Abstract: A liquid crystal display of the present invention includes a first electrode provided on a substrate, a first liquid crystal layer provided on and in contact with the first electrode, a second electrode provided on and in contact with the first liquid crystal layer, a second liquid crystal layer provided on and in contact with the second electrode, and a third electrode provided on and in contact with the second liquid crystal layer. The display may further include a third liquid crystal layer provided on and in contact with the third electrode, and a fourth electrode provided on and in contact with a third liquid crystal layer. By reducing the thickness of the liquid crystal layers relative to a conventional liquid crystal display, and by providing a plurality of liquid crystal layers, the voltage level required to cause the liquid crystal display to change visual states is substantially reduced without affecting the degree of visual change exhibited by the liquid crystal display.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device in which a plurality of liquid crystal layers are stacked on a substrate, a method for bonding a film for sealing liquid crystal to supporting members is improved and the fabrication cost is thereby reduced, in order to provide a reflective type liquid crystal display device that achieves a bright display image and causes no parallax problem, and to provide a reducing method of the device. The liquid crystal display device comprises a substrate, a resin film, a multiplicity of columnar supporting members, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer. The substrate comprises a pixel electrode and a driving element connected to the pixel electrode, both formed on the upper surface of the substrate. The resin film comprises a common electrode provided on the upper surface of the film, and is disposed upwardly with respect to the substrate. The supporting members are provided on the substrate so as to support the resin film.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a novel transparent type liquid crystal display having a high contrast and transmittance that does not depend on an open area ratio without reducing a response speed. More specifically, the transparent type liquid crystal display of the present invention comprises at least a pair of first and second substrates 1 and 2 and a liquid crystal layer 3 interposed between the first and second substrates 1 and 2. A plurality of first light transmission portions 4 are formed on the first substrate 1, and a plurality of second light transmission portions 5 are formed on the second substrate 2.

Abstract: An optical film includes a reflective polarizing element and a particle-containing layer. The reflective polarizing element substantially reflects light having a first polarization state and substantially transmits a second polarization state. The particle-containing layer is disposed on the reflective polarizing element and in a same optical path as the reflective polarizing element. The particle-containing layer is configured and arranged to transmit light and includes a plurality of particles that roughen an exterior surface of the optical film. Preferably, using the optical film in an optical device does not substantially reduce the gain advantage of the optical device when compared with an optical device utilizing the same optical film without particles in the surface layer. Also described are optical devices using the optical film and methods of making and using the optical films.

Abstract: A display device capable of causing a reversible transition between two states by only electrical stimulation is provided. The display device includes a pair of oppositely disposed substrates each having an opposing electrode thereon so as to form a hollow cell including a gap between the electrodes, a mixture disposed to fill the hollow cell and comprising a low-molecular weight liquid crystal and minute solid particles having sizes smaller than the gap, and voltage application means for applying voltages between the opposing electrodes so as to selectively provide a state of localization and a state of dispersion of the minute solid particles between the oppositely disposed substrates thereby developing a transparent state and an opaque state, respectively, of the mixture.

Abstract: Binary optics are used in an illumination system to provide a method of imaging for a color projection display. In one embodiment a broad spectrum light source illuminates a multilevel optical phase element which disperses the broad spectrum light from the light source by diffraction. A display having a number of pixel elements, each capable of transmitting a predetermined spectral region, is positioned within the near field region of the multilevel optical phase element so as to receive the light dispersed by the multilevel phase element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is composed of (1) an LCD element having (i) a glass substrate on which a flat portion including pixel electrodes and a flat portion including switching elements, wires, and the like are laminated with interlayer insulating films therebetween, each interlayer insulating film being an organic film with an optical transmittance of not less than 95 percent with respect to light with a peak wavelength and (ii) a liquid crystal layer made of liquid crystal whose refractive index anisotropy &Dgr;n(450) with respect to light with a wavelength of 450 nm and whose refractive index anisotropy &Dgr;n(650) with respect to light with a wavelength of 650 nm satisfy a condition that a difference &Dgr;n(450)−&Dgr;n(650) between them is set so as to be in a range of 0 to 0.01, and (2) a phase difference plate whose refractive index anisotropy is negative (na=nc>nb) and whose index ellipsoids are inclined substantially throughout the phase difference plate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal element which can regulate diffusivity simply. The liquid crystal element includes a diffusion plate having a macromolecular dispersion type liquid crystal interposed between a first glass plate and a second glass plate. The surface of the first glass plate toward the macromolecular dispersion type liquid crystal has random roughness, and a transparent electrode layer is formed on the roughened surface of the first glass plate. Moreover, a surface of the second glass plate toward the macromolecular dispersion type liquid crystal is a flat surface, and a transparent electrode layer is formed directly on the flat surface of the second glass plate. When not being driven, light which is incident perpendicularly on the plate surface from below the diffusion plate passes through the second glass plate, is scattered, and is incident on the macromolecular dispersion type liquid crystal.

Abstract: An electro-optical device may include two pairs of electrodes which apply electric fields oriented at an angle with respect to one another. In this way, a second electric field may be used to create an alignment effect in the electro-optic material which normally is achieved using specially prepared alignment structures. The need for the alignment structures may be reduced or eliminated. The second electric field may be applied, for example, using metallic standoffs which space a top plate from a lower substrate and define a region for the electro-optic material. In this way, in large arrays, the electric field may be applied from a plurality of points improving the uniformity of the applied electric field. In smaller arrays, the field may be applied, for example, using peripheral electrodes.

Abstract: A display device including liquid crystal display panels, arrays of convergently transmissive elements for forming an erect and real image, and fresnel lenses for magnifying the image. The configured surface of the fresnel lens is arranged on the light incident side. The configured surface includes periodic ridges with flat crests and inclined surfaces. Shading layers are provided on the flat crests to eliminate ghosts.

Abstract: An electro-optical device may be defined using metallic standoffs between a top plate and a substrate, such as a silicon substrate in a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) technology. In one embodiment, the metallic standoffs may be formed from a metal layer, such as metal four layer, above the metal layer used to form the metal pixel mirrors. In this way, relatively constant and uniform cell thicknesses may be achieved without significantly increasing the processing overhead.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal electro-optical device is offered which can operate at high speeds and easily oriented. The value of the surface tension of liquid crystal-orienting layers is 40 dynes/cm or more, and these layers are rubbed in antiparallel directions to each other. This reduces the pretilt angle of the molecules of a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between two substrates. The anisotropy of the dielectric constant of the nematic liquid crystal is positive.

Abstract: A substrate coupling structure for a flat panel variable visual display monitor may be constructed with a guide rib, formed on the inside surface of a rear monitor cover, having a race for receiving two adjacent edges of a rectangular substrate (PCB); and a plurality of elastic snaps, formed on the rear cover opposite the guide rib, each having a catch for receiving the other two edges of the substrate, thereby enabling the substrate to be securely coupled to the rear cover.

Abstract: A switchable liquid crystal device, for instance for use as a reflective display, includes a cell containing a helical polymer network and a nematic liquid crystal. Electrodes are provided for applying a field across the cell so as to switch between different optical states. In a reflective state, the cell reflects incident light within a waveband which is relatively insensitive to temperature variations. The device is formed by filling the cell with the liquid crystal and polymer precursor material and then cross-linking or polymerising, for instance by photopolymerisation, the precursor material to form the helical polymer network.

Abstract: A selectively populated grid-matrix LCD included in a plush toy for displaying animated facial expressions in synchronism with audible sounds reproduced by the plush toy. The LCD is selectively populated by including electrodes and associated drive electronics only in select regions of the LCD. Thus, the LCD is capable of displaying complex visual display patterns, having an improved contrast and readability at a reduced cost. The plush toy is interactive in that certain actions performed by a child invoke responses from the plush toy. The plush toy is configured to operate in a variety of modes of operation to simulate the toy being in different moods. In this manner, the toy reacts differently to each action depending on the current mode of operation of the toy.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes an array of reflective pixel electrodes over a surface of a silicon substrate, with light transmissive regions being located between the reflective pixel electrodes. A nematic liquid crystal layer is provided over both the reflective pixel electrodes and the light transmissive regions between the reflective pixel electrodes. A reflection reducer is provided for reducing the percentage of light entering the device through the nematic crystal layer and the light transmissive regions which is reflected back out of the device through the light transmissive regions and the nematic liquid crystal layer. In one form, the reflection reducer is a vee-shaped groove in the substrate which is provided with a vee-shaped layer of low reflectivity. Alternatively, the reflection reducer may be provided by having modules of the nematic liquid crystal layer aligned in a direction at an angle of about 45.degree.

Abstract: A single hollow element (12) surrounds the cavity (72) lying between a first surface (36) and a second surface (312) of a liquid crystal cell (8). An inside side surface (20) of element (12) bounds a perimeter (43) of the first surface (36) and extends between the first surface (36) and an end surface (14) of the hollow element (12). The end surface (14) of the hollow element (12) contains an opening (28) formed by the cavity (72). The second surface (312) overlaps the end surface (14) and covers opening (28) to contain a liquid crystal material (129) in the cell (8).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a sealing material close to display area while maintaining a uniform liquid crystal cell gap is disclosed. The liquid crystal display comprises two transparent electrode substrates having a trench near the display area to stop the sealing material overflowing to display pixels. Thus, the effective display area of a liquid crystal display device is increased by dispensing a sealing material to a trench area at a predetermined position surrounding the display area. A spacer used in the sealing material is larger in size than that used in the display area to compensate the depth of the trench. After the liquid crystal is injected into the space surrounded by the substrates and a sealing material, a uniform liquid crystal cell gap over the entire display area is obtained.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes an LCD device having at least one flexible portion, a main body having the front, rear, right and left sides, and a coupling member for coupling the LCD device to the main body. The LCD device have a screen size more than twice the total upper surface of the main body, and thus completely wrap the upper surface, the front side, and the bottom surface of the main body. The front side of the main body is rounded to allow the LCD device to bend without a sharp 90.degree. angle, which would be stressful to the bent portion. The LCD device includes a liquid crystal cell, a reinforcement plate disposed on the liquid crystal cell, and at least two strip-shaped recesses formed by removing portions of the reinforcement plate in said at least one flexible portion.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal electro-optical device is offered which can operate at high speeds and easily oriented. The value of the surface tension of liquid crystal-orienting layers is 40 dynes/cm or more, and these layers are rubbed in antiparallel directions to each other. This reduces the pretilt angle of the molecules of a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between two substrates. The anisotropy of the dielectric constant of the nematic liquid crystal is positive.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display element is provided. A plurality of electrodes having a light-transmitting property are formed in a striped pattern on one surface of an insulating substrate having a light-transmitting property. Then, light-shielding films are formed in such a manner that the light-shielding films are formed adjacent to the edges of each electrode along the long sides thereof, or at least one portion of each light-shielding film is made to overlap each edge of the electrode along one of the long sides thereof. Successively, light is applied from the back-surface side of the insulating substrate by using the light-shielding films and a photomask as masks so that spacers are formed in a state where they are self-aligned with respect to the light-shielding films.

Abstract: A portion of a transparent substrate corresponding to a defective pixel of a liquid crystal panel is protruded like a dome to a suction hole by decompressing the interior of a vacuum suction head. As a result, the gap between the transparent substrates of the portion corresponding to the defective pixel of the liquid crystal panel becomes greater than that in a surrounding portion. In this state, a laser beam is radiated to the dome-like deformed portion of the transparent substrate in the portion corresponding to the defective pixel, so that a bubble is generated in a liquid crystal layer. The bubble expands in a region shaped like a circle centered at the point where the gap between the transparent substrates is the greatest, on a cross section parallel to the transparent substrates. Thus, the size of the bubble and the range where a substance is scattered are limited, thereby accurately correcting the defective pixel and improving the display quality after the correction.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device free from color displacement and having improved contrast ratio as well as an improved aperture ratio. The object is attained by the following structure comprising a substrate having a pixel electrode and a driving element, liquid crystal layers stacked on a substrate, a transparent pixel electrode interposed between the stacked liquid crystal layers, and a driving element provided on the substrate. The transparent pixel electrode is electrically connected to the driving element through an opening formed in a specified region of the liquid crystal layer. Each of the liquid crystal layers is composed of microcapsules each containing a liquid crystal and a binder for binding the microcapsules. An insulating layer is provided between the pixel electrode on the substrate and the liquid crystal layer or between the pixel electrode interposed between the liquid crystal layers and the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A normally white liquid crystal display includes polarizer and analyzer layers having perpendicular absorbing axes. A liquid crystal layer is disposed between the polarizer layer and the analyzer layer, with its director exhibiting an azimuthal twist through the layer. First and second electrodes are proximate to first and second major surfaces of the liquid crystal layer. A first negatively birefringent compensator layer, oriented with its optical axis substantially parallel to the average direction of the optical axis within a central, nominally homeotropic region of the liquid crystal layer in its driven state, is disposed between the polarizer layer and the liquid crystal layer. A second negatively birefringent compensator layer, with a birefringence substantially the same as the birefringence of the first compensator layer and oriented with its optical axis substantially parallel to the optical axis of the first compensator layer, is disposed between the analyzer layer and the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell is described which includes adaptive means to relieve hydrostatic pressure and means for restraining the aperture portion of the cell, and which may be assembled together with thick members such as precision windows, or may be built into optical assemblies incorporating several cells placed optically in series, such as tunable filters or multiple-cell optical switches, without defeating the pressure-relief mechanism.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a thin film transistor and a storage capacitor. The thin film transistor includes an active layer formed over a substrate, source and drain regions formed of a impurity-doped semiconductor layer on both sides of the active layer, a gate electrode, and a gate insulating layer formed between the gate electrode and the active layer. The storage capacitor includes a first storage electrode formed over the substrate, a dielectric layer formed over the first storage electrode, and a second storage electrode formed over the dielectric layer. One of the first and second storage electrodes is connected to one of the source and drain regions, and the gate insulating layer and the dielectric layer are formed in different steps or layers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes two substrates spaced apart from each other a predetermined distance, conductive layers formed on inner surfaces of the substrates and facing each other, a liquid crystal injected between the conductive layers, sealants for bonding the substrates together, a thermal insulation layer externally enclosing the substrates and the sealants, and polarizer films each formed on external sides of the substrates with the thermal insulation layer interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus, having a designated drive composed of a group of electrodes forming pixels in a n.times.m matrix and active devices, in which the electrodes have a structure such that an electric field parallel to the interface can be applied to the liquid crystal composite layer, and the cell-gap between substrates facing each other is 6 .mu.m or less and the response time is less than or equal to 100 ms, and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

Abstract: A display device comprises a box-shaped casing having an opening for display, and a display unit contained in the casing, the display unit having a display screen exposed to the opening. The casing includes a display cover and a display mask coupled to the display cover and having the opening. The display cover and display mask have outer peripheral edge portions, respectively, which are detachably coupled to each other. The display unit is provided with a plurality of support portions extending toward the outer peripheral edge portions. The support portions is clamped between the outer peripheral edge portion of the display cover and the outer peripheral edge portion of the display mask, whereby the display unit is fixed in the casing.

Abstract: Binary optics are used in an illumination system for a color projection display. In one embodiment a broad spectrum light source illuminates a multilevel optical phase element which disperses the broad spectrum light from the light source by diffraction. A display having a number of pixel elements, each capable of transmitting a predetermined spectral region, is positioned within the near field region of the multilevel optical phase element so as to receive the light dispersed by the multilevel phase element.

Abstract: A reflection-type liquid crystal displaying device includes an optically transmitting first substrate on which an optically transmitting electrode is at least formed; an anisotropic scattering/reflecting plate for performing a function of anisotropically scattering an incident light and a function of reflecting a light; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the optically transmitting first substrate and the anisotropic scattering/reflecting plate. The obtained reflection-type liquid crystal displaying device exhibits an extremely bright, uniform, and good displaying capability.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal device comprising a liquid crystal cell filled with a liquid crystal material capable of exhibiting a smectic phase, said cell including upper and lower substrates each having in order an electrode and an orientation film in contact with the liquid crystal material, a cross angle e formed by the orientation treatment directions of the orientation films is 180.degree.-.delta. or 360.degree.-.delta. (0.degree.<.delta..ltoreq.90.degree.). Also disclosed is a process for preparing the above-mentioned liquid crystal device comprising treating the orientation films and preparing the liquid crystal cell so as to have the orientation treatment directions of the orientation films form the cross angle .THETA. within the above range in the cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrates with a display medium interposed therebetween, includes: a plurality of scanning lines and a plurality of data lines provided on one of the pair or substrates so as to cross each other; a plurality of switching elements, each of the switching elements being connected with one of the scanning lines and one of the data lines; an insulating layer provided so as to cover the plurality of scanning lines, the plurality of data lines, and the plurality of switching elements; a plurality of pixel electrodes provided on the insulating layer, each of the pixel electrodes partially overlapping at least one scanning line and at least one data line; and a plurality of contact holes formed in the insulating layer, through each of which an output terminal of a respective switching element and a respective pixel electrode are connected.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell (10) is formed with a hollow cylinder (12) and a solid cylinder (32) inserted into a hole (32) of the hollow cylinder (12) so that a first reference surface (34) of the solid cylinder (32) lies between a first reference surface (14) of the hollow cylinder (12) and a second surface (13) of the hollow cylinder (12). The first reference surface (14) of the hollow cylinder (12) and the second surface (13) of the hollow cylinder (12) are essentially parallel surfaces which are perpendicular to the axis of revolution (18) of the hollow cylinder (12). The solid cylinder (34) is affixed to the hollow cylinder (12) to maintain a fixed gap (38) between the first reference surface (14) of the hollow cylinder (12) and the first reference surface (34) of the solid cylinder (32).

Abstract: A method for producing a thin panel liquid crystal display system (20) for producing images comprising providing a mother glass (32) having at least two active glass substrates (34) therein, adhering the mother glass (32) to a handle substrate (38) to provide strength and rigidity to the mother glass (32), printing said active glass substrates (34) with grid lines, cutting the mother glass (32) between the active glass substrates (34), separating the active glass substrates (34) from one another, placing two active glass substrates (34) in parallel with one another, disbursing a plurality of glass beads on one of the active glass substrates (34), injecting liquid crystal display material between the active glass substrates (34), sealing the active glass substrates (34) together, and separating each of the active glass substrates (34) from the handle substrate (38).

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device which includes a pair of substrates interposing a display medium including a polymer and liquid crystal therebetween and transparent-electrode portions formed on at least one of the pair of substrates, the transparent-electrode portions not easily transmitting light within a certain wavelength range.

Abstract: A display device including liquid crystal display panels, arrays of convergently transmissive elements for forming an erect and real image, and fresnel lenses for magnifying the image. The configured surface of the fresnel lens is arranged on the light incident side. The configured surface includes periodic ridges with flat crests and inclined surfaces. Shading layers are provided on the flat crests to eliminate ghosts.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal device comprising a liquid crystal cell filled with a liquid crystal material capable of exhibiting a smectic phase, said cell including upper and lower substrates each having in order an electrode and an orientation film in contact with the liquid crystal material, a cross angle .THETA. formed by the orientation treatment directions of the orientation films is 180.degree.-.delta. or 360.degree.-.delta. (0.degree.<.delta..ltoreq.90.degree.). Also disclosed is a process for preparing the above-mentioned liquid crystal device comprising treating the orientation films and preparing the liquid crystal cell so as to have the orientation treatment directions of the orientation films form the cross angle .THETA. within the above range in the cell.

Abstract: A driving power unit for a liquid crystal display element, which charges an electrostatic charge on the surface of the liquid crystal display element having at least a conductive layer and a liquid crystal-dispersed polymer layer in which a liquid crystal is finely dispersed into a polymer matrix, has a blocking oscillator circuit for boosting a low voltage generated by a low-voltage DC power source, a rectifier diode for rectifying the voltage boosted by the blocking oscillator circuit, a smoothing capacitor for being charged by application of the rectified voltage and smoothing an output voltage, and a resistance interconnected between the smoothing capacitor and an output terminal to control an output current value to 5 mA or less. A liquid crystal light-modulating device has a driving power unit and a liquid crystal light-modulating panel including a pair of electrodes at least one of which is transparent or translucent, and a liquid crystal-dispersed polymer layer sandwiched between the electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other, and a liquid crystal lacking cholesteric phase disposed between the first and second substrates. The first substrate has a surface contacting the liquid crystal showing a surface energy .gamma..sub.1 (dyne/cm) and the second substrate has a surface contacting the liquid crystal showing a surface energy .gamma..sub.2 (dyne/cm) satisfying .gamma..sub.1 >.gamma..sub.2. The surface of the first substrate is provided with a film of a polyimide or an aromatic polyamide, and the surface of the first substrate having been selectively subjected to a uniaxial aligning treatment. As a result, the liquid crystal can assume a stable alignment state of a bookshelf structure or one close thereto having a small layer inclination angle. The resultant device can show a high contrast and a good responsiveness.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of electrode substrates opposing each other, a polymer wall, and a liquid crystal region surrounded by the polymer wall, the polymer wall and the liquid crystal region being sandwiched by the pair of electrode substrates. At least one of a concave portion and a convex portion is formed on a surface of at least one of the pair of electrode substrates facing the liquid crystal region, and liquid crystal molecules are oriented in the liquid crystal region axial-symmetrically around the vicinity of the at least one of concave portion and convex portion as an axis vertical to the electrode substrates.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a liquid crystal display device consisting of a system of pixel elements. The display device includes an assembly of at least first and second display elements. The extremities of the display elements are overlapped so as to maintain a constant spacing between the pixel elements. Each display element includes two glass plates sealed together with a liquid crystal element between them.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, an apparatus for filling an LCD cell comprises a capillary wick coupled to reservoir of liquid crystal material by capillary action. The cell is filled by disposing the plates containing an unsealed region in contact with the wick, minimizing contact between the cell and the material in the reservoir.

Abstract: Improved thin film transistors resistant to photo-induced current and having improved electrical contact between electrodes and the source or drain regions are provided. The thin film transistors formed in accordance with the invention are particularly well suited for use in an active matrix substrate for a liquid crystal display panel. The liquid crystal display panels include an additional insulating layer formed between crossing orthogonal source lines and gate lines to provide a higher breakdown voltage between the source lines and gate lines than at the gate insulating layer of the thin film transistors.

Abstract: A liquid crystal microprism array has a plurality of grooves formed on a surface of a transparent substrate, a plurality of spaces divided by ridges of the grooves, and a plurality of liquid crystal cells placed in the spaces.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates opposed to each other with a composite containing polymer regions and liquid crystal regions interposed therebetween, at least one of the substrates being transparent, wherein an insulator as a gap keeping member for keeping a gap between the substrates is formed in the polymer regions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus for controlling light transmittance corresponding to various defective pixel modes such as luminance point defects and a fabrication method thereof are disclosed. The orientation film corresponding to a defective display pixel has protrusion portions that are larger than the orientation film corresponding to each of the normal display pixels. The height and pitches of the protrusion portions are preferably 0.1 .mu.m or more and 10 .mu.m or less, respectively.

Abstract: An apparatus for steering a beam of light. A volume of electro-optic, light transmissive material has a predetermined geometric shape, such as a wedge, and is positioned to intersect the beam of light so that the beam of light is directed into the material. The material has a first surface on which the beam of light is incident and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first and second surfaces defining a portion of the material therebetween having a thickness which varies with the beam of light passing through the portion of the material. A voltage source applies a potential difference across the portion of the material. A control circuit varies the magnitude of the potential difference applied to the portion of the material. As a result, the beam of light is deflected by an angle which is a function of the varying thickness of the portion of the material and the refractive index of the portion of the material as determined by the magnitude of the potential difference.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element utilizing flexible gas barrier films decreases poor display performance caused by bubble formation. This decrease is achieved by reducing the permeation of gas and water vapor from the gas barrier films into substrates by devising the structure of the element and the configuration in which the element is mounted. Specifically, edges of the substrates forming the liquid crystal display elements are sealed. Additionally, the gas and water vapor saturation solubilities of the liquid crystal material is controlled to improve resistance to bubble formation. The liquid crystal display elements can also be subjected to and/or stored in a reduced pressure. Electronic equipment incorporating liquid crystal display elements can include a guard plate having a minimum thickness and/or spacing from the display elements.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including: a pair of transparent substrates; a sealant layer provided between the substrates to give spacing by a predetermined distance; a pair of liquid-crystal-elevation stoppers provided on both sides of the opening and on an outer side of the sealant layer between the substrates, the stoppers including a different member than the sealant layer, the stoppers being coplanar with the peripheral edge, or as to project from the peripheral edge; a liquid crystal material introduced through the opening into the spacing; and a opening-sealing member formed at end in the vicinity of the opening to seal the liquid crystal material within the spacing between the substrates.