Abstract: A method of making a microporous carbon material which includes providing a precursor selected from the group consisting of crystalline salts of aromatic sulfonates and nonporous polymeric salts. Prior to carbonization, the precursor is treated by ion exchange or other conventional processes to introduce a metal such as iron, nickel and cobalt into the precursor. Heat treatment of such composite precursors in the temperature range of 350.degree. to 850.degree. C. in an inert oxygen free atmosphere for a sufficient time promotes thermally induced hydrogen abstraction and rearrangement of BSUs which result in the formation of a composite, carbonaceous microporous material which contains a metal component, and has a pore size distribution in the range of about 4-15 .ANG. A. The structural and storage characteristics of the microporous carbon materials are also disclosed.

Abstract: A high energy density capacitor incorporating a variety of carbon foam electrodes is described. The foams, derived from the pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde and related polymers, are high density (0.1 g/cc-1.0 g/cc) electrically conductive and have high surface areas (400 m.sup.2 /g-1000 m.sup.2 /g). Capacitances on the order of several tens of farad per gram of electrode are achieved.

Abstract: A device for purifying a workstream of contaminants and method of making. One device is made of an inorganic monolithic porous particulate filter and a continuous uninterrupted coating of activated carbon impregnated into the pores of the filter. Preferably the filter has inlet and outlet faces, and a multiplicity of cells separated by porous walls and extending longitudinally and mutually parallel therethrough from inlet to outlet end, a portion of the total number of cells being plugged at the inlet end face, and the remaining portion of the total number of cells being plugged at the outlet end face of the device. Another device can be made entirely of activated carbon having the multicellular structure. A workstream containing contaminants is passed through the device to cause retention of the contaminants. The device can have electrically conducting mechanism for conducting electric current therethrough for removal of the contaminants and regeneration of the device.

Abstract: The sol-gel polymerization of a phenolic-furfural mixture in dilute solution leads to a highly cross-linked network that can be supercritically dried to form a high surface area foam. These porous materials have cell/pore sizes .ltoreq.1000 .ANG., and although they are dark brown in color, they can be classified as a new type of aerogel. The phenolic-furfural aerogel can be pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere at 1050.degree. C. to produce carbon aerogels. This new aerogel may be used for thermal insulation, chromatographic packing, water filtration, ion-exchange, and carbon electrodes for energy storage devices, such as batteries and double-layer capacitors.

Abstract: Moldings which comprise from 30 to 100% by weight of graphite, prepared from graphite powders which comprise from 5 to 100% by weight of rhombohedral crystalline graphite and, if required, contain additives and/or binders, and a process for their preparation and their use as catalyst carriers, heat transfer material, column packing or diluent in catalyst beds.

Abstract: Extruded pellets comprising a majority of activated carbon particles and an organic binder provide improved performance when processed through tumbling equipment while the pellets are in their "green" state, i.e., pellets which are fresh off the extruder and contain activated carbon, binder, and water and have not been subjected to any thermal processing (drying). The tumbling action both smoothes the pellets (by closing any cracks and greatly improving appearance) and increases the density of the pellets, e.g., by increasing particle density and reducing voids between the pellets. Improved performance results from an ability to increase the weight of carbon pellets which can be packed into a fixed volume and thereby increase the volumetric working capacity of the bed for adsorbing/desorbing vapors. Another benefit is to greatly reduce the levels of dust associated with the carbon, both the initial dust and the dust of attrition.

Abstract: Extruded pellets comprising a majority of activated carbon particles and an organic binder provide improved performance when processed through tumbling equipment while the pellets are in their "green" state, i.e., pellets which are fresh off the extruder and contain activated carbon, binder, and water and have not been subjected to any thermal processing (drying). The tumbling action both smoothes the pellets (by closing any cracks and greatly improving appearance) and increases the density of the packed bed, e.g., by increasing particle density and reducing voids between the pellets. Improved performance results from an ability to increase the weight of carbon pellets which can be packed into a fixed volume and thereby increase the volumetric working capacity of the bed for adsorbing/desorbing vapors. Another benefit is to greatly reduce the levels of dust associated with the carbon, both the initial dust and the dust attrition.

Abstract: A method for extending the life of catalyst used to fluorinate olefins, e.g. a supported Lewis acid catalyst in the catalytic hydrofluorination of vinylidene chloride by conducting the hydrofluorination in the presence of a polymerization inhibitor for the vinylidene chloride.

Abstract: A method of preparing near net shape, monolithic, porous SiC foams is disclosed. Organosilicon precursors are used to produce polymeric gels by thermally induced phase separation, wherein, a sufficiently concentrated solution of an organosilicon polymer is cooled below its solidification temperature to form a gel. Following solvent removal from the gel, the polymer foam is pretreated in an oxygen plasma in order to raise its glass transition temperature. The pretreated foam is then pyrolized in an inert atmosphere to form a SiC foam.

Abstract: Fabrication of conductive solid porous carbon electrodes for use in batteries, double layer capacitors, fuel cells, capacitive dionization, and waste treatment. Electrodes fabricated from low surface area (<50 m.sup.2 /gm) graphite and cokes exhibit excellent reversible lithium intercalation characteristics, making them ideal for use as anodes in high voltage lithium insertion (lithium-ion) batteries. Electrodes having a higher surface area, fabricated from powdered carbon blacks, such as carbon aerogel powder, carbon aerogel microspheres, activated carbons, etc. yield high conductivity carbon compositives with excellent double layer capacity, and can be used in double layer capacitors, or for capacitive deionization and/or waste treatment of liquid streams. By adding metallic catalysts to be high surface area carbons, fuel cell electrodes can be produced.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the preparation of activated carbon, which comprises swelling a carbonaceous material in a polar organic solvent containing an activating agent, removing the solvent, carbonizing the material, and removing the activating agent from the product. The activated carbon is produced in a short time with a high yield, and has a high surface area with a very narrow pore size distribution. Both the solvent and activating agents may be recovered and recycled.

Abstract: A method of making a microporous carbon material which includes providing a precursor selected from the group consisting of crystalline salts of aromatic sulfonates and nonporous polymeric salts. Heat treatment of such precursors in the temperature range of 350.degree. to 850.degree. C. in an inert oxygen free atmosphere for a sufficient time promotes thermally induced hydrogen abstraction and rearrangement of BSUs which result in the formation of a carbonaceous microporous material having a pore size distribution in the range of about 4-15 .ANG.. The structural and storage characteristics of the microporous carbon materials are also disclosed.

Abstract: A high energy density capacitor incorporating a variety of carbon foam electrodes is described. The foams, derived from the pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde and related polymers, are high density (0.1 g/cc-1.0 g/cc) electrically conductive and have high surface areas (400 m.sup.2 /g-1000 m.sup.2 /g). Capacitances on the order of several tens of farad per gram of electrode are achieved.

Abstract: Improved composite semipermeable membranes including microporous carbonaceous adsorptive material supported by a porous substrate for use in separating multicomponent gas mixtures in which certain components in the mixture adsorb within the pores of the adsorptive material and diffuse by surface flow through the membrane to yield a permeate stream enriched in these components. Methods for making the improved composite membranes are described including one or more oxidation steps which increase the membrane permeability and selectivity.

Abstract: A method for making an activated carbon supported catalyst, the method comprising combining a carbon precursor and a catalyst precursor, curing the carbon precursor if necessary, carbonizing the carbon precursor, and activating the carbon to produce the activated carbon supported catalyst. The activated carbon supported catalyst can take the form of a coating on a substrate, a powder, or a monolithic body.

Abstract: Natural gas is stored in a closed vessel under a pressure of about 1400 to 4500 kPa using a carbon molecular sieve adsorbent having at least 80% of its particle pore volume as micropores having diameters greater than 0.55 nm and less than 0.65 nm, particularly about 0.6 to 0.65 nm. The capacity of such micropores for methane is at least 110 mL methane per mL of carbon (at 300 psig or 2,169 kPa abs.). The deliverable volume of natural gas from a vessel packed with carbon molecular sieve particles is at least 70 times the volume of the vessel. The deliverable volume is optimized by heating a carbonized polymer in the presence of carbon dioxide to increase the pore volume.

Abstract: A carbon body and method for making the body. The body is characterized by carbon particles bonded together with bentonite clay and a cured epoxy resin. The bentonite content is about 5% to about 30% by weight based on carbon. The epoxy resin and curing agent content as measured before curing is about 5% to about 40% by weight based on carbon. The curing agent as measured before curing makes up about 5 parts to about 40 parts per 100 weight parts based on the epoxy resin. The resin has an average functionality of at least 3. The body has higher strength after exposure to temperatures of up to about 250.degree. C. in air than bodies absent the bentonite and resin. Additionally, the body has the properties of surface area retention after exposure to high temperatures, and water resistance.

Abstract: This invention relates to a shaped composition composed of a carbonaceous pyropolymer having recurring units containing at least carbon and hydrogen atoms. The composition is characterized by a crush strength of at least 6 kg and has a bimodal pore distribution having maxima at pore diameters of about 60 to 900 .ANG. and about 120 to 160 .ANG..

Abstract: A preparing process of activated carbon includes steps of: combusting scrap tires containing metal wire at 400.degree. C. to 900.degree. C. under the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide and vapor; reheating the generated combustible gases up to 800.degree. C. to 900.degree. C. by adding a further fuel; causing the exhaust gas to heat-exchange with a water pipe boiler so that the temperature of the exhaust gas downs to 180.degree. C. to 250.degree. C.; and introducing the exhaust having a temperature of 180.degree. C. to 250.degree. C. into an electric dust collector so as to collect activated carbon. The particle size of the thus obtained distributed substantially in a range of 90 to 110 mesh and the CEC (cation exchange capacity) of the activated carbon falls within 30 to 40.

Abstract: A process whereby Resorcinol/Formaldehyde (RF) aerogel having a density of about 0.4-1.2 g/cc can be manufactured using a simple air drying procedure. This process is inherently simpler, quicker, and less expensive than the more conventional supercritical or subcritical CO.sub.2 extraction procedures. RF aerogels can be used as produced, such as in insulation applications, or pyrolyzed to form carbon aerogels with a density of about 0.9 g/cc for use in applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, etc.

Abstract: An electrode separator for electrochemical energy storage devices, such as a high energy density capacitor incorporating a variety of carbon foam electrodes. The separator is derived from an aquagel of resorcinol-formaldehyde and related polymers and containing ionically conducting electrolyte in the pores thereof.

Abstract: Carbon beads useful as a packing of liquid chromatography column are disclosed. The carbon beads according to the present invention has a pore volume index (10-50)/(1-50) of not less than 50%, total pore volume of not less than 0.15 ml/g, total volume of pores with radii of not less than 50 nm of not more than 0.1 ml/g, and a carbon content of not less than 97% by weight.

Abstract: Natural gas is stored in a closed vessel under a pressure of about 1400 to 4500 kPa using a carbon molecular sieve adsorbent. The deliverable volume of natural gas from a vessel packed with carbon molecular sieve particles is increased by impregnating a polymer precursor of the carbon molecular sieve with additional monomers and polymerizing the monomers before carbonizing the precursor.

Abstract: Natural gas is stored in a closed vessel under a pressure of about 1400 to 4500 kPa using a carbon molecular sieve adsorbent. The deliverable volume of natural gas from a vessel packed with carbon molecular sieve particles is increased by raising the density of the polymer precursor of the carbon molecular sieve through adjustment of the conditions for suspension polymerization of vinylidene chloride.

Abstract: A method of producing activated carbon from lignite, in which pit-wet lignite is heated to high temperatures. The invention further describes the heating of the lignite in the presence of additional water vapor. The invention also contemplates the addition of potassium ions to the lignite, in the form of potassium hydroxide.

Abstract: A packing material for liquid chromatography is produced by mixing 1.0 part by weight of carbon black, 0.5 to 2.5 parts by weight of one or a mixture of a synthetic resin which can be graphitized by heating and a toluene- or benzene-soluble component of pitches, and an organic solvent to obtain a mixture. The carbon black has a particle diameter of 12 to 40 nm, a specific surface area of 50 to 650 m.sup.2 /g, a DBP oil absorption amount of 50 to 150 ml/100 g. The synthetic resin is one selected from phenol resin, furan resin, furfural resin, divinylbenzene resin and urea resin. The pitches are ones selected from petroleum pitches, coal-tar pitches and liquefied coal oil. The mixture is granulated by spray granulation or emulsion granulation to obtain granules whose ratio L.sub.min /L.sub.max of a minor axis diameter L.sub.min to a major axis diameter L.sub.max is 0.90 to 1.0. The heat treatment of the granules is also made in an inert gas under pressure.

Abstract: A high energy density capacitor incorporating a variety of carbon foam electrodes is described. The foams, derived from the pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde and related polymers, are high density (0.1 g/cc-1.0 g/cc) electrically conductive and have high surface areas (400 m.sup.2 /g-1000 m.sup.2 /g). Capacitances on the order of several tens of farad per gram of electrode are achieved.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon molecular sieves for the separation of oxygen and nitrogen, whereby finely ground hard coal particles are oxidized with air in a fluidized bed, the coal is then formed after the addition of water and binders and carbonized at temperatures of 800.degree.-900.degree. C., subsequently activated with steam at temperatures of 800.degree.-900.degree. C. and the preliminary product of the low-level activation is treated with carbon splitting hydrocarbons. Starches obtained by reacting agglutinized starches with sulphamates are used as binders.

Abstract: A process for removing an oxidizable organic compound from an oxidizing gas stream which includes contacting the gas stream with a bed of carbonaceous adsorbent particles, wherein the adsorbent particles comprise porous pyrolyzed particles of a polysulfonated cross-linked synthetic copolymer, to adsorb the oxidizable organic compound on the adsorbent particles.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for producing an active carbon using a carbon-containing material inclusive of an used active carbon as a raw material wherein the carbon-containing raw material is carbonized in a carbonizing unit to produce a carbonized material having electric conductivity and the carbonized material is then activated in an activating treatment unit installed downstream of the carbonizing unit in an atmosphere of steam with a power of electricity induced by electric discharge as well as a function of self-heating of the carbonized material with its own electric resistance are disclosed. The carbonizing unit is constructed in the form of a thermal radiation type batch furnace including an outer wall and a vessel mounted on a firing lattice in the outer wall while a heating chamber is formed therebetween.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a novel composition of matter which is prepared by subjecting at least one woodlike particle, such as a sawdust particle and preferably selected quantities of sawdust particles to a special treatment. Each particle has a cellular structure including a plurality of interconnected, generally tubular cell walls composed in part of hemicellulose that are subjected to a selectively controlled thermolytic heating above about 280.degree. C. but not above about 380.degree. C. and preferably between 300+ C. and 360.degree. C. to cause the hemicellulose to be converted to an oil-like oleophilic and hydrophobic substance on the cell walls and reduce the thickness of the cell walls to render the particle and particles oleophilic and hydrophobic. The product floats on water, absorbs oil, for absorbing hydrocarbons on the surface of water, and is an improved fuel both without and with the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A molecular sieving carbon characterized by (A) having a structure in which a number of spherical carbonaceous particles having a particle diameter of 0.8 to 120 micrometers overlap and coalesce three-dimensionally at random, (B) in which continuous pathways running three-dimensionally at random exist between a number of the carbonaceous particles, (C) in which a number of the carbonaceous particles have each a number of micropores communicating with the pathways existing between the particles, and (D) having a carbon content of at least 85% by weight. The molecular sieving carbon is useful for obtaining, for example, a nitrogen gas, oxygen gas or gaseous mixture enriched with either the nitrogen gas or the oxygen gas from a gaseous mixture containing the nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.

Abstract: A moldable composition is disclosed which comprises activated carbon and a polysaccharide of natural origin in an amount of 0.1-10 parts by weight in relation to 100 parts by weight of the activated carbon.There is further disclosed a process of producing molded articles of activated carbon using the composition.

Abstract: A flame-retardant polymeric foam which comprises a carbonaceous irreversibly heat set, cellular polymer derived from a stabilized polyacrylonitrile based foam.

Abstract: The polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde under alkaline conditions results in the formation of surface functionalized polymer "Clusters". The covalent crosslinking of these "clusters" produces gels which when processed under supercritical conditions, produce low density, organic aerogels (density.ltoreq.100 mg/cc; cell size .ltoreq.0.1 microns). The aerogels are transparent, dark red in color and consist of interconnected colloidal-like particles with diameters of about 100.circle.. These aerogels may be further carbonized to form low density carbon foams with cell size of about 0.1 micron.TABLE I ______________________________________ Theo- [Form- retical Actual Formu- % alde- [Resor- density Density lation Solids hyde] cinol] Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 (g/cc) (g/cc) ______________________________________ A 5.0% 0.29M 0.58M 0.0029M 0.050 0.079 B 5.0% 0.29M 0.58M 0.0019M 0.050 0.073 C 5.0% 0.29M 0.58M 0.0015M 0.050 0.070 D 4.0% 0.24M 0.47M 0.0012M 0.040 0.054 E 3.5% 0.21M 0.41M 0.0010M 0.035 0.044 F 2.

Abstract: A carbonized composite foam having a density less than about 50 mg/cm.sup.3 and individual cell sizes no greater than about 1 .mu.m in diameter is described, and the process of making it.

Abstract: Described is a method for preparing a coarse-pored formed carbon from charcoal dust, charcoal tar and sodium hydroxide solution. These ingredients are mixed, kneaded, shaped and low-tempeature carbonized in as low-oxygen atmosphere as possible at temperatures of 300 to 900.degree. C. The product is further activated with water vapor and/or carbon dioxide at temperature of 700 to 1200.degree. C. In the initial mixture, sodium hydroxide is added in amounts of 5.0 to 15.0 % by weight relative to the amount of charcoal dust.

Abstract: Carbonaceous adsorbent particles having multimodal pore size, including micropores and macropores, with improved adsorptive and separative properties, are prepared by partial pyrolysis of polysulfonated macroporous precursor resins, said resins being in turn derived from macroporous poly(vinylaromatic) resins. The particles may be further treated by activating with reactive gases or by functionalization.

Abstract: A method for preparing active carbon, which comprises:(a) a pulverization step of pulverizing a non-caking coal to pulverized particles having an average particle size of not larger than 10 .mu.m;(b) a granulation step of granulating the resulting pulverized particles to granules;(c) a carbonization step of carbonizing the resulting granules; and(d) an activation step of activating the resulting carbonized granules.

Abstract: The polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde under alkaline conditions results in the formation of surface functionalized polymer "clusters". The covalent crosslinking of these "clusters" produces gels which when processed under supercritical conditions, produce low density, organic aerogels (density .ltoreq.100 mg/cc; cell size .ltoreq.0.1 microns). The aerogels are transparent, dark red in color and consist of interconnected colloidal-like particles with diameters of about 100 .ANG.. These aerogels may be further carbonized to form low density carbon foams with cell size of about 0.1 micron.

Abstract: Carbonaceous adsorbent particles having multimodal pore size, including micropores and macropores, with improved adsorptive and separative properties, are prepared by partial pyrolysis of polysulfonated macroporous precursor resins, said resins being in turn derived from macroporous poly(vinylaromatic) resins. The particles may be further treated by activating with reactive gases or by functionalization.

Abstract: A low density, open-celled microcellular carbon foam is disclosed which is prepared by dissolving a carbonizable polymer or copolymer in a solvent, pouring the solution into a mold, cooling the solution, removing the solvent, and then carbonizing the polymer or copolymer in a high temperature oven to produce the foam. If desired, an additive can be introduced in order to produce a doped carbon foam, and the foams can be made isotropic by selection of a suitable solvent. The low density, microcellular foams produced by this process are particularly useful in the fabrication of inertial confinement fusion targets, but can also be used as catalysts, absorbents, and electrodes.

Abstract: A carbon-based adsorbent comprising active carbon provided with electron-donative surface functional groups which are bonded directly and chemically to graphite constructing the surface of the active carbon and are coordinated with metallic ions to form chelate structures, which has adsorbing power similar to that of common active carbon and additionally the ability to remove specific harmful gas molecules and smelling gas molecules from air, thus being especially effective for gas filters.

Abstract: Activated carbon, useful in a pharmaceutical composition for adsorbing exogenous or endogenous toxins from the gastrointestinal tract of a patient can be prepared by a process including a step of treating activated carbon with an aqueous ammonia solution to provide a resultant activated carbon having a pH of 6 to 8.

Abstract: A method is described for producing hydrophobic carbon molecular sieves. The method does not employ a binder to form or shape previously carbonized materials. Instead, a cross-linked oxygen-free polymer is first produced. Fine particles of this polymer are then pelletized or shaped as by simple extrusion. The extruded pellets are then carbonized in an oxygen-free atmosphere to yield binderless homogeneous particles of similar shape comprised of carbon sieves.

Abstract: This invention relates to the production of a novel, porous, carbon structure. A stabilised porous polymer comprising cavities joined by interconnecting pores is heated in an inert atmosphere to yield a stable, porous, carbon structure having the inherent structure of the original stabilised polymer.

Abstract: A process for the production of active carbon by treating a carbonaceous feed with a mixture of KOH and NaOH in a molar ration of NaOH:KOH of 80:20 to 20:80 and heating to at least 500.degree. C. in an inert atmosphere.

Abstract: A solid form adsorbent of carbon monoxide, that is obtained by the process including the following steps. First, copper salts or copper oxide is stirred in a solvent. Then, into the solution or suspension thus obtained, active carbon is added. Finally, the solvent is removed by means of pressure reduction, distillation, etc. The carbon monoxide adsorbent produced according to this invention adsorbs carbon monoxide rapidly when it is brought into contact with a mixed gas. The adsorbed carbon monoxide can be readily separated and discharged through either heating the carbon monoxide adsorbent to above 60.degree. C. or reducing the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide obtained in accordance with the present invention is stable relative to the water content in the mixed gas, and it is capable of separating carbon monoxide directly from the mixed gas containing the water. Also, the separated carbon monoxide does not contain the vapor of the solvent from the carbon monoxide adsorbent.

Abstract: A process for producing granular activated carbon using wood as a carbon source is described. The process comprises pulverizing wood to produce a wood powder in a fine granular form, drying the wood powder to produce a dry wood powder having a water content of not more than 10% by weight, adding at least one of coal tar and ground pitch to the dry wood powder in an amount of from 5 to 20% by weight based on the total amount of the wood powder and the binder to prepare a raw material, placing the raw material in a pellet mill, extruding the raw material under such temperature and pressure conditions that it is plasticized, and simultaneously cutting it to produce pellets, carbonizing the pellets by heating, and activating the carbonized pellets in a high temperature steam atmosphere. This process makes it possible to efficiently produce activated carbon of high mechanical and adsorption performance.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the continuous manufacturing of carbon molecular sieves having average effective pore diameters of from 2 to 15 Angstroms which comprises continuously feeding a charred naturally occurring substrate to a means for heating said substrate and heating said substrate under non-activation conditions, without the use of an externally added pore blocking substance, at a temperature range of about 900.degree. F. (482.degree. C.) to 2000.degree. F. (1093.degree. C.) for a time period of about 5 to 90 minutes.The instant invention is also directed to a carbon molecular sieve, useful for separating gas or liquid mixtures containing components of at least two different molecular diameters, molecular weights or molecular shapes which has the following physical characteristics:(a) an apparent density of from 0.60 to 0.70 g/cc,(b) an oxygen diffusivity (.times.10.sup.-8) of from 500 to 900 cm.sup.2 /sec,(c) an oxygen/nitrogen selectivity ratio of from 5.0 to 8.