having spatial modulation corresponding to the spatially varying pattern of the thermally tunable characteristic.

Abstract: A display device comprises a light source to provide an input light beam, a substrate having an input surface to form an in-coupled light beam by receiving light of the input light beam, wherein the in-coupled light beam is confined to the substrate by total internal reflections, the substrate further comprising a plurality of out-coupling features to form an illuminating light beam by diffracting light of the in-coupled light beam out of the substrate, a display element having a plurality of reflective polarization-rotating pixels arranged to form reflected light beams by reflecting light of the illuminating light beam, and imaging optics to form an image by focusing or collimating light of the reflected light beams transmitted through the out-coupling features.

Abstract: A quantum well modulator configured to absorb or transmit light depending on an applied voltage is provided according to various embodiments. The quantum well modulator may include a substrate, a p-type and n-type semiconductor layers as well as a quantum well layer, each of which are deposited above the substrate. The substrate may be configured to filter light incident thereon, wherein the substrate does not include a reflective surface. The flip-chip quantum well modulator may be configured to substantially absorb light received through the substrate when a first voltage is applied. The flip-chip quantum well modulator may be configured to substantially transmit light received through the substrate when a second voltage is applied.

Abstract: There is provided a diffractive display device having small non-uniformity of luminance within a surface, and a finder device and a camera using the diffractive display device. The diffractive display device includes a pair of substrates 24a, 24b and an optical material layer 26 arranged between the pair of substrates 24a, 24b. First illuminating means 22a for entering light through the side surface of the pair of substrates 24a, 24b and second illuminating means 22b for entering light through the side surface of the pair of substrates 24a, 24b from a direction different from the light from the first illuminating means 22a are arranged. A first portion 30a of the optical material layer 26 diffracts the light from the first illuminating means 22a and emits it from a substrate surface, and a second portion 30b diffracts the light from the second illuminating means 22b and emits it from the substrate surface.

Abstract: An optical clock comprises a laser oscillator and modulating means arranged to cooperate with the laser oscillator to produce a series a series of phase-modulated optical pulses. The optical clock further comprises an optical fibre arranged to provide compression of the optical pulses, and may also comprise a step-recovery diode arranged to pulse-pick pulses output from the fibre to produce a series of optical clock pulses, depending on the mode of operation of the modulating means. Phase-modulation is carried out a frequency which provides sufficient linewidth broadening to inhibit stimulated Brillouin scattering within the optical fibre. An optical clock of the invention provides a robust and reliable alternative to clocks based on modelocked lasers, and may be assembled from inexpensive, commonly-available components. The repetition rate of a clock of the invention may easily be adjusted by electronic means. Unlike many modelocked lasers, a clock of the invention does not require precise optical alignment.

Abstract: [Problem] To permit reduction in the temperature dependence of a sensor, which is ascribable to the temperature dependence of the Verdet constant of a sensor fiber, at a low cost. [Means for Resolution] In a prior-art optical sensor fiber of reflection type, reduction in the temperature dependence of a sensor is coped with by, e.g., duplexing a signal processing circuit and a receiving optical system, so as to execute the mean processing of modulation signals, whereas in this invention, the elimination of the temperature dependence of a modulation signal is realized by selecting a ferromagnetic Faraday rotor 13 so that a modulation degree (Sout) expressed by the ratio between an AC component and a DC component may become constant or within a certain range, so as to especially simplify a configuration and to attain a lower cost.

Abstract: A quantum circuit and a quantum computer are capable of performing multi-bit quantum computation. In the quantum circuit, a quantum bit is represented by polarization directions of light, a sequence of polarized light pulses representing a quantum bit string is sequentially supplied to the quantum circuit, and an amount of polarization rotation and phase difference applied to a certain light pulse are determined on the basis of a result of a polarization measurement of a preceding input light pulse sequence, thus realizing a controlled-unitary transform. In addition, regarding the light pulses representing the quantum bits, the number of photons included in one pulse is larger than 1, resulting in a reduction of the influence of error.

Abstract: Modulation of electromagnetic radiation is described in which an incident radiation beam is directed toward a surface of a composite material and at least partially reflects to form a reflected radiation beam. The composite material comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam, and exhibits at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity for at least one frequency. A modulation signal is applied to the composite material to cause a variation in at least one of the effective permeability and the effective permittivity, at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam being modulated according to the modulation signal.

Abstract: A laser pulse generator utilizes an optical modulator to generate wave pulses having customized temporally shaped pulses. A continuous wavelength laser source inserts optical energy into an optical pulse generator, which in turn emits light into an amplification stage. The amplification stage emits light pulses corresponding to user-defined amplitudes and pulse shapes. The optical pulse generator comprises an optical modulator which modulates incoming light in accordance with temporal waveforms defined by an electronic waveform generator.

Abstract: By varying the spacing between two surfaces, one of which is disposed in front of the other, an interferometric modulator selectively creates constructive and/or destructive interference between light waves reflecting off the two surfaces. The desired spacing can be achieved by deforming one or both surfaces. A heating element associated with a particular surface causes the deformation by heating the material that forms one or both of the surfaces. By varying the amount of applied heat, the amount of deformation is varied, thus allowing the distance between the surfaces to be controlled and thereby creating constructive and/or destructive interference as desired.

Abstract: The optical level control device independently controls the intensities of two beams having different wavelengths that are emitted from a laser oscillator, and the optical level control device comprises a wavelength-dependent wavelength plate and a polarization beam splitter. The wavelength-dependent wavelength plate functions as a half-wave plate with respect to the first light wave and as a full-wave plate with respect to the second light wave. Only the rotation angle of the polarization beam splitter about the optical axis is adjusted to set the intensity of the second light wave transmitted rectilinearly through the polarization beam splitter. The polarization beam splitter is then fixed at the adjusted angle, and the rotation angle of the wavelength plate about the optical axis is adjusted to set the intensity of the first light wave.

Abstract: The design method for complex electromagnetic materials is expanded from form-invariant coordinate transformations of Maxwell's equations to finite embedded coordinate transformations. Embedded transformations allow the transfer of electromagnetic field manipulations from the transformation-optical medium to another medium, thereby allowing the design of structures that are not exclusively invisible. A topological criterion for the reflectionless design of complex media is also disclosed and is illustrated in conjunction with the topological criterion to design a parallel beam shifter and a beam splitter with unconventional electromagnetic behavior.

Abstract: A first reflecting body, which has semi-transmissive semi-reflective characteristics, a light transmissive fine hole body having a plurality of fine holes, which are adapted to be filled with a light transmissive substance and have diameters sufficiently smaller than wavelengths of incident light, and a second reflecting body, which has perfect reflective characteristics or semi-transmissive semi-reflective characteristics, are located in this order from a light incidence side. Absorption characteristics for absorbing light having a specific wavelength are exhibited in accordance with a mean complex index of refraction of the first reflecting body, the mean complex index of refraction of the second reflecting body, and the mean complex index of refraction and a thickness of the light transmissive fine hole body. The incident light is modulated due to the absorption characteristics, and modulated light is radiated out from the first reflecting body and/or the second reflecting body.

Abstract: An optical shaping apparatus includes a light source configured to irradiate light on the surface of a light hardening resin, and a spatial light modulating unit configured to subject light irradiated from the light source to spatial modulation, and irradiate the light on an irradiation area which is an area where a hardening layer is formed. Subsequently, the spatial light modulating unit divides the irradiation area into multiple sections in a zigzag form or tree-ring form, and subjects the light from the light source to spatial modulation to irradiate the light on the irradiation area for each of the sections by multiple number of times. The present invention can be applied to, for example, an optical shaping apparatus.

Abstract: An acousto-optic modulator includes an acousto-optic bulk medium and transducer attached to the acousto-optic bulk medium and formed as a linear array of electrodes. A transducer driver is connected to each electrode and is coherently phase driven to alter the angular momentum distribution of an acoustic field and alternately allow and inhibit phase matching between the optical and acoustic field and produce a desired intensity modulation of an optical wavefront.

Abstract: An acousto-optic modulator includes an acousto-optic bulk medium and transducer attached to the acousto-optic bulk medium. The transducer includes an electrode circuit and plurality of piezoelectric platelet segments attached to the bulk medium and supporting the electrode circuit. The piezoelectric platelet segments are configured for reducing shear stress and susceptibility to fracture due to temperature extremes.

Abstract: An optical element having an alignment layer for an optical anisotropic body, in which the generation of damages in the alignment layer is effectively prevented by providing an optical element having an alignment layer for an optical anisotropic body, wherein a stress releasing layer is formed as an underlying layer for the alignment layer.

Abstract: A harmonic generation/beam shaping system to generate a shaped beam having a harmonic relationship with a beam generated by a laser, including a first harmonic generation element and a second harmonic generation element arranged sequentially along an axial beam path extending between an input from the laser and an output of the harmonic generation/beam shaping system and at least two beam shaping elements located along the axial beam path. At least one of the least two beam shaping elements is located between the second harmonic generation element and the laser to transform the beam energy profile into a preferred profile to distribute the beam energy across a larger cross sectional area of at least one harmonic generation element or to reduce peaks in the energy distribution profile of the beam, or both, wherein the preferred profile may be a flat-top profile or a Bessel function profile.

Abstract: An optical modulator is formed to include a plurality of separate electrodes disposed along one arm, the electrodes having different lengths and driven with different signals to provide for multi-level signaling (e.g., PAM-4 signaling). By using separate drivers to energize the different sections, the number of sections energized at a given point in time will define the net phase shift introduced to the optical signal. The total length of the combined modulator sections is associated with a ? phase shift (180°). Each section is driven by either a digital “one” or “zero”, so as to create the multi-level modulation. An essentially equal change in power between adjacent transmitted symbols is accomplished by properly adjusting the lengths of each individual section.

Abstract: A photoelastic modulator, comprising a driving block and a driver transducer for perturbing said block in a predefined direction to establish a standing wave extending longitudinally in said block and hence perpendicularly to said predefined direction. The transducer is affixed to said block at two regions of the transducer mutually displaced in said predefined direction, to minimise the coupling of lateral perturbation perpendicular to the predefined direction. A recess or gap may be provided under the transducer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a controllable light modulator (M) whose transmission can be controlled by the intensity of electric fields, wherein it is exposed to an intensity-controlled microwave field. Furthermore a device for laser projection is illustrated which is controlled by a light modulator of this kind.

Abstract: The present invention is a device, method and system for making a display and displaying information that includes a fibrous organic substrate, e.g., multiribbon cellulose or cellulose substrate, and a variable reflectivity dye disposed in the fibrous substrate, wherein the reflectivity of the dye is modulated in situ. The display device may use a dye selected from an electrochromic, a thermochromic, a magnetochromic, an ionochromic, a light sensitive, a fluorescent, a fluorescent effect energy transfer dye or combinations thereof and may be used as high storage, high contrast and/or high definition paper.

Abstract: Electropolymerization of EC monomers is employed to obtain an EC polymer film deposited on a substrate. A first embodiment of a method to produce the film employs cyclic voltammetry alone, while a second embodiment deposits a very thin homogeneous layer using chronoamperometry, and then cyclic voltammetry is employed to increase the density of the film. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to specific web like configurations for a grid of conductive material deposited onto a transparent substrate. The web like configuration is based either on concentric circles, or on concentric ellipses. Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to an imaging system including a digital window that is disposed between a prism and a patterned analytic layer.

Abstract: A cycloolefin copolymer obtained by ring opening polymerization according to the present invention is characterized by comprising a specific structural unit and exhibiting a single peak in a derivative differential scanning calorimetry curve obtained by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), having a temperature width of the rising part in the peak of 35° C. or below, and having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 110° C. or above. The cycloolefin copolymer provided by the present invention has excellent heat resistance and optical properties, is suitable for the formation of a film or sheet therefrom, and can be stretched even at a relatively low temperature around the Tg without causing troubles such as cloudiness. A film or sheet comprising the cycloolefin copolymer, which has excellent optical properties and heat resistance and is also suitable for stretching even at a relatively low temperature, is also provided.

Abstract: It is realized a high sensitive solid-state imaging apparatus which corresponds to an optical system having a short focal length (an optical system having a large incident angle ?). Each pixel (2.8 mm square in size) includes a distributed refractive index lens (1), a color filter (2) for green, Al wirings (3), a signal transmitting unit (4), a planarized layer (5), a light-receiving element (Si photodiode) (6), and an Si substrate (7). The concentric circle structure of the distributed index lens is made of four types of materials having different refractive indexes such as TiO2 (n=2.53), SiN (n=2.53), SiO2 (n=2.53), and air (n=1.0). In the concentric structure, a radial difference of outer peripheries of adjacent circular light-transmitting films is 100 nm. Furthermore, the film thickness is 0.4 ?m.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for detecting angle of incidence of an optical beam. The apparatus employs two optical detectors, the first of which has placed in front of it a coating or layer which exhibits an angle-dependent optical transmission characteristic distinct from that of the light path in front of the second detector. The difference in a characteristic of the light received at the respective detectors therefore provides an indication of the angle of incidence of the light beam. The angle detector may be used particularly, though not exclusively, in conjunction with free space optical communications systems.

Abstract: An image display apparatus capable of switching a display mode between a directional display mode of displaying a first image in a first viewing direction and a second image in a second viewing direction and a non-directional display mode of displaying the same image in both the first and second viewing directions includes an image forming unit and an optical member. The image forming unit forms an image and emits image light representing the image. The optical member is disposed adjacent to an emitting side of the image forming unit and is used for switching the display mode. The optical member includes two light-transmitting plate members, a lens member disposed between the two plate members and having a predetermined refractive index, a refractive-index variable medium sealed in a gap between the lens member and the two plate members, and a refractive-index adjusting unit that adjusts a refractive index of the refractive-index variable medium.

Abstract: Plasmons on a waveguide may deliver energy to photocatalyze a reaction. The waveguide or other energy carrier may be configured to carry electromagnetic energy and generate plasmon energy at one or more locations proximate to the waveguide, where the plasmon energy may react chemically with a medium or interaction material.