Abstract: The present multi-domain liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates facing each other; a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates; a first dielectric frame on one side of the pixel region; a second dielectric frame on another side of the pixel region; and a third dielectric frame between the first dielectric frame and the second dielectric frame.

Abstract: A VVA mode LCD has a liquid crystal (LC) layer of a negative dielectric anisotropy between lower and upper substrates. A pixel electrode is formed on the lower substrate. A color resin layer is formed on the upper substrate and has a V-shaped valley and jagged valleys, which are perpendicular to and shallower in depth than the V-shaped valley. A counter electrode is formed on the color resin layer and has a V-shaped valley and jagged valleys perpendicular to the V-shaped valleys. A first vertical orientation layer is formed between the pixel electrode and the LC layer. A second vertical orientation layer is formed between the counter electrode and the LC layer. First and second polarizers are attached to the outer and inner faces of the upper and lower substrates, respectively. The polarization axis of each intersects. The jagged valleys are provided to the V-shaped valleys via halftone exposure.

Abstract: A multi-domain liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates facing each other and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. A plurality of gate bus lines are arranged in a first direction on the first substrate and a plurality of data bus lines are arranged in a second direction on the first substrate to define a pixel region. A pixel electrode is electrically charged through the data bus line in the pixel region. A dielectric frame is in a region other than a region where the pixel electrode is formed, and distorts electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer. A common electrode is on the second substrate, and an alignment layer is on at least one substrate between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A constitution of the display device of the invention is shown in the following. The display device includes a pixel unit including TFTs of which the active layer contains an organic semiconductor material for forming channel portions in the opening portions in an insulating layer arranged to meet the gate electrodes. The pixel unit further includes a contrast media formed on the electrodes connected to the TFTs for changing the reflectivity upon the application of an electric field, or microcapsules containing electrically charged particles that change the reflectivity upon the application of an electric field. The pixel unit is sandwiched by plastic substrates, and barrier layers including an inorganic insulating material are provided between the plastic substrates and the pixel unit. The purpose of the present invention is to supply display devices which are excellent in productivity, light in weight and flexible.

Abstract: A flat display panel has a ventilation hole formed in a back glass substrate facing a front glass substrate with a space in between, and provides communication between the space and the exterior. A ventilation duct is connected to the ventilation hole and secured with a pressed frit to the outer face of the back glass substrate. The ventilation duct has a flange formed at one end thereof connected with the back glass substrate. The pressed frit having a ventilation hole is sandwiched between the flange and the back glass substrate, and fused to the flange and the back glass substrate in order for the ventilation duct to be secured to the back glass substrate.

Abstract: This application deals with display systems which include pixel electrodes that control an electro-optic layer. In one exemplary embodiment, a display system includes an electro-optic layer, a first electrode which has a substantially flat surface and is operatively coupled to the electro-optic layer, and a first substrate which has a plurality of pixel electrodes. For each of the pixel electrodes, a first pixel electrode surface is substantially flat and parallel to the first electrode and has a first distance relative to the first electrode and a second pixel electrode surface is substantially flat and parallel to the first electrode and has a second distance relative to the first electrode which is different than the first distance. Other display systems are described.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate; a second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and having liquid crystal molecules therein. The first substrate includes a first electrode facing the liquid crystal layer. The second substrate includes a second electrode facing the liquid crystal layer. The first electrode, the second electrode, and a region of the liquid crystal layer supplied with a voltage by the first electrode and the second electrode define a pixel region which is a unit for display. The pixel region includes a plurality of sub pixel regions, in each of which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in an axial symmetrical manner. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes a plurality of openings, which are regularly arranged, in the pixel region.

Abstract: An array substrate and a method of manufacturing thereof are disclosed for a liquid crystal display device. The array substrate includes a substrate, a gate line disposed along a first direction on the substrate, a common line parallel to the gate line and spaced apart from the gate line, wherein the common line is made of the same material as the gate line. The array substrate also includes a gate insulating layer on the gate and common lines, a semiconductor layer on the gate insulating layer and a pixel electrode of transparent conductive material including a drain electrode portion. The drain electrode portion overlaps the semiconductor layer and a source electrode of transparent conductive material is spaced apart from the drain electrode portion. A passivation layer includes a first contact hole and an open portion over the pixel and source electrodes, the first contact hole exposing the source electrode and the open portion exposing the pixel electrode, respectively.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate; a second substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; a first polarizer provided on a surface of the first substrate which is on the opposite side to the liquid crystal layer; a second polarizer provided on a surface of the second substrate which is on the opposite side to the liquid crystal layer; a first phase compensation element provided between the first polarizer and the liquid crystal layer; and a second phase compensation element provided between the second polarizer and the liquid crystal layer. A plurality of pixel areas are provided for display. The first substrate includes at least one transmissive electrode, and the second substrate includes a reflective electrode region and a transmissive electrode region in correspondence with each of the plurality of pixel areas.

Abstract: In an active matrix semiconductor display device in which pixel TFTs and driver circuit TFT are formed on the same substrate in an integral manner, the cell gap is controlled by gap retaining members that are disposed between a pixel area and driver circuit areas. This makes it possible to provide a uniform cell thickness profile over the entire semiconductor display device. Further, since conventional grainy spacers are not used, stress is not imposed on the driver circuit TFTs when a TFT substrate and an opposed substrate are bonded together. This prevents the driver circuit TFTs from being damaged.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electro-optical device, the electro-optical device having an electro-optical element formed by laminating a first electrode, an electro-optical layer, and a second electrode in sequence on a base body, the method of manufacturing the electro-optical device, including the steps of: forming an ultraviolet absorbing layer on the substrate by a vapor deposition method so as to cover the electro-optical element; and forming a gas barrier layer by a vapor deposition method using plasma so as to cover the ultraviolet absorbing layer.

Abstract: A VVA mode LCD has a liquid crystal (LC) layer of a negative dielectric anisotropy between lower and upper substrates. A pixel electrode is formed on the lower substrate. A color resin layer is formed on the upper substrate and has a V-shaped valley and jagged valleys, which are perpendicular to and shallower in depth than the V-shaped valley. A counter electrode is formed on the color resin layer and has a V-shaped valley and jagged valleys perpendicular to the V-shaped valleys. A first vertical orientation layer is formed between the pixel electrode and the LC layer. A second vertical orientation layer is formed between the counter electrode and the LC layer. First and second polarizers are attached to the outer and inner faces of the upper and lower substrates, respectively. The polarization axis of each intersects. The jagged valleys are provided to the V-shaped valleys via halftone exposure.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an IPS-LCD device. The IPS-LCD device according to the present invention implements a multi-domain for a liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned in various directions with respect to each different domain. Therefore, the different domains compensate for one another such that a color shift is prevented in spite of wide viewing angles. To form the multi-domain, the present invention provides a plurality of dielectric protrusions.

Abstract: Between a substrate comprising reflective display electrodes each including a flat portion, a slope portion, and a base portion, and TFTs, and an opposing substrate on which a color filter and an opposing electrode is accumulated, and on the side of viewer, a light diffuser layer having the haze value of 33%, a retardation film, and a polarization film are provided, liquid crystal is disposed. The angle of inclination (angle of elevation) of the slope portion with regard to the base portion is greater than 0° and 8° or less. With this structure, it is possible to provide a reflective LCD capable of achieving increased luminance in each display pixel and of providing bright display over a wide range of viewing angles.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device capable of realizing a viewing angle equivalent to the Braun tube and for controlling display with an electric field in parallel with a substrate surface, a liquid crystal display device is provided which is less in unevenness of display and homogeneous in luminance.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer provided between the substrates, wherein liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer have a negative dielectric anisotropy, and the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially vertical to the substrates when no voltage is being applied and are axis-symmetrically aligned in each of a plurality of pixel regions under application of a voltage.

Abstract: A microdisplay is provided in which a display area, a bonding pad connected to the display area, and a contact pad operatively connected to the bonding pad are all located on a silicon die. An electrically conductive, coated glass is located over the display area and is electrically connected to the contact pad by a flexible conductive material. Under the coated glass is a material which responds to electricity to control the transmission or emission of light.

Abstract: A multilayer plate is provided comprising an optically transparent substrate, a protective layer, a conducting layer, and at least one anisotropic thin crystal film. The anisotropic thin crystal film is made of a substance containing aromatic rings and possessing a structure with an interplanar spacing of 3.4±0.2 Å along one of optical axes. The thin crystal film is situated between the substrate and the conducting layer and is separated from the conducting layer by the protective layer. The transmission of the multilayer plate for UV radiation does not exceed 1% at any wavelength below 380 nm.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition which enables the formation of a pattern manifesting large elastic deformation ratio and small plastic deformation ratio in a wider temperature range, and a color filter which enables the production of a liquid crystal display having a columnar convex part for setting the thickness of a liquid crystal layer and having excellent display qualities are provided. A photosensitive resin composition comprises at least a polymer, a poly-functional acrylate monomer and a photopolymerization initiator, wherein the content of the poly-functional acrylate monomer is from 50 to 70% by weight. A photosensitive resin composition comprises at least a polymer, a monomer having an unsaturated double bond, a photopolymerization initiator, and an alicyclic compound-containing resin, wherein the alicyclic compound is a compound having a poly-cyclic steric structure.

Abstract: A multi-domain vertically aligned liquid crystal display. The multi-domain vertically aligned liquid crystal display has a lower board, an upper board and a liquid crystal. The lower substrate board has a plurality of slits therein. There is a bent protrusion structure on the surface between the slits. The bent protrusion structure has two pairs of surfaces symmetrical about a vertical mid-line. The pair of surfaces next to the slits makes a first angle with the horizontal while the other pair of surfaces next to the mid-line makes a second angle with the horizontal. A thin film transistor is embedded in the lower substrate board underneath the bent protrusion structures for providing an electric field. An indium-tin-oxide electrode is formed on top of each bent protrusion structure. The upper substrate board is mounted on top and parallel to the lower substrate board. The liquid crystal fills the space between the upper and the lower substrate board.

Abstract: A hand-held, electronic, bi-directional, wireless electronic communication device having a physical configuration which includes a relatively large, constantly visible display and an alphanumeric keyboard that can be concealed until needed.

Abstract: A flexible, current-type touch control panel comprises a current-type touch control shield consisting of a plurality of material layers and being printed on a flexible, transparent plastic membrane, thus forming the flexible, current-type touch control panel which is flexibly bendable to an angle of at least from 0°-180°.

Abstract: A glass substrate is constituted by a transparent glass plate, a transparent layer with a refractive index lower than that of the transparent glass plate, and an electrically conductive layer disposed on the transparent glass plate through the low-refractive-index transparent layer. A liquid-crystal display panel includes a liquid-crystal cell having a visual side cell substrate, a back side cell substrate, an electrode provided on the visual side cell substrate, an electrode provided on the back side cell substrate, and liquid crystal held between the visual side cell substrate and the back side cell substrate which are disposed so that the electrode sides of the two cell substrates face each other. A liquid-crystal display device is constituted in such a manner that at least one of the visual side and back side cell substrates is constituted by the glass substrate.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device using plastic substrates in which deformation such as warpage and distortion hardly occurs. The reflection type liquid crystal display device includes a light transmitting plastic substrate and a plastic substrate provided with a reflecting layer. The substrates are positioned facing each other to be kept fixed relative to each other with a predetermined space therebetween defined by spacers or the like. A liquid crystal layer is formed in the space between the substrates and sealed with a sealing agent. A polarizing plate along with an adhesive is attached to the outer surface of the light transmitting plastic substrate, and a polycarbonate substrate along with an adhesive is attached to the outer surface of the reflector-attached plastic substrate.

Abstract: A current-type touch control liquid crystal panel comprises an upper substrate; a lower substrate; a gap defined by the upper substrate and the lower substrate; a polymer filled into the gap; and a current touch shield which is printed on the upper surface of said upper substrate and which is adapted to be touched by a user's finger or a conductive member to carry out a writing or drawing operation.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel for a timepiece comprises: a polymer dispersed liquid crystal cell (10) which is structured by respectively forming an opposed electrode (2) on a first substrate (1) of a pair of transparent substrates and a signal electrode (4) on a second substrate (3), and sealing a liquid crystal layer (5) containing a liquid crystal and a polymer material between the first substrate (1) and the second substrate (3) to form pixel portions at intersections between the signal electrode (4) and the opposed electrode (2); a reflector (15) which transmits a portion of light, placed on the side of a face, on which the opposed electrode (2) is not formed, of the first substrate (1); and an auxiliary light source placed on the outer side of the reflector (15), so that time information can be displayed with good visibility even when the auxiliary light source is turned off.

Abstract: An electronic display is formed using an array of hollow tubes filled with an electrophoretic material sandwiched between two plates. The hollow tubes have either barrier walls or an electrostatic barrier, which restrict the flow of electrophoretic particles within the hollow tubes. The flow of electrophoretic particles over these barriers is controlled using electric fields, which makes it possible to matrix address the electrophoretic displays. Wire electrodes built into the hollow tubes and electrodes on the two plates are used to address the display. The plates are preferably composed of glass, glass-ceramic, polymer/plastic or metal, while the hollow tubes are preferably composed of glass, polymer/plastic or a combination of glass and polymer/plastic. Color is optionally imparted into the display using colored tubes, adding a color coating to the surface of the tubes, or adding the color to the electrophoretic material.

Abstract: A twist-nematic liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed to oppose to the first substrate with distance d1 therebetween, either one of the first and second substrates being a transparent substrate; a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on either one of a surface of the first substrate and a surface of the second substrate, said surfaces opposing to each other; a common electrode formed on other one of the surfaces respectively of the first and second substrates, a voltage applying unit for applying a voltage between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode, twist-nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second substrates, molecules of the liquid crystal respectively having long axes continuously twisted between the first and second substrates. When the twist-nematic liquid crystal has a birefringence index (retardation) of &Dgr;n, &Dgr;n×d1>2 &mgr;m is satisfied, where d1 is expressed in micrometers.

Abstract: A structure of a display device comprises an organic luminescent diode display faceplate, a flexible PCB, a driving IC element, a conductive adhesive, and a passive element for driving the resistance capacitance of the circuit. The organic luminescent diode display faceplate is mounted with the faceplate electrodes (anode and cathode). The flexible PCB is mounted on the center rear end of the organic luminescent diode display faceplate. The outside of the flexible PCB is mounted with a plurality of outer lead bonding; and the inside of the flexible PCB is mounted with a plurality of inner lead bonding.

Abstract: A broad class of lyotropic liquid crystals of a non-surfactant nature, the so-called lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs), are alignable in bulk. LCLCs can be aligned in bulk as a uniform liquid crystalline monodomain within a closed cell. The method for bulk alignment of LCLCs is based on a unidirectional treatment of the aligning substrate such as a polymer layer. The feature of controlling the alignment of LCLCs enables one to create practical devices from them. For example, bulk alignment of LCLCs allows one to use them in detection and amplification of ligands.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a color filter structure and to a method for manufacturing the color filter, and the method is to use the combination of photolithography and backside exposure in a self-alignment manner to form flat red color filter elements, green color filter elements and blue color filter elements, and then to form a black matrix on the top of a transparent conductive layer, i.e., the transparent conductive layer is located between the black matrix and the color filter elements, so as to increase the open ratio and reduce the errors in applying a process window.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device in which a plurality of liquid crystal layers are stacked on a substrate, a method for bonding a film for sealing liquid crystal to supporting members is improved and the fabrication cost is thereby reduced, in order to provide a reflective type liquid crystal display device that achieves a bright display image and causes no parallax problem, and to provide a reducing method of the device. The liquid crystal display device comprises a substrate, a resin film, a multiplicity of columnar supporting members, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer. The substrate comprises a pixel electrode and a driving element connected to the pixel electrode, both formed on the upper surface of the substrate. The resin film comprises a common electrode provided on the upper surface of the film, and is disposed upwardly with respect to the substrate. The supporting members are provided on the substrate so as to support the resin film.

Abstract: Between a substrate comprising reflective display electrodes each including a flat portion, a slope portion, and a base portion, and TFTs, and an opposing substrate on which a color filter and an opposing electrode is accumulated, and on the side of viewer, a light diffuser layer having the haze value of 33%, a retardation film, and a polarization film are provided, liquid crystal is disposed. The angle of inclination (angle of elevation) of the slope portion (SL) with regard to the base portion is greater than 0° and 8° or less. With this structure, it is possible to provide a reflective LCD capable of achieving increased luminance in each display pixel and of providing bright display over a wide range of viewing angles.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical device comprising two substantially parallel substrates with electrode layers on their facing sides for switching an optically active layer which is present between said substrates. Furthermore the present invention relates to a hybrid layer for use in such an optical device. Switching of the layers is enhanced by introducing optically anisotropic material in a porous structure.

Abstract: A structure and fabrication technology for a reflective, ambient light, low cost display is described incorporating a plurality of cells laid out side by side and stacked as many as three levels on top of each other. Each stack of three cells being driven by an array of TFT's positioned on the bottom layer. Each cell comprises a light transmitting front window, three levels of individual cells RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) stacked on top of each other, each level having its own individual electrode, each electrode being connected by vertical conducting via holes running through each transparent dielectric spacert and being connected to a individual TFT. The bottom panel having a reflective surface so as to provide maximum reflectivity of the ambient light. Placed under the reflective surface is an array of TFT's which provide the electrical impulses necessary to set each individual potential in each vertically stacked cell with respect to ground potential.

Abstract: A bistable liquid crystal display device can be erased by the application of a mechanical pressure P at a section 20 of the display. The pressure induces a flow of the liquid crystal (5) material into an expansion chamber (22). The induced flow causes a transition from the non-reflecting to the reflecting state, thus eliminating the necessity of high voltage erasing voltages.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the invention comprises a transparent substrate 2, a transparent electrode 6 formed on the inner surface of the transparent substrate 2, an alignment layer 7 formed over the transparent electrode 6, a composite 5 formed over the alignment layer 7, and a transparent electrode 8 on the upper surface of the composite 5. The composite 5 comprises a transparent polymer 4 and a liquid crystal droplet 3. The liquid crystal droplet 3 is configured in a substantially hemispherical shape such that a bottom surface of the droplet is in contact with the alignment layer and the remaining surface excluding the bottom surface bulges towards an upper surface of the composite 5. The polymer 4 constitutes the other surface of the composite 5 such that the polymer 4 covers the hemispherical liquid crystal droplets 3. Thus, the invention achieves a liquid crystal display device in which one of the pair of substrates is eliminated and thereby the weight of the device is significantly reduced.

Abstract: An electrode substrate for a reflection type liquid crystal display device, which includes a substrate, and a light scattering film formed on the substrate and including a transparent matrix resin and scattering particles made of a resin. The light scattering film is formed from a coating liquid containing the transparent matrix resin and a resin for forming the scattering particles, which has a different refractive index from that of the matrix resin, both mixed in a solvent. The scattering particles are dispersed in the transparent matrix resin as a result of a phase separation due to the low compatibility between these resins as the solvent is evaporated from the coating liquid. The size and dispersed state of the scattering particles are at least two-dimensionally randomized as viewed from the front of the light scattering film.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), which includes providing a substrate with a plurality of pixels. A thin film transistor (TFT) is formed in each of the plurality of pixels. A passivation layer is deposited over the substrate, and a pixel electrode is formed in each of the plurality of pixels. A TFT-LCD device, which includes a substrate having a plurality of pixels, a TFT in each of the plurality of pixels, and a first pixel electrode formed in each of the plurality of pixels. The first electrode pixel is connected with a drain electrode of the TFT. The TFT includes a gate electrode and an insulating layer on the substrate, an active layer formed on the insulating layer, source and drain electrodes formed over the gate electrode and at opposing ends of the active layer, and a passivation layer exposing a part of the drain electrode.

Abstract: A multi-domain liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates facing each other and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. A plurality of gate bus lines are arranged in a first direction on the first substrate and a plurality of data bus lines are arranged in a second direction on the first substrate to define a pixel region. A pixel electrode electrically is charged through the data bus line in the pixel region, a color filter layer is formed on the second substrate, and a common electrode is formed on the color filter layer. Dielectric frames are formed in the pixel region, and an alignment layer on at least one substrate between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A small-size liquid crystal capable of exhibiting good color balance and light utilization efficiency is formed of a layer of liquid crystal, two-dimensionally arranged pixel electrodes disposed so as to apply voltages to the liquid crystal and, together with the liquid crystal, form two-dimensionally arranged pixels each corresponding to one pixel electrode and designed to emit light of one of a plurality of colors, and an array of microlenses disposed to illuminate each pixel with a condensed light spot of illumination light of one of the plurality of colors. In the device, pixels of at least one of the plurality of colors are set to have a pixel size different from those of pixels of the other color(s).

Abstract: A transmissive active matrix liquid crystal display device has a multievel optical phase element that sepaeates each color component of light into a plurality of diffraction orders. The multilevel optical phase element is aligned with a an active matrix array and directs light of different colors through different pixels of a liquid crystal material. The transmission of light through the liquid crystal material is controlled by an array of transistor circuits that actuate pixel electrodes.

Abstract: A reflective display having a first substrate having a first electrode, a second substrate having a second electrode and arranged opposite to the first electrode, and partition walls existing between the first and second substrates and arranged in a direction not perpendicular to the first and second substrates. A non-conductive liquid in which colored particles are dispersed resides in a cell including the partition walls. The colored particles can moved by an electric field, and the display color is thereby changed. Alternatively, the display color can be changed by shape deformation of a liquid-crystal-filled microcapsule enclosed in the cell.

Abstract: Realizing low driving voltage, high contrast, and high response speed in an active matrix type liquid crystal display device of the in-plane switching mode type.

Abstract: A broad class of lyotropic liquid crystals of a non-surfactant nature, the so-called lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs), are alignable in bulk. LCLCs can be aligned in bulk as a uniform liquid crystalline monodomain within a closed cell. The method for bulk alignment of LCLCs is based on a unidirectional treatment of the aligning substrate such as a polymer layer. The feature of controlling the alignment of LCLCs enables one to create practical devices from them. For example, bulk alignment of LCLCs allows one to use them in detection and amplification of ligands.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the invention comprises a transparent substrate 2 a transparent electrode 6 formed on the inner surface of the transparent substrate 2, an alignment layer 7 formed over the transparent electrode 6, a composite 5 formed over the alignment layer 7, and a transparent electrode 8 on the upper surface of the composite 5. The composite 5 comprises a transparent polymer 4 and a liquid crystal droplet 3. The liquid crystal droplet 3 is configured in a substantially hemispherical shape such that a bottom surface of the droplet is in contact with the alignment layer and the remaining surface excluding the bottom surface bulges towards an upper surface of the composite 5. The polymer 4 constitutes the other surface of the composite 5 such that the polymer 4 covers the hemispherical liquid crystal droplets 3. Thus, the invention achieves a liquid crystal display device in which one of the pair of substrates is eliminated and thereby the weight of the device is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A first optical device according to the present invention comprises a base made of a first optical material and a second optical material having a refractive index different from that of the first optical material, and the base has a concavity, and the second optical material is filled in this concavity. A second optical device according to the present invention comprises a base made of a first optical material and a second optical material having a refractive index different from the first optical material, and the base comprises first and second faces facing each other, a first concavity is formed in the first face and a second concavity is formed in the second face, and the second optical material is filled in the first and second concavities.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer provided between the substrates, wherein liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer have a negative dielectric anisotropy, and the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially vertical to the substrates when no voltage is being applied and are axis-symmetrically aligned in each of a plurality of pixel regions under application of a voltage.

Abstract: A lens assembly has a pair of polarized liquid crystal lenses. Each lens has pair of parallel glass plates that are separated by upper and lower glass substrates. A series of polymer films are symmetrically spaced apart between the substrates. Both the substrates and the films are perpendicular to the glass plates. Electrodes are formed on the films and combine to form a semi-cylindrical stack of film. Liquid crystal fills the spaces between adjacent pairs of the films. The films are coated and/or treated by an alignment process to predispose the liquid crystals to a specific rotational direction. When a selected voltage is applied between adjacent ones of the electrodes, the liquid crystals are synchronously rotated to alter their refractive index to a desired value. Thus, when the layers of each lens are manipulated in unison, the focal length of the lens assembly is adjusted.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention includes: a first substrate; a second substrate; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched by the first substrate and the second substrate,; a first electrode layer formed on a surface of the first substrate facing the liquid crystal layer; a second electrode layer formed on a surface of the second substrate facing the liquid crystal layer; a third electrode layer electrically connected with the second electrode layer via a photoconductive layer; and a plurality of stripe-shaped light sources disposed outside the second substrate for irradiating at least a portion of the photoconductive layer with light, wherein the electrical conductivity of the photoconductive layer is changed by switching the plurality of light sources to switch electrical connection between the second electrode layer and the third electrode layer and thereby to realize optical addressing of the liquid crystal layer.