Abstract: The present invention is directed to a vortex-type mixing device for a down-flow hydroprocessing reactor. In particular, the device improves the effectiveness of an existing mixing volume in mixing the gas phase and liquid phase of two-phase systems. According to the present invention, the mixing device helps create a highly arcuate flow to incoming effluents and a high degree of mixing within a constrained interbed space of a hydroprocessing reactor.

Abstract: A radial-flow plate heat exchanger (5) embedded in the catalytic bed of an isothermal chemical reactor (1) has heat exchange plates (10) comprising fluid passages (13) between a first metal sheet (20) and a second metal sheet (21) joined by perimeter weld seams (23) on a first surface (A) of the plate, a feeding channel (14) and a collecting channel (15) for the heat exchange fluid are formed with suitable metal sheets which are seam welded (25) directly to the opposite surface (B) of the plate, this structure allows the manufacturing of the plate (10) with an automated seam welding process, such as laser beam welding.

Abstract: Provided is a method and an apparatus for producing a polyvinyl alcohol that can reduce energy consumption without deterioration in quality of the product polyvinyl alcohol. First, one or more vinyl esters are polymerized or a vinyl ester and other copolymerizable monomers are copolymerized to give a polyvinyl ester. Then, a raw saponification solution containing the polyvinyl ester and an organic solvent is fed through a channel 1 and a saponification catalyst-containing solution is introduced into the center of the channel. They are then mixed with static mixers 2 and the mixture 4 is subjected to saponification reaction, as it is placed on a belt 3.

Abstract: An apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon stream is presented. The apparatus involves changing the design of reformers and associated equipment to allow for increasing the processing temperatures in the reformers and heaters. The reformers are operated under different conditions to utilize advantages in the equilibriums, but require modifications to prevent increasing thermal cracking and to prevent increases in coking.

Abstract: A plant for preparing monosilane (SiH4) by catalytic disproportionation of trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) includes a reaction column having a feed line for trichlorosilane and a discharge line for silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) formed, and at least one condenser via which monosilane produced can be discharged from the reaction column, wherein the reaction column has at least two reactive/distillative reaction regions operated at different temperatures and containing different catalytically active solids, at least one of the reaction regions containing a catalytically active solid based on vinylpyridine, and at least one of the reaction regions containing a catalytically active solid based on styrene.

Abstract: Method for the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide in a urea plant containing a high-pressure synthesis section with a horizontal pool condenser, wherein the method comprises exchanging heat from a high pressure process medium received in a shell section of the pool condenser to a medium pressure urea containing solution received in a first heat exchanging section provided in the pool condenser to at least decompose ammonium carbamate into NH3 and CO2, wherein the method further comprises exchanging heat from the high pressure process medium to a low pressure steam condensate received in a second heat exchanging section provided in the pool condenser to produce low pressure steam. The invention also relates to an apparatus for the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a bimetallic catalyst system adapted for the manufacture of xylenes, a process for making said catalyst system, and to the process of manufacture of xylenes using said catalyst system, providing, in embodiments, improved selectivity by at least one of higher ethylene saturation and low xylene loss, decreased susceptibility to poisoning from feedstream impurities, and ability to operate at less severe conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream by means of an oxygen-comprising gas stream over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as a monolith to give a reaction gas mixture and regeneration of the catalyst in a reactor in the form of a cylinder or prism, wherein the reactor is operated alternately in the production mode of the autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation and in the regeneration mode.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a three-phase reaction of a liquid phase, a gaseous phase, and a catalyst over a fixed catalyst bed is disclosed. The liquid and gaseous phases are passed through the reactor via a mixing and distribution device positioned over the fixed catalyst bed. The mixing and distribution device includes a trough distributor for the liquid phase, having trough-shaped channels, outlet tubes in the trough-shaped channels for the liquid phase, a distributor plate below the trough distributor, and vertical nozzles, having one or more openings for the gaseous phase and one or more openings, arranged below the openings for the gaseous phase. For entry of the liquid phase, the nozzles are installed so that, at a predetermined liquid feed rate, the surface of the liquid on the distributor plate is below the openings for the gaseous phase and above the openings for the liquid phase.

Abstract: The invention describes catalysts, methods of making catalysts, methods of making a microchannel reactor, and methods of conducting chemical reactions. It has been discovered that superior performance can be obtained from a catalyst formed by directly depositing a catalytic material onto a (low surface area) thermally-grown alumina layer. Improved methods of conducting oxidative dehydrogenations are also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing silane that use electrolysis to regenerate reactive components therein are disclosed. The methods and systems may be substantially closed-loop with respect to halogen, an alkali or alkaline earth metal and/or hydrogen.

Abstract: A reactor assembly having a plurality of reaction chambers defined therein is provided. The reactor assembly includes a fluid flow module that provides a pressurized control flow of fluid from an open container. In another embodiment, the reactor block includes a plurality of passageways defined over a surface of a substrate to accommodate the combinatorial processing in order to obtain multiple data points from a single substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a new catalyst capable of removing carbon monoxide economically without adding particular reaction gas externally. Also provided are a process for producing and an apparatus using such a catalyst. Impregnation of a Ni—Al composite oxide precursor of a nonstoichiometric composition prepared by the solution-spray plasma technique with a ruthenium salt to be supported and performing reduction treatment allows CO methanation reaction to selectively proceed even in the high-temperature range in which CO2 methanation reaction and reverse water-gas-shift reaction proceed preferentially with conventional catalysts. Selective CO methanation reaction occurs reproducibly with another Ni—Al composite oxide precursor or an additive metallic species.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for solidifying and converting carbon dioxide into carbonate, comprising: an alkali component extraction reactor for extracting an alkali metal component from a raw slag; a carbonation reactor for injecting carbon dioxide into an alkali metal component solution containing the extracted alkali metal component to produce a carbonate precipitate from the alkali metal component solution; a first filtration device connected between the alkali component extraction reactor and the carbonation reactor to separate a post-treatment slag, from which the alkali component is extracted, from the alkali metal component solution; and a second filtration device connected between an inlet of the alkali component extraction reactor and an outlet of the carbonation reactor to separate the carbonate from the alkali metal component solution after the carbonation reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for entrained flow gasification of solid fuels under pressure, characterized in that first and second gasification agents containing oxygen are supplied in at least two stages to a powdery gasification stream input from above without burners so that a first, upper gasification chamber and, connected to it, a second, lower gasification chamber are formed. There is partial gasification of the gasification materials because of the addition of the first gasification agents, which are apportioned in terms of quantity and composition; temperatures arise in the first, upper gasification chamber that are greater than 600° C. Furthermore, the carbon conversion of the first gasification products is limited to a maximum of 80% with reference to the carbon input of the gasification materials.

Abstract: A gas generator and process for converting a fuel into an oxygen-depleted gas and/or hydrogen-enriched gas. The gas generator is preferably used for generating protection gas or reducing gas for start up, shut down or emergency shut down of a SOFC or SOEC. The process for converting fuel into oxygen-depleted gas and/or a hydrogen-enriched gas includes combusting the fuel in a primary catalytic burner with an oxygen-containing gas to produce a flue gas with oxygen, combusting or partially oxidizing the flue gas comprising oxygen with excess fuel in a secondary catalytic burner to produce a gas with hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and reducing the trace amounts of oxygen from the gas comprising traces of oxygen and obtaining an oxygen-depleted gas, or reducing the carbon monoxide present in the gas by conversion to carbon dioxide or methane to obtain a hydrogen-enriched gas.

Abstract: A method and integrated system for producing levulinic acid from the sludge of a pulp and paper mill and other lignocellulosic biomass is provided.

Abstract: A respiratory metabolic simulator is disclosed. The respiratory metabolic simulator includes a catalytic carbon dioxide generator having a first inlet adapted for receiving a fuel and a second inlet adapted for receiving a gas; a breathing simulator; and a controller; wherein an exhaust of the catalytic carbon dioxide generator combines with an exhaust of the breathing simulator; and wherein the controller is configured to vary at least one of the fuel and the gas provided to the catalytic carbon dioxide generator such that the combined exhausts emulate human exhalation.

Abstract: A system and process for removing catalyst fines from a gas stream overhead the slurry in a Fischer-Tropsch slurry bubble column reactor. The gas phase at the top of the slurry bubble column reactor containing small amounts of entrained liquid and catalyst particles. The unreacted gases are passed through a demister, which removes larger droplets and catalyst particles. Smaller droplets and catalyst fines are conveyed to a secondary gas cleaner, such as a cyclone, whereby substantially all remaining particles are removed from the gas phase. A particle-containing liquid produced in the secondary gas cleaner can be further subjected to a filtrate cleaning unit to filter out fine catalyst particles and produce a substantially particle-free liquid product stream and a slurry stream of liquid product containing catalyst particles.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to systems for the fast pyrolysis of organic matter. More specifically, it relates to systems for the catalytic modification of vapors created during the fast pyrolysis of organic matter to create transportation fuel or a transportation fuel component. The inventive systems either catalytically stabilize or convert at least a first portion of pyrolysis vapors, then combine them with a portion of raw, unconverted bio-derived pyrolysis vapors at a temperature and pressure sufficient for molecules of the combined vapors to react and produce hydrocarbons of increased molecular weight that are suitable for use as a hydrocarbon transportation fuel or component thereof.

Abstract: A system for the production of ammonium sulfate granules including a pipe cross reactor (PCR) configured to contact concentrated sulfuric acid with anhydrous ammonia to produce a PCR product comprising ammonium sulfate; and a granulator fluidly connected to the PCR, whereby PCR product extracted from the PCR can be introduced into the granulator, an inlet for ammonium sulfate seed material, an ammonia sparger configured to spray liquid anhydrous ammonia directly onto a bed of ammonium sulfate granules within the granulator, a granulator vent configured for extraction of a vapor comprising unreacted ammonia from the granulator, and a granulator product outlet configured for extraction of granulator product comprising ammonium sulfate granules from the granulator. A method of producing ammonium sulfate granules is also provided.

Abstract: A fuel processing system for converting a logistical fuel and air into a liquid product comprising methanol. One such system comprises a fuel injection system configured to combine a logistical fuel and ambient air to produce a logistical fuel and air mixture, a synthesis gas production system configured to convert the logistical fuel and air mixture to synthesis gas, and a methanol synthesis system configured to convert the synthesis gas to a crude methanol liquid. Related methods are additionally disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are process and apparatus for vertical splitting of the oxygen supply to a post-oxidation reactor. Further disclosed are process and apparatus for supplying reaction medium to a post-oxidation reactor at a mid-level inlet. Such apparatus and process can assist in reducing oxygen pinch throughout the post-oxidation reactor.

Abstract: We provide a process to manufacture a base stock, comprising hydrocracking, separating, and dewaxing, wherein the base stock has a ratio of Noack volatility to CCS VIS at ?25° C. multiplied by 100 from 0.15 to 0.40. We also provide a base stock made by a process, and a base oil manufacturing plant that produces the base stock.

Abstract: A flue gas treatment process and system is presented. The system includes a fan capable of moving a flue gas through a flue gas desulfurizer, direct contact cooler, and CO2 absorber, without the need for a booster fan. The system also includes a direct contact cooler and CO2 absorber that are configured to withstand gas conditions present at the flue gas desulfurizer exit. When the direct contact cooler and CO2 absorber are shutdown, the speed of the fan is lowered and the flue gas continues to flow through the cooler and CO2 absorber and out a chimney. The overall cost of installing, operating, and maintaining the system is lower than that of conventional processes and systems.

Abstract: Disclosed are process and apparatus for vertical splitting of the oxygen supply to a post-oxidation reactor. Further disclosed are process and apparatus for supplying reaction medium to a post-oxidation reactor at a mid-level inlet. Such apparatus and process can assist in reducing oxygen pinch throughout the post-oxidation reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the removal of NO and NO2 from an oxygen-containing gas stream, which comprises a scrubbing step in which the gas stream is brought into contact with an ammonia-containing scrubbing solution, NO is oxidized to form NO2 by means of the oxygen present at a pressure of at least 2 bar and temperatures of from 15° C. to 60° C. and at least part of the NO2 present in the gas stream is converted by means of the ammonia-containing scrubbing solution into ammonium nitrite and a downstream decomposition step in which the ammonium nitrite present in the scrubbing solution is thermally decomposed into elemental nitrogen and water, where the decomposition step is carried out at temperatures of from 121° C. to 190° C. and a pressure of from 2 to 40 bar. The invention likewise relates to a plant for operation of the process of the invention.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for recovering hydroprocessing effluent from a hydroprocessing unit utilizing a hot stripper and a cold stripper. Only the hot hydroprocessing effluent is heated in a fired heater prior to product fractionation, resulting in substantial operating and capital savings.

Abstract: Disclosed are process and apparatus for vertical splitting of the oxygen supply to a post-oxidation reactor. Further disclosed are process and apparatus for supplying reaction medium to a post-oxidation reactor at a mid-level inlet. Such apparatus and process can assist in reducing oxygen pinch throughout the post-oxidation reactor.

Abstract: A desulphurization and decarbonisation apparatus includes (a) a starter for starting a reaction between an electropositive metal and sulphur oxides and carbon dioxide of a flue gas; (b) a first reaction chamber with a cooling unit for reducing the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of the flue gas in an exothermic reaction with the electropositive metal; (c) a second reaction chamber for generating a first suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and sulphur containing reaction products by extracting solid reaction products of the first reaction chamber in a solvent; (d) a third reaction chamber for oxidizing the first suspension to generate a second suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and oxidized sulphur containing reaction products; and (e) a separator for separating the oxidized sulphur containing reaction products from the suspended carbon containing reaction products.

Abstract: The Invention relates to an apparatus or installation for producing active carbon, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of polymeric, organic, preferably sulphonated, starting materials, wherein the apparatus or installation comprises optionally a drying device for drying the starting materials, optionally a sulphonating device, arranged downstream of the optionally present drying device, for sulphonating and/or peptizing the optionally previously dried starting materials, a carbonizing device, arranged downstream of the optionally present drying device and/or the optionally present sulphonating device, for carbonizing the optionally previously dried and/or sulphonated and/or peptized starting materials, as well as an activating device, arranged downstream of the carbonizing device, for activating the starting materials previously carbonized in the carbonizing device, wherein the apparatus or installation also comprises at least one exhaust-gas treatment device for treating the exhaust gas

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a device for feeding and/or discharging fluids in microreactor arrays through one or several fluid ducts that extend into each individual microreactor and can be individually controlled and regulated, in order to control, regulate, influence, and/or verify processes. The fed or discharged amounts of fluid are introduced into or discharged from the volume of the reaction liquid during a continuous shaking process and are evenly mixed as a result of the shaking process. The continuous shaking process causes sufficient mass transfer and thorough mixing of the reaction partners or fluids while the reaction is not limited or restricted by the mass transfer conditions.

Abstract: Methods for converting an H2SO4 alkylation unit to an ionic liquid alkylation system configured for performing ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation processes may comprise connecting at least one component configured for ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation to at least one component of the H2SO4 alkylation unit, wherein the at least one component of the H2SO4 alkylation unit is retained, modified or adapted for use in the ionic liquid alkylation system. Ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation systems derived from existing conventional alkylation units, and ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for preparing fatty acid alkyl ester for bio-diesel fuel is disclosed wherein fatty acid, specifically fatty acid distillate reacts with alcohol. The method does not require the glycerin purification process, and has the superior conversion ratio of fatty acid. The method for preparing fatty acid alkyl ester for bio-diesel fuel comprises the step of carrying out a counter current type esterification reaction of fatty acid and alcohol in each tray of a counter current column reactor at a temperature of 200 to 350° C. and a pressure of 1 to 35 bar. Here the raw material of the fatty acid is fed to an upper part of the counter current column reactor and the alcohol is fed to a lower part of the counter current column reactor. The counter current column reactor has a number of trays which are installed horizontally to have a number of vertical compartments. Each of the number of trays has an opening part at one end thereof to communicate one compartment with an adjoining compartment.

Abstract: A system for converting fuel is provided and includes a first reactor comprising a plurality of ceramic composite particles, the ceramic composite particles comprising at least one metal oxide disposed on a support, wherein the first reactor is configured to reduce the at least one metal oxide with a fuel to produce a reduced metal or a reduced metal oxide; a second reactor configured to oxidize at least a portion of the reduced metal or reduced metal oxide from the said first reactor to produce a metal oxide intermediate; a source of air; and a third reactor communicating with said source of air and configured to regenerate the at least one metal oxide from the remaining portion of the solids discharged from the said first reactor and the solids discharged from the said second reactor by oxidizing the metal oxide intermediate.

Abstract: The present application is directed to a method and system for monetizing energy. More specifically, the invention is directed to the economically efficient utilization of remote or stranded natural gas resources. The invention includes importing a high energy density material into an energy market and distributing the high energy density material (HEDM) therein. The HEDM is produced from reduction of a material oxide such as boria into the HEDM, which may be boron. The reduction utilizes remote hydrocarbon resources such as stranded natural gas resources.

Abstract: A silicon oxide deposit is continuously prepared by feeding a powder feed containing silicon dioxide powder to a reaction chamber, heating the feed at 1,200-1,600° C. to produce a silicon oxide vapor, delivering the vapor to a deposition chamber through a transfer line which is maintained at or above the temperature of the reaction chamber, for thereby causing silicon oxide to deposit on a cool substrate, and removing the silicon oxide deposit from the deposition chamber. Two deposition chambers are provided, and the step of delivering the vapor is alternately switched from one to another deposition chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for processing hydrocarbon feeds. The method enhances the conversion of hydrocarbon feeds into conversion products, such as ethylene and propylene. In particular, the present techniques utilize a high-severity reactor integrated with another reactor type to convert hydrocarbons to other petrochemical products.

Abstract: A reactor in the form of a cylinder or prism wherein the interior of the reactor is divided by a cylindrical or prismatic gastight housing G which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor into an inner region having one or more catalytically active zones, in which in each case a packing composed of monoliths stacked on top of one another, next to one another and behind one another and before each catalytically active zone in each case a mixing zone having solid internals are provided, and an outer region B arranged coaxially to the inner region A, wherein the inner region A is insulated from the outer region B of the reactor by means of a microporous high-performance insulation material having a thermal conductivity 1 at temperatures up to 700° C. of less than 0.05 W/m*K is proposed.

Abstract: A method of adapting an axial flow reaction vessel having opposed ports to an opposed axial flow reaction vessel includes installing a process fluid collection system within the body of the vessel in fluid communication with one or more of the ports; providing the vessel with a bed of particulate catalyst or sorbent containing a layer of inert particulate material around the process fluid collection system; and adapting the feed to the vessel through one or more of the ports such that a process fluid fed to the vessel is passed axially and in the opposite direction through the fixed bed of catalyst or sorbent and is collected by the process fluid collection system disposed centrally within the bed and in fluid communication with one or more of the ports.

Abstract: A system for producing an ion concentration gradient and a temperature-responsive electrolyte material which are utilizable, for example, for efficiently converting heat energy that has been discarded into reusable energy or for efficiently recovering an acid gas, such as carbon dioxide is provided. A temperature-responsive electrolyte is used to produce an ion concentration gradient by means of a temperature gradient. The temperature-responsive electrolyte is used in the state of an aqueous solution and also in the state of a solid phase.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for recovering dichlorohydrins from a hydrochlorination reactor effluent stream comprising dichlorohydrins, one or more compounds selected from esters of dichlorohydrins, monochlorohydrins and/or esters thereof, and multihydroxylated-aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds and/or esters thereof, and optionally one or more substances comprising water, chlorinating agents, catalysts and/or esters of catalysts. The reactor effluent stream is distilled to produce a dichlorohydrin-rich vapor phase effluent stream. The dichlorohydrin-rich vapor phase effluent stream is cooled and condensed in two unit operations conducted at two different temperatures and a portion of the liquid phase effluent stream produced by the first unit operation is recycled to the distillation step for reflux. Product streams produced by the process and apparatus are suitable for further processing in a further unit operation, such as dehydrochlorination.

Abstract: An integrated facility for the co-production of ethanol and biodiesel fuel is provided. Ethanol and corn oil, the primary product and a by-product from the ethanol plant, are utilized as feedstocks for a biodiesel plant operating within the same general facility as the corn ethanol plant. By-products of the biodiesel plant, principally crude liquid glycerol and gaseous ethanol or methanol, are recycled to various parts of the ethanol plant.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for hydrocracking hydrocarbon feed in a hydrocracking unit and hydrotreating a diesel product from the hydrocracking unit in a hydrotreating unit. The hydrocracking unit and the hydrotreating unit shares the same recycle gas compressor. A warm separator separates recycle gas and hydrocarbons from diesel in the hydrotreating effluent, so fraction of the diesel is relatively simple. The warm separator also keeps the diesel product separate from the more sulfurous diesel in the hydrocracking effluent, and still retains heat needed for fractionation of lighter components from the low sulfur diesel product.

Abstract: A reactor formed within a honeycomb monolith is disclosed, the monolith having a plurality of parallel cells and comprising one or more process fluid paths lying within closed cells of the monolith and extending laterally from cell to cell, the monolith having porous walls that are coated with a non-porous coating in at least a first zone along the one or more process fluid paths and that remain porous in at least a second zone along the one or more process fluid paths, the porous walls in the second zone adapted to allow permeate in a respective process fluid path to pass through the porous walls.

Abstract: A reactor includes an essentially horizontal cylinder for carrying out an autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream using an oxygen-comprising gas stream to give a reaction gas mixture over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as monolith. The interior of the reactor is divided by a detachable, cylindrical or prismatic housing, which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and is gastight in the circumferential direction, into an inner region having one or more catalytically active zones, each having a packing composed of monoliths stacked on top of one another, next to one another and behind one another and before each catalytically active zone in each case a mixing zone having solid internals are provided and into an outer region, which is supplied with an inert gas, arranged coaxially to the inner region. A heat exchanger is connected to the housing at one end of the reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating electrical energy from combustion of biomass is provided. The present invention provides both liquid-phase and gas-phase fuel to an internal combustion engine that is designed to run on both types of fuel. Scrubbing syngas generated in an updraft gasifier with a first petrochemical-based liquid fuel reduces the concentration of tars in the syngas stream and also enables absorption of tars from the syngas into the first liquid fuel. After absorption, the tars form a second liquid fuel that is suitable for direct use in the internal combustion engine. As a result, the syngas provided to the engine is substantially free of tars and the volume of liquid fuel available to the engine is increased.

Abstract: A carbonylation process for producing acetic acid including: (a) carbonylating methanol or its reactive derivatives in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst and methyl iodide promoter to produce a liquid reaction mixture including acetic acid, water, methyl acetate and methyl iodide; (b) feeding the liquid reaction mixture at a feed temperature to a flash vessel which is maintained at a reduced pressure; (c) heating the flash vessel while concurrently flashing the reaction mixture to produce a crude product vapor stream, wherein the reaction mixture is selected and the flow rate of the reaction mixture fed to the flash vessel as well as the amount of heat supplied to the flash vessel is controlled such that the temperature of the crude product vapor stream is maintained at a temperature less than 90° F.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solid fuel decoupled fluidized bed gasifying method and a gasifying apparatus. By physically separately performing drying and pyrolyzing of fuel, gasification of char, and tar/hydrocarbon reforming, the interactions between the separated chemical reactions and physical processes during fluidized bed gasification can be utilized. Specifically, in a fluidized bed reactor having two reaction chambers, drying and pyrolyzing of fuel, gasification of char, and tar/hydrocarbon reforming are performed, respectively, the reforming of tar/hydrocarbon is promoted through the catalytic effect of the char, and the evaporated fuel moisture is provided to the char gasification and tar/hydrocarbon reforming as an effective reaction agent. Accordingly, the tar content in product gas can be reduced, the use amount of external steam can be reduced, the overall efficiency of gasification can be improved, and this technique can also be applied to the processing of high water-containing fuel.

Abstract: A reactor design and configuration and a process for the catalytic dehydration of butanol to butylenes where the reactor train is comprised of a multi-stage single reactor vessel or multiple reactor vessels wherein each stage and/or vessel has different length, internal diameter, and volume than the other stages and/or vessels and in addition the stages and/or reactor vessels are connected in series or in parallel arrangement, preferably used with an improved means of introducing the butanol feedstock and a heat carrying inert gas to the improved reactor train.