Abstract: A detector includes a housing with at least one window for allowing radiation to enter, at least one sensor for sensing entered radiation, a unit for processing sensor signals, and mirrors that are shaped and mounted in the housing for reflecting radiation from outside detection zones better than radiation from elsewhere, onto the sensor. Linked mirrors reflect radiation from a detection zone consecutively and each mirror in at least one linked pair is shaped and mounted in the housing so as to prevent it from reflecting radiation from another detection zone in sequence with other mirrors onto the sensor, thus optically isolating the pair from other mirrors.

Abstract: A method of generating radiation comprises: manufacturing a structure comprising a substrate supporting a layer of InGaAs, InGaAsP, or InGaAlAs material doped with a dopant, said manufacturing comprising growing said layer such that said dopant is incorporated in said layer during growth of the layer; illuminating a portion of a surface of the structure with radiation having photon energies greater than or equal to a band gap of the doped InGaAs, InGaAsP, or InGaAlAs material so as to create electron-hole pairs in the layer of doped material; and accelerating the electrons and holes of said pairs with an electric field so as to generate radiation. In certain embodiments the dopant is Fe. Corresponding radiation detecting apparatus, spectroscopy systems, and antennas are described.

Abstract: The present invention is a transportable portal for screening a target, which may be a person, standing or placed inside the portal. It employs two walls with air ducts in the walls, usually two ducts per wall running from the bottom to the top of each wall, and having a number of air intakes spaced along the height of the wall. A blower module blows air downward on the target to dislodge particles and vapor, which are drawn in the air ducts and analyzed by a detection module. Each detection module may have a pre-concentrator with a nano-platinum surface for collecting and pyrolyzing samples, and chemical, optical and radiation detectors for detecting illicit materials. The portal may be disassembled or reassembled by two people using hand tools in less than one hour and then placed in a space of less than one cubic metre for transport.

Abstract: A gamma ray detection system includes a plurality of detector modules having a same length, where each detector module is configured to detect gamma rays generated from positron annihilation events. A first detector module of the plurality of detector modules is shifted by a predetermined distance in an axial direction from a second detector module of the plurality of detector modules that is adjacent to the first detector module, where the predetermined distance is less than the length of the detector modules.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a data processing device for evaluating measurement signals provided by a layered, pixelated radiation detector. A generalized detector response function is provided that describes the energy-related crosstalk caused by radiation incident in the d-th neighboring pixel. With the help of this GDR-function, crosstalk effects can be taken into account to achieve a more accurate determination of imaging parameters related to an imaged object. The approach can particularly be used in spectrally resolved, photon counting CT detectors with small, layered pixels.

Abstract: An imaging detector includes a scintillator array (202), a photosensor array (204) optically coupled to the scintillator array (202), a current-to-frequency (I/F) converter (314), and logic (312). The I/F converter (314) includes an integrator (302) and a comparator (310), and converts, during a current integration period, charge output by the photosensor array (204) into a digital signal having a frequency indicative of the charge. The logic (312) sets a gain of the integrator (302) for a next integration period based on the digital signal for the current integration period. In one instance, the gain is increased for the next integration period, relative to the gain for the current integration period, which allows for reducing an amount of bias current injected at an input of the I/F converter (314) to generate a measurable signal in the absence of radiation, which may reduce noise such as shot noise, flicker noise, and/or other noise.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method comprises producing a first hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data cube of a location at a first time using data from a HSI sensor; producing a second HSI data cube of the same location at a second time using data from the HSI sensor; subtracting on a pixel-by-pixel basis the second HSI data cube from the first HSI data cube to produce a raw difference cube; calibrating the raw difference cube to produce a calibrated raw difference cube; selecting at least one desired spectral band based on a gas of interest; producing a detection image based on the at least one selected spectral band and the calibrated raw difference cube; examining the detection image to determine presence of the gas of interest; and outputting a result of the examination. Other methods, systems, and computer program products for detecting the presence of a gas are also described.

Abstract: A cooling unit operating in a magnetic field is provided. The cooling unit includes an encasement body having a non-electrically conductive composition and defining a first and second opposing planar surface. The cooling unit also includes a metal conduit disposed in the encasement body substantially parallel to the first surface. Additionally, the cooling unit also includes a series of metal fins disposed in the encasement body and extending from the conduit. In some configurations the fins can be substantially parallel to the first surface. Further, in some configurations, non-electrically conductive inserts having a thermal conductivity greater than a thermal conductivity of the encasement body can be disposed in a portion of the encasement body between one of the first and second surfaces and one or more of the metals fins.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a radiation source includes a collimator configured to have an optical path for converging radiation formed therein, a radiation sensor provided at the end of the optical path and configured to measure the intensity of radiation incident on the optical path, a rotation driving unit connected to the collimator and configured to rotate the collimator up and down and left and right, movement means configured to move the collimator and the rotation driving unit along the surface of land, a position tracking unit provided within the collimator and configured to track a current position and to measure a distance moved by the movement means, and a radiation position information processing unit configured to obtain direction information and information about the distance to the radiation source based on a maximum intensity of radiation, measured by the radiation sensor, and the movement distance.

Abstract: A high speed miniature tera- and gigahertz electromagnetic radiation on-chip spectrometer that comprises a tunable solid state 2D charge carrier layer or a quasi 2D charge carrier layer with incorporated single or multiple defects, at least first and second contacts to the charge carrier layer. Also the device includes an apparatus for measuring the device response between the first and second contacts, and an apparatus for a controllable tuning of at least one of the charge carrier layer parameters. The operation principle is based on the fact that radiation of different wavelengths excites distinct sets of plasma modes in the charge carrier layer.

Abstract: A laser accelerator driven electronic brachytherapy system, device, and method for particle based treatment of a tumor or other human diseases and conditions.

Abstract: Methods, particularly computer-implemented methods, are provided for analyzing, labeling, reporting, and certifying the radiocarbon abundance levels of low radiocarbon food products, including relevant chemical components of final products as well as components of lots used in manufacturing, so that manufacturers, consumers or other users of these products can have high confidence in their stated radiocarbon content and a better understanding of their potential effectiveness in reducing genetic damage. Other embodiments employ an algorithm to calculate an overall value or grade or range indicative of the product's known or estimated ability to either reduce the radiocarbon level of, or to reduce genetic damage occurring in, newly formed chromosomal material in consumers of such products, the chromosomal material comprising DNA and histone proteins and remote access by consumers to the computer-implemented methods, for example, via the Internet.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed at a radiation detector comprising a substrate layer of detector material; a set of readout electronics deposited and integrated on one side of the substrate layer; and a contact layer deposited on a side of the substrate layer opposite the set of readout electronics.

Abstract: A portable X-ray detector includes: a detection panel having an incident surface defined on a front surface thereof facing a generator and configured to generate an electrical signal for each position which is proportional to an incident amount of X-rays generated from the generator; a backing housing detachably fixed to a rear surface of the detection panel and having a sealed mounting space defined therein; and a communication module mounted in the mounting space and configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signal generated from the detection panel.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present invention embodies both the method and apparatus for converting a pattern of irradiation to a visible image. An embodiment of the present invention provides an array of micro-electro-mechanical sensors with each sensor includes a deflectable micro-cantilever, responsive to absorbed incident radiation and to an applied repulsive electrostatic field. In an aspect, the sensor device also includes a null-sensing circuit coupled to a switch contact on or near the substrate, which senses when the micro-cantilever reaches its null location, by electrical connection with an upper switch contact on the micro-cantilever. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method and system for high Z substance revealing using muon detection technique is presented. Natural muon coordinate and incidence angle are measured above and below the interrogated volume. The muon deviations after passing through the interrogated volume are compared with the reference deviations obtained for the same volume in absence of high Z material. A correlation between the actual data and reference data is calculated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, though other approaches may apply. The correlation is used for the decision making on the presence of a nuclear substance inside the volume.

Abstract: A cassette type radiographic image detector may include a housing including a first surface on which radiation enters and a second surface as a back surface opposite to the first surface, and a detection panel housed within the housing which detects radiation transmitted through the first surface. The housing may be configured to disperse an external force by transmitting a vertical component of the external force from one of the first or second surface to the other of the first or second surface.

Abstract: A process for evaluating a cleaning solution is described. The process includes: (i) subjecting a solution, including a solute and a solvent, to sonic energy to create a sonicated solution; (ii) measuring UV absorption of the sonicated solution to produce a sample UV absorbance spectra; (iii) obtaining a reference solution, which includes a solute concentration that is similar to that of solute concentration in the sonicated solution; (iv) measuring UV absorption of the reference solution to produce a reference UV absorbance spectra; (v) scaling the reference UV absorbance spectra to the sample UV absorbance spectra at a lower range of the UV spectrum; (vi) subtracting from the reference UV absorbance spectra the sample UV absorbance spectra to produce a differential UV spectra; and (vii) evaluating at or near a peak of the sample UV absorbance spectra the differential UV absorbance spectra to determine whether the sonicated solution is activated.

Abstract: A nuclear medical imaging system employing radiation detection modules with pixelated scintillator crystals includes a scatter detector (46) configured to detect and label scattered and non-scattered detected radiation events stored in a list mode memory (44). Coincident pairs of both scattered and non-scattered radiation events are detected and the corresponding lines of response (LOR) are determined. A first image representation of the examination region can be reconstructed using the LORs corresponding to both scattered and non-scattered detected radiation events to generate a lower resolution image (60) with good noise statistics. A second higher resolution image (62) of all or a subvolume of the examination region can be generated using LORs that correspond to non-scattered detected radiation events. A quantification processor is configured to extract at least one metric, e.g.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an energy extraction device that employs a radioactive isotope, such as 90Sr, as a charged particle source. The decaying radioactive isotope emits energetic charged particles, such as beta particles, into a magnetic field. Because the magnetic field is substantially normal to the paths of the charged particles, a force is induced on the charged particles normal to both the path and the magnetic field. The induced force causes the charged particles to assume circular paths, forming a circulating charged particle beam that is contained within a structure. The circulating charged particle beam emits cyclotron radiation. The structure includes one or more rectennas around the interior wall which convert the cyclotron radiation to electrical energy as a direct current voltage.

Abstract: A THz-frequency heterodyne imaging method is used to remotely detect objects concealed in or under a person's clothing. One THz-frequency beam is scanned over a person being examined. A portion of the beam penetrates the persons clothing and is reflected by an object concealed under the person's clothing. The reflected portion the beam is mixed with another beam of THz-frequency radiation having a different frequency to provide a signal having an intermediate frequency (IF) including image data representative of the concealed object.

Abstract: Devices and methods for the characterization of areas of radiation in contaminated rooms are provided. One such device is a collimator with a collimator shield for reducing noise when measuring radiation. A position determination system is provided that may be used for obtaining position and orientation information of the detector in the contaminated room. A radiation analysis method is included that is capable of determining the amount of radiation intensity present at known locations within the contaminated room. Also, a visual illustration system is provided that may project images onto the physical objects, which may be walls, of the contaminated room in order to identify the location of radioactive materials for decontamination.

Abstract: A sample that is an object whose quantum efficiency is to be measured, and a standard object having a known reflectance characteristic are each attached to a sample window provided in a plane mirror. Based on respective spectrums measured by a spectrometer in respective cases where the sample is attached and the standard object is attached, the quantum efficiency of the sample is measured. The plane of an opening of an observation window is made substantially coincident with the exposed surface of the sample or standard object, so that direct incidence, on the observation window, of the fluorescence generated from the sample receiving an excitation light and the excitation light reflected from sample is prevented.

Abstract: A method and system of aligning antennas of an intra-oral and extra-oral electronic wireless device is provided. Three-dimensional anatomical data of at least a portion of an oral cavity of a subject and at least a portion of an external ear of the subject is recorded. A spatial relationship between a landmark in the oral cavity and a landmark in the external ear is determined. A first antenna is modeled based upon the anatomical data of the oral cavity, and a second antenna is modeled based upon the anatomical data of the external ear. The antennas are configured and oriented relative to each other for optimal signal transmission based upon the recorded anatomical data of the oral cavity and ear.

Abstract: A detector arrangement is disclosed for performing phase-contrast measurements, including at least two transducer layers arranged one behind the other, wherein at least the first transducer layer arranged in the radiation direction includes alternate sensitive areas having a high absorptance for the conversion of incident radiation quanta into signals and less sensitive areas having a lower absorptance in comparison thereto. Further, a corresponding X-ray tomography device and a method for performing phase-contrast measurements are also enclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting and monitoring one or more targets uses surveillance monitors that are selectively aligned in pre-determined directions to form an integrated field of view (IFOV). The IFOV or portions thereof may be illuminated using a scanning laser beam. Information provided by the surveillance monitors is selectively processed in an order determined based on a pre-determined target search and monitoring algorithm. Embodiments are directed to increasing efficiency of detecting or monitoring targets and, in particular, multiple moving targets.

Abstract: In a photodetecting device 3, positional alignment marks 18A, 18B to serve as positional references of a photodetecting element 11 are formed at the front surface side of the photodetecting element 11. Moreover, a pin base 13 is provided with a threaded fitting pin 32 to be fitted with a cold plate 2, and the threaded fitting pin 32 is accurately positionally aligned with respect to the photodetecting element 11 via a positioning portion 33 positioned with respect to the positional alignment marks 18A, 18B exposed from a slit portion 23 and a cutaway portion 24 of a wiring board 12. Accordingly, in the photodetecting device 3, by only fitting the threaded fitting pin 32 with a recess portion 4 of the cold plate 2, the photodetecting element 11 is accurately positionally aligned with respect to the cold plate 2.

Abstract: A system, method, and floating intelligent perimeter sensor, provide protection for waterways and critical infrastructures. The system and method utilize one or more floating intelligent perimeter sensors to detect, and in some cases identify, hazardous materials associated with vessels in the waterways. The hazardous materials detected, and optionally identified, can include radiological materials, fissile materials, explosives, chemicals and biological materials (CBRNE). A set of radiation data associated with a radiation source in a vessel is received from the one or more floating intelligent perimeter sensors. At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data. The at least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials. The at least one histogram is determined to substantially match at least one of the multiple spectral images. A determination is made whether a material associated with the radiation source is a hazardous material.

Abstract: A coded aperture includes a position sensitive detector configured to observe the location of emitted high energy radiation, and a mask disposed in front of the position sensitive detector, wherein the mask has a non-linear shape configured to define a perimeter around position sensitive detector, wherein the mask comprises a plurality of attenuating and transparent elements of a predetermined configuration, positioned such that the emitted radiation is detected by the position sensitive detector after passage through the mask.

Abstract: A system and method for real-time measurement of curing energy delivered to a simulated dental restoration from a source of curing energy. The system comprises a detector and a display. The detector measures at a location within the simulated dental restoration the amount of curing energy delivered by the curing energy source. The display displays the measured amount of curing energy in real-time. The system also comprises a temperature detector to measure temperature changes in the oral tissues during curing (teeth and gums). The system also comprises a video camera to record the operator's curing technique.

Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting nuclear material concealed within an enclosure are provided. An ionized air density is measured at one or more locations outside of the enclosure. The presence of the concealed nuclear material is detected, for each of the one or more locations, based on a characteristic of the measured ionized air density indicative of concealed nuclear materials.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus includes a radiation detector that captures an image of a subject by detecting radiation transmitted through the subject and converting the radiation into an image signal; an electrical component processes the image signal; an interior housing accommodates the radiation detector and the electrical component therein; an exterior member surrounds the interior housing; an air circulating unit is disposed in the interior housing so as to circulate air inside the interior housing; and a cooling unit is disposed inside of the exterior member and outside of the interior housing so as to cool the interior housing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation image detecting cassette, which makes it possible to continuously conduct operations for detecting appropriate radiation images without making the glass substrate fall into the breakage failure. The cassette includes: a detecting section to detects radiation being incident thereon; a glass base plate onto which the detecting section is installed; a substrate to support the glass base plate; a housing that incorporates the detecting section, the glass base plate and the substrate, therein; and a buffer member that is installed between an end portion of the substrate and an inner wall of the housing. A side wall is formed at the end portion of the substrate, and the glass base plate is supported by the substrate in such a state that the glass base plate is adhered onto the substrate. A gap is provided between an end portion of the glass base plate and the side wall.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: A method of making a large area conformable shape structure comprises drawing a plurality of tubes to form a plurality of drawn tubes, and cutting the plurality of drawn tubes into cut drawn tubes of a predetermined shape. The cut drawn tubes have a first end and a second end along the longitudinal direction of the cut drawn tubes. The method further comprises conforming the first end of the cut drawn tubes into a predetermined curve to form the large area conformable shape structure, wherein the cut drawn tubes contain a material.

Abstract: A radiological characterization device comprising at least one collimated radiological measuring probe, a sensitive end of which is placed in an exchangeable collimator having an opening and a field of observation. The collimator is carried by a collimator holder, the assembly consisting of collimator and collimator holder being inserted in a stack between two shielding screens, the shielding screens being exchangeable so as to adjust the thickness thereof, the assembly consisting of collimator and collimator holder and the shielding screens providing protection for the probe vis-à-vis parasitic ionizing radiation coming from ionizing radiation sources situated outside the field of observation of the collimator.

Abstract: A measuring part 67 measures the potential of a collecting electrode 66 having collected positive and negative ions respectively generated by ion generating parts 61 of ion generators 6a and 6b and ion generating parts 62 of ion generators 6c and 6d. In the judgment of the presence or absence of ions, the ion generators 6a and 6b and the ion generators 6c and 6d are alternately turned ON/OFF. In ion judgment 1, ON/OFF is performed 6 times with a period of 10 seconds. In ion judgment 2, ON/OFF is performed 10 times with a period of 1 second. Then, when the difference (the amount of change) between the maximum value and the minimum value of the output voltage of the measuring part 67 is greater than a given threshold value, the presence of ions is concluded respectively.

Abstract: The present embodiments provide methods, systems and apparatuses that detect, classify and locate flash events. In some implementations, some of the methods detect a flash event, trigger an imaging system in response to detecting the flash event to capture an image of an area that includes the flash event, and determines a location of the flash event.

Abstract: A method is provided of detecting a region of raised material on a document surface. A surface of the document is illuminated with at least one angled radiation beam such that any raised material on the document surface reflects the radiation. The surface containing the raised material is imaged using at least one radiation detector. The image is then processed to detect the existence on the document surface of the raised material. The illuminating step causes a reflection and/or shadow to be generated from at least one edge of the raised material. The processing step detects the location of the material using the said reflection and/or shadow from the at least one edge.

Abstract: A counting detector is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, the counting detector includes sensors for converting radiation quanta into electrical pulses and an evaluation unit with a number of energy thresholds, wherein the evaluation unit generates for each sensor a count value for each energy threshold from the pulses, which count value represents the number of radiation quanta with an energy above the respective energy threshold. In at least one embodiment, one of the energy thresholds is arranged directly above a characteristic energy of radiation quanta causing double counting in order to correct double counting; and a correction unit calculates a corrected count value from the count values of the energy thresholds, which corrected count value has reduced double counting for at least one of the energy thresholds. Images with an improved contrast-to-noise ratio and, at the same time, a reduced X-ray dose can be generated on the basis of the at least one corrected count value.

Abstract: A millimeter wave module for providing one pixel having a pixel resolution in a millimeter wave focal plane array includes a horn antenna having a first cross section area less than or equal to the pixel resolution, a detector for detecting the millimeter wave signals received by the horn antenna, the detector mounted in a recess in the horn antenna and having a second cross section area less than or equal to the first cross section area, and a video output adapter connected to the horn antenna and electrically connected to the detector for providing a connection from the detector, the video output adapter having a third cross section area less than or equal to the first cross section area.

Abstract: In a nuclear medicine imaging apparatus as a medical image diagnosis apparatus according to one embodiment, a PET detector is configured to detect a gamma ray emitted from a nuclide introduced into a body of a subject. A PET image reconstruction unit is configured to reconstruct a nuclear medicine image (PET image) as a medical image from the gamma ray projection data created based on the gamma ray detected by the PET detector using successive approximation. A controller is configured to control the PET image reconstruction unit to change the parameter used in the successive approximation depending on information regarding the scanning region in the body of the subject.

Abstract: A nuclear medicine imaging apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention includes a detector, a measuring unit, and an end control unit. The detector is configured to detect radiation for generating a nuclear medicine image. The measuring unit is configured to measure the number of times the detector detects the radiation. The end control unit is configured to control the detector to end the detection operation when the number of times measured by the measuring unit is equal to or less than a threshold value.

Abstract: A radiation detector of the present invention includes: a substrate; a first inclined thin film disposed on a first main surface of the substrate, the first inclined thin film having crystal planes serving as a factor in inducing anisotropy, and the crystal planes being aligned inclined to the first main surface; a second inclined thin film disposed on a second main surface of the substrate opposite to the first main surface, the second inclined thin film having crystal planes serving as a factor in inducing anisotropy, and the crystal planes being aligned inclined to the second main surface; a first electrode pair of electrodes disposed on the first inclined thin film, the electrodes being opposed to each other in a direction in which the crystal planes of the first inclined thin film are aligned inclined to the first main surface; and a second electrode pair of electrodes disposed on the second inclined thin film, the electrodes being opposed to each other in a direction in which the crystal planes of the s

Abstract: A battery-free electromagnetic leakage detector includes a substrate, an antenna, a filter circuit electrically connected with the antenna, a clamp circuit electrically connected with the filter circuit, and an indicating member electrically connected with the clamp circuit. Accordingly, the battery-free electromagnetic leakage detector is structurally simple and compact and can detect electromagnetic waves and display the detection without connection with any external power source.

Abstract: The electromagnetic radiation detector comprises at least one membrane suspended above a substrate by at least one nanowire. The nanowire forms a thermoelement comprising an electrically conducting core and external layer, respectively doped of different types and insulated form one another by an electrical insulation layer. When the substrate and membrane are at different temperatures, the nanowires constitutes a thermometer providing measurement signals, by Seebeck effect, representative of heating the membrane.

Abstract: A photonic detector, a photonic imaging system and a method of photonic detection employ plasmonic resonant absorption to detect an incident electromagnetic signal. The photonic detector and imaging system include a micro/nanoshell (MNS) structure that supports a surface plasmon and a rectifying junction that rectifies an evanescent electric field of the surface plasmon. The surface plasmon is excited by the incident electromagnetic signal at a plasmonic resonant absorption wavelength of the MNS structure. The method of photonic detection includes providing an MNS structure, exciting a surface plasmon on the MNS structure and rectifying an evanescent electric field of the excited surface plasmon to produce a rectified output signal. The rectified output signal provides detection of the incident electromagnetic signal.

Abstract: A plasmonic optical spectrum filtering device is provided that filters electromagnetic waves by optical resonance, for example, by selective conversion between the free-space waves and spatially confined modes in plasmonic nano-resonators. Frequency-selective transmission and reflection spectra are engineered and can be used as spectrum filters for display and imaging applications. A thin film stack color filter is further disclosed, which can be designed to either function as a transmission color filter with efficiency twice that of conventional colorant based color filter; or as a reflective color filter for display devices (e.g., used in an energy harvesting reflective display). In other variations, a novel reflective colored display is viewable under direct sunlight, and can simultaneously harvest both incident light and generate electrical power. Methods of making such plasmonic optical spectrum filtering devices are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiation detector that may suppress a decrease in dynamic range, and may improve an S/N ratio at a low radiation amount. Namely, pixels are provided with sensor sections each having different sensitivity characteristics, the sensor sections generating electric charge in response to irradiation of radiation and accumulating the electric charge in accordance with the amount of irradiated radiation. A control signal flows through a switch element provided for each pixel via scan lines. An electric signal corresponding with the electric charge accumulated in the sensor section of each pixel flows through signal lines in accordance with the switching state of the respective switch elements.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and system for measurement of radiation during or directly following hadron therapy treatment for dose and range verification purposes accomplished through measurement of prompt gamma and other beam-induced radiation. One example includes the measurement of secondary prompt gamma radiation during proton and carbon ion beam irradiation. The measurement can also be made of other beam-induced radiation results. The measurement of gamma radiation or other beam-induced radiation allows for optimization of radiation dose disposition to the target tissue, with improved sparing of surrounding critical structures and normal tissue. Adjustments to a radiation treatment may be made as needed based on actual and measured applied dosages.