Abstract: To form graphene to a practically even thickness on an object having an uneven surface or a complex surface, in particular, an object having a surface with a three-dimensional structure due to complex unevenness, or an object having a curved surface. The object and an electrode are immersed in a graphene oxide solution, and voltage is applied between the object and the electrode. At this time, the object serves as an anode. Graphene oxide is attracted to the anode because of being negatively charged, and deposited on the surface of the object to have a practically even thickness. A portion where graphene oxide is deposited is unlikely coated with another graphene oxide. Thus, deposited graphene oxide is reduced to graphene, whereby graphene can be formed to have a practically even thickness on an object having surface with complex unevenness.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte material according to an aspect of the present disclosure is represented by the following Compositional Formula (1): Li6-3zYzX6 where, 0<z<2 is satisfied; and X represents Cl or Br.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material precursor for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided that includes a nickel-cobalt-manganese carbonate composite represented by general formula NixCoyMnzMtCO3 (where x+y+z+t=1, 0.05?x?0.3, 0.1?y?0.4, 0?t?0.1, and M denotes at least one additional element selected from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W) and a hydrogen-containing functional group. The ratio H/Me of the amount of hydrogen H to the amount of metal components Me included in the positive electrode active material precursor is less than 1.60. The positive electrode active material further includes a secondary particle formed by a plurality of primary particles that have been aggregated.

Abstract: A silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product-metal oxide complex comprising a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product and a metal oxide, wherein the silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product contains 5 wt % to 95 wt % of silicon nanoparticles having a volume-based mean particle size of more than 10 nm but less than 500 nm, and a hydrogen polysilsesquioxane-derived silicon oxide structure that coats the silicon nanoparticles and is chemically bonded to the surfaces of the silicon nanoparticles. The silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product is represented by the general formula SiOxHy (0.01<x<1.35, 0<y<0.35) and has Si—H bonds. The metal oxide consists of one or more metals selected from titanium, zinc, zirconium, aluminum, and iron.

Abstract: A battery, including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm.

Abstract: An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes an electrode active material represented by LiFexMn1-w-x-yMgyAwPO4 and a carbonaceous film coating a surface of the electrode active material, a particle diameter D10 of secondary particles is 0.5 ?m or more, a particle diameter D90 of the secondary particles is 25 ?m or less, and a ratio (O/I) of an average value of thicknesses I of the carbonaceous film on the surfaces of the primary particles in a range of 0.3 ?m or less from a center of the secondary particle at 300 measurement points to an average value of thicknesses O of the carbonaceous film on the surfaces of the primary particles in a range of 0.3 ?m or less from an outermost surface of the secondary particle at 300 measurement points is 0.85 or more and less than 1.00.

Abstract: A cathode active material includes a lithium composite oxide and a covering material which covers a surface of the lithium composite oxide. The lithium composite oxide is a multi-phase mixture including a first phase having a crystal structure which belongs to a space group C2/m and a second phase having a crystal structure which belongs to a space group R-3m. The lithium composite oxide has an integral intensity ratio I(18°-20°)/I(43°-46°) of not less than 0.05 and not more than 1.15, where the integral intensity ratio I(18°-20°)/I(43°-46°) is a ratio of an integral intensity I(18°-20°) to an integral intensity I(43°-46°). The integral intensity I(?°-?°) is an integral intensity of a first peak which is a maximum peak present within a range of a diffraction angle 2? of not less than ?° and not more than ?° in an X-ray diffraction pattern of the lithium composite oxide.

Abstract: Systems and methods for use of silicon with impurities in silicon-dominant anode cells may include a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode including an active material, where the anode active material includes silicon, and where an impurity level of the silicon may be more than 400 ppm. The impurity level of the silicon is more than 600 ppm. The impurity level may be for elements with an atomic number between 2 and 42. The silicon may have a purity of 99.90% or less. A resistance of the silicon when pressed into a 4 mm thick and 15 mm diameter pellet may be 25 k? or less. The active material may include silicon, carbon, and a pyrolyzed polymer on a metal current collector. The metal current collector may include a copper or nickel foil in electrical contact with the active material. The active material may include more than 50% silicon.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material including lithium titanium oxide particles, wherein the lithium titanium oxide particles have a Na content of 50 ppm-300 ppm, a K content of 500 ppm-2400 ppm and a crystallite size of 100-200 nm, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method that includes positioning a stack that includes at least one of the following layers between a first surface and a second surface: a first perovskite layer and/or a second perovskite layer; and treating the stack for a period of time by at least one of heating the stack or pressurizing the stack, where a device that includes the first surface and the second surface provides the heating and the pressurizing of the stack.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material including a negative electrode active material particle. The negative electrode active material particle includes a silicon compound particle including a silicon compound (SiOx: 0.5?x?1.6). The silicon compound particle includes crystalline Li2SiO3 in at least part of the silicon compound particle. Among a peak intensity A derived from Li2SiO3, a peak intensity B derived from Si, a peak intensity C derived from Li2Si2O5, and a peak intensity D derived from SiO2 which are obtained from a 29Si-MAS-NMR spectrum of the silicon compound particle, the peak intensity A is the highest intensity, and the peak intensity A and the peak intensity C satisfy a relationship of the following formula 1.

Abstract: Novel pulsed aluminum batteries (PAlBs), including power output regulated systems, have been developed. PAlBs comprise an aluminum anode, a cathode, and a complex electrolyte containing bases, facilitating and stabilizing agents, and may contain internal oxidizers. The aluminum anode comprises technical grade or recycled aluminum. The cathode may comprise copper, nickel, or platinum. Bases may comprise sodium or potassium hydroxide. Facilitating and stabilizing agents may comprise sodium and lithium chlorides or sulfates. Internal oxidizers may comprise sodium hypochlorite. Frequency of electric pulses in novel PAlBs can be controlled by electric or chemical means. PAlBs can be used as components of backup power systems, in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and in autonomous self-powered electrochemical computing systems and sensors.

Abstract: An interfacial additive layer for decreasing the interfacial resistance/impedance of a silicon based electrode-containing device such as, for example, an energy storage device or a micro-resistor, is disclosed. The interfacial additive, which is composed of evaporated lithium fluoride, is formed between a silicon based electrode and a solid polymer electrolyte layer of the device. The evaporated lithium fluoride serves as ion conductive layer. The presence of such an interfacial additive layer increases the ion and electron mobile dependent performances at the silicon based electrode interface due to significant decrease in the resistance/impedance that is observed at the respective interface as well as the impedance observed in the bulk of the device.

Abstract: A positive electroactive material is described, including: a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound having a composition of LiaFe1-x-yMnxDy(PO4)z, wherein 1.0<a?1.10, 0<x?0.5, 0?y?0.10, 1.0<z?1.10 and D is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, V, Nb and combinations thereof; and a lithium metal oxide, wherein the lithium iron manganese phosphate compound is optionally doped with Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Ta, W, Mg or F. A battery containing the positive electroactive material is also described.

Abstract: Provided is a silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product that is represented by the general formula SiOxHy (0.01<x?0.3, 0<y<0.35) and has Si—H bonds, said silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane sintered product being characterized by (A) including more than 65.0 wt % of silicon nanoparticles that have a volume-based average particle size of 10-500 nm, exclusive, and that do not include particles having a particle size of 1000 nm or larger, and (B) including a silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane that coats the silicon nanoparticles and is chemically bonded to the surfaces of the silicon nanoparticles.

Abstract: An ionic-electronic conductive compound of Formula 1: LixA(1-x-y)MzM?(1-z)O3??(1) wherein, 0<x?0.5, 0?y?0.5, 0?z?0.5, A comprises Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof, M and M? each independently comprise As, Sb, Bi, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: According to a method for producing a nanostructured electrode for an electrochemical cell, in which active material is applied to an electrically conductive substrate, the active material is deposited on the electrically conductive substrate by magnetron sputtering in one process step, a ceramic target comprising an electrode material having an additional carbon proportion between 0.1 and 25% by weight is used, the substrate being kept at temperatures between 400° C. and 1200° C. during the deposition, in such a way that a fibrous porous network is formed.

Abstract: A battery electrode composition is provided comprising composite particles, with each composite particle comprising active material and a scaffolding matrix. The active material is provided to store and release ions during battery operation. For certain active materials of interest, the storing and releasing of the ions causes a substantial change in volume of the active material. The scaffolding matrix is provided as a porous, electrically-conductive scaffolding matrix within which the active material is disposed. In this way, the scaffolding matrix structurally supports the active material, electrically interconnects the active material, and accommodates the changes in volume of the active material.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a negative electrode active material including an amorphous silicon-based composite represented by SiOa (0<a<1); and a carbon coating layer distributed on a surface of the silicon-based composite, and provides a negative electrode active material in which the crystal growth of crystalline silicon in a silicon-based composite prepared by thermal reduction with a metal reducing agent is suppressed in a state where a carbon coating layer is formed, and the ratio of silicon in the composite is high, and a method of preparing the same.

Abstract: Galvanic metal-water cells and methods of manufacturing positive electrodes to be used in said galvanic metal-water cells. The galvanic metal-water cells in accordance with various embodiments include a cathode that includes a layer comprising nickel-molybdenum deposited thereon. The nickel-molybdenum coated cathodes exhibit favorable hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential compared with existing devices. In these galvanic metal-water cells, the metal is oxidized and water is reduced.

Abstract: The secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer that includes an anode active material, and is provided on the anode current collector, a surface of the anode active material being covered with one or more coatings containing one or both of polyvinylidene fluoride and a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a liquid electrolyte for a fluoride ion battery in which decomposition of a solvent is restrained. The present disclosure attains the object by providing a liquid electrolyte for a fluoride ion battery comprising a plurality of carbonate-based solvents and a fluoride salt, wherein the plurality of carbonate-based solvents contain: i) only propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ii) only ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), or iii) only ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium ion batteries comprising a cathode, an anode containing silicon particles, a separator and an electrolyte, characterized in that the electrolyte contains one or more inorganic salts selected from among the group comprising alkali salts and ammonium salts of nitrate, nitrite, azide, phosphate, carbonate, borates and fluoride, and in that the anode material is only partially lithiated in the fully charged lithium ion battery.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention provides a negative electrode material for use in an electrolyte battery including a negative electrode active material and a coating material disposed on a surface of the negative electrode active material. The coating material is a fluoride ion conductor that includes the elements lead and fluorine.

Abstract: A silicon nanoparticle-containing hydrogen polysilsesquioxane calcined product to be covered by the invention, represented by general formula SiOx2Hy2 (0.3<x2<1.5, 0.01<y2<0.35), containing 5% by weight to 65% by weight of silicon nanoparticles having a volume-basis mean particle size of more than 10 nanometers and less than 500 nanometers, having a chemical bond between a surface of the silicon nanoparticles and a silicon oxide structure derived from hydrogen polysilsesquioxane, having a Si—H bond, and substantially containing no carbon is silicon oxide applicable to a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery having excellent discharging capacity, initial charging and discharging efficiency and cycle characteristics.

Abstract: Anodes, and battery cells utilizing the same, include silicon particles embedded within a copper matrix, wherein the anode includes 40 at. % to 75 at. % silicon. The anode can include about 21 at. % to about 67 at. % silicon particles. The copper matrix can include pure copper and/or one or more copper-silicon intermetallic phases. The copper matrix can further include one or more of nickel, gold, silver, beryllium, and zinc. The silicon particles embedded in the copper matrix can have an average particle diameter less than 10 ?m. The non-surfacial silicon particles embedded in the copper matrix can be at least 99 at. % pure. The anode can be a woven mesh of ribbons or a planar sheet.

Abstract: Disclosed are functionalized Group IVA particles, methods of preparing the Group IVA particles, and methods of using the Group IVA particles. The Group IVA particles may be passivated with at least one layer of material covering at least a portion of the particle. The layer of material may be a covalently bonded non-dielectric layer of material. The Group IVA particles may be used in various technologies, including lithium ion batteries and photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: Active material particles, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent are mixed to prepare composite particles. The composite particles are mixed with metal short fibers to make the metal short fibers adhere to surfaces of the composite particles. After the adhesion of the metal short fibers, the composite particles are brought together and compacted to produce an electrode for electric storage devices. Each of the composite particles contains at least the active material particles, the conductive material, and the binder. The total content of the metal short fibers in the electrode for electric storage devices is not lower than 15 mass % and not higher than 35 mass %.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a negative electrode active material including: particles of negative electrode active material, wherein the particles of negative electrode active material contain particles of silicon compound containing a silicon compound (SiOx: 0.55?x?1.6), and the particles of silicon compound includes at least one or more kinds of Li2SiO3 and Li4SiO4; the particles of silicon compound contain nickel; and, a mass of the nickel to a mass of the particles of negative electrode active material is 2 mass ppm or more and 100 mass ppm or less. Thus, when used as the negative electrode active material of a secondary battery, a negative electrode active material capable of improving the initial charge/discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics is provided.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a silicon-carbon composite including crystalline carbon and a silicon particle. The silicon-carbon composite further includes an alkali metal or an alkaline-earth metal. The alkali metal or the alkaline-earth metal is present in the silicon-carbon composite in an amount of greater than or equal to about 500 ppm and less than about 5,000 ppm by weight.

Abstract: Provided herein is a composite anode active material including: a porous carbon structure; a first coating layer on the porous carbon structure and including a non-carbonaceous material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium; and a second coating layer on the first coating layer and including a carbonaceous material.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a processing system and determining method, a X-ray intensity of character X-rays generated by irradiating a catalytic layer of a noble metal formed on a surface of a substrate with X-rays is detected. In the processing system and the determining method, either the detected X-ray intensity or a parameter calculated using the X-ray intensity is obtained as a determination parameter. In the processing system and the determining method, based at least on the determination parameter, whether or not the catalytic layer has been formed into a state suitable for etching the surface of the substrate is determined.

Abstract: A nanoparticle and a method for fabricating the nanoparticle utilize a decomposable material yoke located within permeable organic polymer material shell and separated from the permeable organic polymer material shell by a void space. When the decomposable material yoke comprises a sulfur material and the permeable organic polymer material shell comprises a material permeable to both a sulfur material vapor and a lithium ion within a battery electrolyte the nanoparticle may be used within an electrode for a Li/S battery absent the negative effects of battery electrode materials expansion.

Abstract: An acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H0>?12, at least on its surface. The AMO material is useful in applications such as a battery electrode, catalyst, or photovoltaic component.

Abstract: A free-standing electrically conductive porous structure suitable to be used as a cathode of a battery, including an electrically conductive porous substrate with sulfur diffused into the electrically conductive porous substrate to create a substantially uniform layer of sulfur on a surface of the electrically conductive porous substrate. The free-standing electrically conductive porous structure has a high performance when used in a rechargeable battery. A method of manufacturing the electrically conductive porous structure is also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium battery anode material including a graphite material and a composite material. The composite material and the graphite material are crossly mixed together to form a plurality of spherical structures. The composite material includes a silicon material, an agglomerate, and a plurality of protrusions. A plurality of crystals are grown on a surface of the silicon material. The crystals include silicon carbide. The agglomerate includes metal silicide. The protrusions are distributed on a surface of the agglomerate. The protrusions include silicon and metal.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a battery electrode with a discontinuous ink coating, including the following steps: make ink zones (16) on a first longitudinal segment (26a) of a metallic support (22) and at least one additional ink zone (32) on at least one second longitudinal segment (26b) of the support zones (16, 32) jointly forming a support coating arranged such that at least one additional ink zone (32) of a second segment is located laterally facing each recessed zone (40) formed between two directly consecutive ink zones (16) of the first segment (26a); calendering of the metallic support (22) provided with its coating (16, 32), the calendering roll located on the side of the coating being permanently in contact with this coating during calendering; and separation of the segments (26a, 26b) so as to obtain the electrode.

Abstract: Producing multiple anode particulates, including: a) dispersing an electrically conducting material, multiple porous primary particles of an anode active material, an optional electron-conducting material, and a sacrificial material in a liquid medium to form a precursor mixture; b) forming the precursor mixture into multiple droplets and drying the droplets; and c) removing the sacrificial material or thermally converting the sacrificial material into a carbon material to obtain multiple particulates, wherein a particulate comprises a plurality of porous anode active material particles having a pore volume Vpp and a solid volume Va, an electron-conducting material, and additional pores having a volume Vp, which are encapsulated by a thin encapsulating layer having a thickness from 1 nm to 10 ?m and a lithium ion conductivity from 10-8 S/cm to 5×10-2 S/cm and the volume ratio Vp/Va in the particulate is from 0.1/1.0 to 10/1.0 or (Vpp+Vp)/Va ratio is from 0.3/1.0 to 20/1.0.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes: a lithium complex oxide expressed by chemical formula (1); a highly thermal conductive compound; and graphene or multilayer graphene. LixM1yM21-yO2??(1) In the formula (1), M1 is at least one metal selected from Ni, Co, and Mn, M2 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Ti, Cr, Mg, Cu, Ga, Zn, Sn, B, V, Ca, and Sr, and x and y are numbers such that 0.05?x?1.2 and 0.3?y?1.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide an electrode for a lithium ion battery which has excellent electron conductivity even when the thickness of the electrode is increased. The electrode for a lithium ion battery according to the present invention includes a first principal surface located on a separator side of the lithium ion battery, and a second principal surface located on a current collector side, wherein the electrode has a thickness of 50 to 5000 ?m, and the electrode includes, between the first principal surface and the second principal surface, short fibers (A) having an average fiber length of 50 nm or more and less than 100 ?m, long fibers (B) having an average fiber length of 100 ?m or more and 1000 ?m or less, and active material particles (C), and the short fibers (A) and the long fibers (B) are electroconductive fibers.

Abstract: Embodiments of the claimed invention are directed to a device, comprising: an anode that includes a lithiated silicon-based or lithiated carbon-based material or pure lithium metal or metal oxides and a sandwich-type sulfur-based cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are designed to have porous structures. An additional embodiment of the invention is directed to a scalable method of manufacturing sandwich-type Li—S batteries at a significantly reduced cost compared to traditional methods. An additional embodiment is directed to the use of exfolidated CNT sponges for enlarging the percentage of sulfur in the cathode to have large energy density.

Abstract: A topological quantum framework includes a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures disposed in different directions and connected to each other, wherein a one-dimensional nanostructure of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures includes a first composition including a metal capable of incorporating and deincorporating lithium, and wherein the topological quantum framework is porous.

Abstract: In this patent, a high energy and power density supercapacitor was invented. A coin cell with supercapacitor includes a spring lamination, a working electrode, a counter electrode, a separator, and an Organic electrolyte. The working and counter electrodes were Activated carbon/N-doping porous graphene/binder coated on Aluminum substrate. The separator was from Nippon Kodoshi Corporation. The Organic electrolyte was 1M TEABF4/PC. The method of producing N-doping porous graphene included the following steps: Step 1: Graphite oxide (GO) was transferred into the furnace. Step 2: Inject 50 c.c./min gas flow of Nitrous oxides for one hour. Step 3: Intensify 40 Celsius degrees/min to 900 Celsius degrees and after holding for one hour, lower the temperature naturally to the room temperature, it can be prepared into N-doping porous graphene. In this patent, the capacitance of the supercapacitor is 122 F/g and the power density is 31 kW/Kg.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ternary liquid electrolyte for a lithium-sulfur battery and a lithium-sulfur battery including the same. The liquid electrolyte for a lithium-sulfur battery according to the present invention exhibits an excellent sulfur utilization rate when used in a lithium-sulfur battery, and exhibits excellent stability. Accordingly, the liquid electrolyte for a lithium-sulfur battery according to the present invention is capable of enhancing a life time property while securing a capacity property of a lithium-sulfur battery.

Abstract: A hybrid electrode and an energy storage device are disclosed. The hybrid electrode is applicable to use in advanced rechargeable energy storage and power sources. A non-woven sheet of carbon-nanotubes (CNTs) and a layer of lithiated graphene nanoparticles deposited on the sheet of CNTs are provided.

Abstract: Provided are an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same. The present invention provides an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery including: a carbon based particle; a first carbon coating layer positioned on the carbon based particle and including pores; a silicon coating layer positioned on the pores and/or a pore-free surface of the first carbon coating layer; and second carbon coating layer positioned on the silicon coating layer, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a lithium-ion battery, and the lithium-ion battery comprises a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator and an electrolyte. The positive active material comprises a material with a chemical formula of LiaNixCoyM1-x-yO2, the negative active material comprises graphite, the OI value of the positive film represented by OIc and the OI value of the negative film represented by OIa satisfy a relationship: 0.05?OIa/OIc?10. By reasonably matching the OI value of the positive film represented by OIc and the OI value of the negative film represented by OIa and making OIa/OIc between 0.05 and 10, the dynamics performance of the positive electrode plate and the dynamics performance of the negative electrode plate can achieve an optimal match, the lithium-ion battery can have higher charging capability, and also have excellent cycle life and excellent safety performance during the long-term fast charging use.

Abstract: A structure has a substrate, a first material on the substrate, the first material having a binder and a first active material, periodically located trapezoidal voids that only partially extend from a top of the first active material towards the substrate, and an electrolyte material filling the trapezoidal voids.