Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and/or device that may include: determining, by a processor, that an alert event has occurred; determining, by the processor, a level of the alert event, wherein the level of the alert event is a caution alert level, an urgent alert level, or a critical alert level; determining, by the processor, an initial alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level; performing, by the processor, the initial alert activity; receiving, from an input device, an updated alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level; and in response to that the initial alert activity conflicting with the updated alert activity, maintaining, by the processor, using the initial alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level.

Abstract: Electrocardiograms can be analyzed in the time-frequency domain, following conversion into time-frequency maps, to determine characteristics or features of various waveforms, such as waveform morphology and/or the amplitude(s) and location(s) (in time and/or frequency) of one or more extrema of the waveform. Based on comparison of the extrema against thresholds and/or against each other, disease conditions may be determined.

Abstract: A method of detecting abnormal heartbeats includes providing a library of abnormal beat synthesis (ABS) filters, wherein each ABS filter corresponds to a specific cause of a cardiac problem. The method further includes obtaining an ECG of a normal heartbeat of a person and applying an ABS filter from the library of ABS filters to the ECG of the normal heartbeat of the person to generate a potential abnormal ECG. The method further includes monitoring a heartbeat of the person and classifying each heartbeat as either normal or abnormal.

Abstract: Disclosed are wearable devices, such as rings and bracelets, for monitoring and diagnosing cardiovascular conditions of a wearer, along with related systems, algorithms and methods. The disclosed wearable devices can continuously monitor the wearer's cardiovascular status by measuring heart rate, motion, blood oxygenation, and/or other properties of the wearer. Disclosed wearable devices can further comprise three EKG electrodes, including a first electrode on the inner surface adapted to detect a signal from the finger/wrist, a second electrode on the outer surface adapted to detect a cardiovascular signal from a finger of the opposing hand, and a third electrode on the outer surface of the frame adapted to detect a cardiovascular signal from a EKG lead location on the wearer's chest or leg. The wearable devices can be linked wirelessly to a mobile device that the person can interact with, and can further be linked to other distributed system components and healthcare providers.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic apparatus for measuring a biometric signal, the electronic apparatus including: a measurer comprising measuring circuitry configured to measure a biometric signal of a person to be examined, and to generate a measured signal having a waveform corresponding to a characteristic of the biometric signal; a signal processor configured to process the generated measured signal; and a controller configured to control the signal processor to generate a compressed signal by compressing the measured signal and at least one piece of characteristic information included in a waveform of the measured signal, when the measured signal is compressed. Thus, a measured biometric signal is efficiently compressed while reducing a loss of main characteristic information.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices, systems, and methods for determining the dipole densities on a cardiac surface using electrodes positioned on a torso of a patient. Electrodes are integrated into a piece of clothing worn by a patient. The clothing serves to fix the position of the electrodes adjacent a patient's torso. Ultrasonic transducers and sensors are used to determine a distance between the epicardial surface and the electrodes and are also used to detect epicardial surface motion as well as epicardial wall thickness.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting cardiac conditions such as events indicative of worsening heart failure are described. A system can include a sensor circuit to sense a physiological signal, transform one or more first signal portions of the physiological signal into one or more baseline values, and transform one or more second signal portions of the physiological signal into short-term values associated with respective timing information. The system can generate a cardiac condition indicator using a weighted combination of relative difference between the one or more short-term values and the one or more baseline values. The weighting can include one or more weight factors determined according to the timings of the one or more second signal portions. The system can output an indication of a progression over time of the cardiac condition indicator, or deliver therapy according to the cardiac condition indicator.

Abstract: A method for planning treatment of a stenosis in a vascular segment includes providing a geometric description of the vascular segment on a computer and determining a course of a hemodynamic parameter of the vascular segment along the vascular segment based on the geometric description provided by the computer. The computer calculates a mathematical derivative of the hemodynamic parameter over the length of the vascular segment along the vascular segment. At least one length section is specified for the vascular segment, and a value of the hemodynamic parameter in a distal end region of the vascular segment is simulated for a treatment device introduced virtually into the specified length section as a function of the mathematical derivative. The treatment of the stenosis including the introduction of the treatment device into the specified length section is planned as a function of the simulated value for the hemodynamic parameter.

Abstract: A system and method for non-invasively generating a report of cardiac electrical activities of a subject includes determining, using cardiac electrical activation information, equivalent current densities (ECDs). The ECDs are assembled into time-course ECD information and a spectrum of the time-course ECD information is analyzed to determine peaks for spectral characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF). The spectral characteristics of AF are correlated with potential electrical sources of the AF and a report is generated indicating the potential electrical sources of the AF spatially registered with the medical imaging data.

Abstract: A method and a system for determining the maximum heart rate of a user in a freely performed physical exercise and using an apparatus with software and memory. An intensity model takes account of, in addition to heart rate, respiration rate and/or kinetics-information. The kinetics information depicts change in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), more generally the direction of cumulative physiological disturbance in homeostasis, whether it is at steady state, on-response (rising) or off-response (descending) to decrease the value of the determined maximal heart rate to obtain a result.

Abstract: Described herein are implantable systems and devices, and methods for use therewith, that distinguish between different signal components of interest in sensed physiologic signals with high sensitivity and specificity. Such a method can include obtaining a sensed signal using an IMD and using a plurality of different filters that are parallel to one another to simultaneously filter the sensed signal, and/or copies thereof, to produce different filtered signals. Where each filter has a respective passband that does not substantially overlap with the passband(s) of the other filter(s), each of the different filtered signals will be indicative of different frequency content of the sensed signal. Additionally, amplitudes of temporally aligned peaks in at least two of the different filtered signals can be detected, and one or more peaks of the sensed signal can be classified based on the detected amplitudes of the temporally aligned peaks in the different filtered signals.

Abstract: A physiological sensor history backfill system and method including a method of sensor history backfill for a local base device operable to wirelessly communicate with a physiological sensor connected to a patient, the method including: obtaining physiological readings for the patient at a predetermined interval; storing the physiological readings at the physiological sensor as sensor physiological readings; storing the physiological readings at the local base device as historic physiological readings; obtaining a current physiological reading for the patient; transmitting the current physiological reading to the local base device in a current reading message; detecting a record gap in the historic physiological readings between the current physiological reading and the historic physiological readings; and filling the record gap in the historic physiological readings with sensor physiological readings from the physiological sensor when the current reading message does not include the sensor physiological read

Abstract: A kit for discharging electrons from a human comprises at least two electrically conductive electrodes. The electrodes are adapted for creating an electrical connection with skin of the human. There is an electrically conductive pad with electrically conductive pad wires, one for each electrode for connection to the respective electrode to the pad. Electrically conductive grounding wire is provided for electrically grounding the pad. The kit can comprise electrically conductive gel for use with the electrodes to enhance electrically conductivity. The kit is designed, when assembled and used to treat a human, for withdrawing excess electrons from the human for improved health.

Abstract: An occupant support includes a vehicle seat and a sensor system coupled to the vehicle seat. The sensor system is configured to provide biometric data of an occupant of the vehicle seat.

Abstract: One variation of a method for testing contact quality of electrical-biosignal electrodes includes: outputting a drive signal—including an alternating-current component oscillating at a reference frequency and a direct-current component—through a driven electrode; determining that a reference electrode is in improper contact with a user's skin if a reference signal read from the reference electrode excludes a first signal component oscillating at the reference frequency and a second signal component oscillating at an ambient frequency; determining that a sense electrode is in improper contact with the user's skin if the reference signal includes the first signal component and if a sense signal read from the sense electrode excludes a third signal component oscillating at the reference frequency; and generating an electrode adjustment prompt if one of the reference and sense electrodes is determined to be in improper contact with the user's skin.

Abstract: An implantable medical device and method are provided for comprising a sensing circuit that is configured to sense and output physiologic data indicative of a physiologic characteristic of a patient and at least one processor. A memory is coupled to the at least one processor. The memory stores program instructions and processed data. The program instructions are executable by the at least one processor to execute general operational functions within the IMD. A hybrid signal processing (HSP) circuit is coupled to the at least one processor and the sensing circuit. The HSP circuit is adapted to filter the physiologic data. The HSP circuit comprises a plurality of first order filters, a plurality of higher order filters, and a switch matrix that is configured to interconnect a combination of the first and higher order filters to form a hybrid digital filter having a select composite frequency response that utilizes no more than a select power demand.

Abstract: The exemplary systems and methods may be configured to generate a dispersion signal from a plurality of cardiac signals and determine a QRS onset time value and a QRS offset time value from the plurality of cardiac signals. The QRS onset and offset time values may be used to measure, or capture, activation times.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for determining a physiological activity signal in a subject using various movement sensors that each transmit a temporal movement signal, a physiological reference signal is determined from the various movement signals that best depicts a physiological movement of the subject, the movement sensor that generates the physiological reference signal is identified as a physiological reference sensor, at least one physiological addition signal is determined from the temporal movement signals that is similar to the physiological reference signal up to a limit, and the physiological reference signal and the at least one addition signal are added to form the physiological activity signal.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques might provide for implementing image-based physiological status determination of users, and, in particular embodiments, for implementing physiological status determination of users based on marker-less motion-capture and generating appropriate remediation plans. In various embodiments, one or more cameras may be used to capture views of a user (e.g., an athlete, a person trying to live a healthy life, or the like) as the user is performing one or more set of motions, and the captured images may be overlaid with a skeletal framework that is compared with similar skeletal framework overlaid images for the same one or more sets of motions. The system can automatically determine a physical condition of the user or a probability that the user will suffer a physical condition based at least in part on an analysis of the comparison, which may be difficult or impossible to observe with the naked human eye.

Abstract: A method for characterizing an electrocardiogram, including receiving a first unipolar signal from a first location of a heart and a second unipolar signal from a second location of the heart. The method further includes generating a bipolar signal from the first and second unipolar signals, and analyzing the bipolar signal to delineate a time period during which the first and second locations generate a bipolar complex. The method also includes analyzing the first unipolar signal within the time period to determine an activation time of the first location.

Abstract: Cardiac activity can be mapped by receiving an electrogram, transforming the electrogram into the wavelet domain (e.g., using a continuous wavelet transformation) to create a scalogram of the electrogram, computing at least one energy function of the scalogram, and computing at least one metric of the electrogram using the at least one energy function. The metrics of the electrogram can include, without limitation: a QRS activity duration for the electrogram; a near-field component duration for the electrogram; a far-field component duration for the electrogram; a number of multiple components for the electrogram; a slope of a sharpest component of the electrogram; a scalogram width; an energy ratio in the electrogram; and a cycle-length based metric of the electrogram.

Abstract: Current technologies analyze electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for a long duration, which is not always a practical scenario. Moreover the current scenarios perform a binary classification between normal and Atrial Fibrillation (AF) only, whereas there are many abnormal rhythms apart from AF. Conventional systems/methods have their own limitations and may tend to misclassify ECG signals, thereby resulting in an unbalanced multi-label classification problem.

Abstract: A blood pressure testing device for a finger is provided in the embodiments of the disclosure, including: a housing; at least one cover plate connected pivotably to the housing; at least one detecting element, each of which is configured to detect an electrocardiogram signal and a pulse signal, and arranged to be accommodated within and connected with the housing and provided opposite to a corresponding one of the at least one cover plate so as to cooperate to define collectively a testing hole therebetween; and at least one adjusting component, each of which is arranged to be connected with the corresponding one of the at least one cover plate, and configured to drive the corresponding one of the at least one cover plate to carry out one of operations comprising: lifting up to move away from a corresponding one of the at least one detecting element, and falling down to approach the corresponding one of the at least one detecting element.

Abstract: Some embodiments include tracking events and classifying assets within a computer system. A time series of occurrences of an event type associated with at least one asset is generated. A first signal value and a second signal value is determined based on the time series. The at least one asset can be classified based on comparison of the first signal value and the second signal value. The time series can be based on at least one time window including time intervals. Counters to determine a number of occurrences of an event type can be associated with the time intervals. Each of the counters can be incremented upon occurrence of the event type associated with the at least one asset during an associated time interval.

Abstract: Long-term electrocardiographic and physiological monitoring over a period lasting up to several years in duration can be provided through a continuously-recording subcutaneous insertable cardiac monitor (ICM). The sensing circuitry and the physical layout of the electrodes are specifically optimized to capture electrical signals from the propagation of low amplitude, relatively low frequency content cardiac action potentials, particularly the P-waves that are generated during atrial activation. In general, the ICM is intended to be implanted centrally and positioned axially and slightly to either the left or right of the sternal midline in the parasternal region of the chest. Additionally, the ICM includes an ECG sensing circuit that measures raw cutaneous electrical signals and performs signal processing prior to outputting the processed signals for sampling and storage.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide guidance for selection of projection perspectives to utilize to obtain complementary combinations of projection images of an object. The systems and methods provide a bi-dimensional first image of the object which has been obtained from a first perspective. A map of values associated with different candidate perspectives relative to the first perspective is determined, wherein the value associated with a given candidate perspective is determined from at least one parameter indicative of a degree to which the given candidate perspective complements the first perspective and at least one weighting parameter. The map can be displayed or evaluated to select at least one candidate perspective to utilize to acquire or obtain a combination of complementary projection images.

Abstract: An information processing device is equipped with a recognition information acquirer, a danger determiner, a signal generator, and a signal transmitter. The recognition information acquirer acquires, from an electric apparatus, recognition information that is information obtained as a result of recognition of sensor information by the electric apparatus that performs operational control using the sensor information, the sensor information being sensed and output by a sensor. The danger determiner determines whether a danger state exists based on the recognition information acquired by the recognition information acquirer. The signal generator, when the danger determiner determines that the danger state exists, generates an informing signal that causes operation of an informing function of an informing apparatus that informs of danger. The signal transmitter transmits to the informing apparatus the informing signal generated by the signal generator.

Abstract: Described herein is a system and method of automatically monitoring QT intervals in a patient based on one or more EKG signals received from attached monitoring devices. Each EKG signal is analyzed to detect attributes of the first and second EKG signals, including QRS onset information, QRS peak information, and T-wave offset information. A QT interval is calculated based on QRS onset information derived from the first EKG signal and T-wave offset information derived from the second EKG signal. The calculated QT interval is compared to thresholds to detect elongation of the QT interval and an alert is generated in response to a detected elongated QT interval.

Abstract: Described is a system for automated artifact removal to generate a clean signal. During operation, the system selects initial noise components from a multi-channel, pre-processed signal by performing independent component analysis decomposition on the pre-processed signal to separate and rank the independent components as noise components. A clean signal is then generated through optimized selection of the noise components based on a signal quality index in which the noise components are moved from the original pre-processed signal until a sufficient signal quality is received.

Abstract: A first-aid device for detecting myocardial infarction, including a wearable textile, a first alarm detection unit, a second detection alarm unit, and a charging first-aid unit for actively detecting and alerting to myocardial infarction, instantly supplying crucial medicine, and providing a charging function. In particular, the wearable textile put on a patient carries the first alarm detection unit actively detecting myocardial infarction, the charging first-aid unit instantly provides the user medicine to alleviate painful symptom, and at the same time, the second detection alarm unit serves as a spare part while the first alarm detection unit is charged by the charging first-aid unit. As a result, the first alarm detection unit and the second detection alarm unit are alternatively used for actively and ceaselessly detecting myocardial infarction assuring first-aid for the patient.

Abstract: A remote maintenance system includes: a medical device which includes: a first power source; a first power source controller which controls an ON/OFF operation of the first power source; a checker which checks a check item; and a first communicator which transmits first information including a result of a check by the checker; and a relay unit which includes: a second power source; a second power source controller which automatically controls an ON/OFF operation of the second power source; and a second communicator which communicates with the first communicator and which receives the first information from the first communicator.

Abstract: A two-dimensional visual display that allows for the user and/or another individual, such as the user's spouse, to experience self-evident, abnormally complex elevated heart rate arrhythmia. The system of the present invention uses a heart rate monitor, along with data analysis, to provide the user with a visual display, seismic feel, and/or aural feedback that allow for the user to be quickly alerted as to any arrhythmia, thereby signaling to the user to change their activity in order to avoid sudden cardiac death.

Abstract: A control circuit for signal sampling of an analog RF signal includes: a spectrum monitoring circuit for monitoring the analog RF signal to determine a frequency of the analog RF signal; a tunable clock source for generating a tunable sampling clock for sampling the analog RF signal; a sample clock tuning circuit for controlling the tunable clock source and selecting a sample clock frequency of the tunable sampling clock that provides a predetermined ratio between the sample clock frequency of the tunable sampling clock and a center frequency of the analog RF signal; and an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for sampling the analog RF signal using the tunable sampling clock.

Abstract: This document provides methods and materials related to the non-invasive measurement of analytes in blood.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of automatic labeling of activity of a subject on ECG data. The method of the invention comprises acquiring at least one physiological input signal purporting to an ECG signal and processing thereof. The processing of the at least one physiological input signal comprises conditioning the ECG signal and processing thereof, wherein the processing comprises obtaining respiration data from the ECG signal, identifying the activity pertaining to the said ECG data based on at least a signal specific feature of the said ECG signal, wherein the respiration data are used for differentiating activities performed by the subject, and labeling the said ECG data with the said activity, automatically. The present invention also relates to a system for automatic labeling of activity on ECG data in accordance with the method of the invention.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for variable time sampling of optical pulses by a unit cell are disclosed. The methods may include detecting whether an amplitude of an optical pulse incident on one or more photo-detecting elements exceeds a sampling threshold, and while the pulse amplitude remains above the sampling threshold, iteratively sampling the optical pulse at a sampling rate that varies based on changes in the pulse amplitude.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, systems and methods to adjust arrhythmia detection using physiological information of a patient, including detecting a candidate cardiac event about a threshold, displaying the detected candidate cardiac event to a user, receiving user information about the detected candidate cardiac event, and adjusting an arrhythmia detection threshold based upon the received user information.

Abstract: A sports training and guidance platform network which intertwine various wearables is provided. The network includes at least one wearable containing one biosensor worn on a human body and one worn on a animal body, Timestamp biometric and other measurements and inputs from a data stream for both human and animals collected, analyzed, compared and accessed on one or more mobile device platforms. According, the wearable network will measure and compare various animal biosensor data, and motion i.e., accelerometers, gyroscopes with human biosensor data. A sports training toolkit which includes wearable biosensors, sensors, secure wearable communication network(s) and platform and system, applications and database information is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel system, drug delivery device, mobile App, drug specific drug dispensing algorithm, and method to improve medication safety and effectiveness via the utilization of drug specific algorithms to control drug dispensing, avoid drug mediated adverse events, ensure prescription persistence and promote prescription compliance on a cost-effective real-time basis.

Abstract: A method of tissue recognition of tissue type in a heart or other tissue, comprising: (i) injecting a patient with a radioactive tracer; (ii) collecting radiation emitted from cardiac tissue (iii) associating said collected radiation with a wall of the heart; and (iv) analyzing said associated radiation to recognize fibrous tissue in the heart wall. Optionally, the resolution of the association is better than 5 mm.

Abstract: An ECG system measures and annotates the P-point of an ECG waveform from harmonic waveforms. Electrical impulses are received from a beating heart. The electrical impulses are converted to an ECG waveform. The ECG waveform is converted to a frequency domain waveform, which, in turn, is separated into two or more different frequency domain waveforms, which, in turn, are converted into a plurality of time domain cardiac electrophysiological subwaveforms and discontinuity points between these subwaveforms. The plurality of subwaveforms and discontinuity points are compared to a database of subwaveforms and discontinuity points for normal and abnormal patients. A discontinuity point is identified as the P-point of the ECG waveform from the comparison. Similar measurements are made for the P?-point, I-point, J-point, and T?-point. Distances from these points to the equipotential line are calculated and used to detect blockages leading to myocardial infarction.

Abstract: This invention relates to high-frequency ablation of tissue in the body using a cooled high-frequency electrode connected to a high frequency generator including a computer graphic control system and an automatic controller for control the signal output from the generator, and adapted to display on a real time graphic display a measured parameter related to the ablation process and visually monitor the variation of the parameter of the signal output that is controlled by the controller during the ablation process. In one example, one or more measured parameters are displayed simultaneously to visually interpret the relation of their variation and values. In one example, the displayed one or more parameters can be taken from the list of measured voltage, current, power, impedance, electrode temperature, and tissue temperature related to the ablation process.

Abstract: Described herein are systems, devices, and methods for cardiac monitoring. In particular, the systems, devices, and methods described herein may be used to conveniently sense the presence of an intermittent arrhythmia in an individual. The systems, devices, and methods described herein may be further configured to sense an electrocardiogram.

Abstract: The present disclosure teaches methods for treating and preventing a variety of neurodegenerative conditions and symptoms associated therewith, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD), by utilizing adrenoceptor antagonists. Adrenoceptor antagonists that can be used include ?-blockers, such as acebutolol, betaxolol, bisopropolol, bopindolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, and timolol. The present disclosure also teaches methods for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of iPD.

Abstract: An ECG system measures and annotates a subdivision of the P wave of the ECG waveform from harmonic waveforms. Electrical impulses are received from a beating heart. The electrical impulses are converted to an ECG waveform. The ECG waveform is converted to a frequency domain waveform, which, in turn, is separated into two or more different frequency domain waveforms, which, in turn, are converted into a plurality of time domain cardiac electrophysiological subwaveforms and discontinuity points between these subwaveforms. The plurality of subwaveforms and discontinuity points are compared to a database of subwaveforms and discontinuity points for normal and abnormal patients. Starting and ending discontinuity points are identified for a subdivision of the P wave of the ECG waveform and an APD is calculated for the subdivision. The ECG waveform is displayed along with a location of the P wave subdivision on the ECG waveform and the calculated APD.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a patient's susceptibility to develop cardiorespiratory instability wherein physiological parameters are analyzed with respect to a dynamics systems model to produce and indicator associated with a probability that the patient will become unstable is provided.

Abstract: Cardiac mapping catheters and methods for using the catheters are described. The catheter can detect the presence, direction and/or source of a depolarization wave front associated with cardiac arrhythmia. A mapping catheter includes a plurality of bipolar electrode pairs in which the members of each pair are opposed to one another across a perimeter, for instance in a circular pattern. The spaced arrangement of the electrodes can be utilized to identify directional paths of moving electric fields or wave fronts in any direction passing across the endocardial surface. The catheters can be used to identify locations and types of triggers and/or drivers of cardiac arrhythmia including rotors, ectopic trigger foci and/or to delineate reentrant pathways.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques are provided for video encoding and decoding, and, more particularly, for implementing detection and visual enhancement of video encoding artifacts. In various embodiments, an encoder might encode, using one or more encoding algorithms under test, an original video signal that is received from a video content source. The encoder might send an encoded video signal to a first decoder, which might decode the encoded video signal. A synchronization engine might receive the original video signal from the video content source, receive the decoded video signal from the first decoder, and implement frame synchronization of the received original video signal and the decoded video signal. A difference engine might generate a difference signal between the synchronized original video signal and the synchronized decoded video signal. A post processor might implement post processing of the generated difference signal, which may be displayed, to enhance video encoding artifacts.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to user interfaces for health monitoring. Exemplary user interfaces for initial setup of health monitoring using a first electronic device and a second electronic device is described. Exemplary user interfaces for recording biometric information for use in health monitoring is described. Exemplary user interfaces for using an input device while recording biometric information for health monitoring is described. Exemplary user interfaces for viewing and managing aspects of health monitoring is described.

Abstract: A myocardial excitation complementation/visualization apparatus includes an acquiring section that acquires intracardiac electrocardiograms of a subject, the intracardiac electrocardiograms being recorded by a recording unit having a plurality of electrodes, a processing section that performs a computation for completing and visualizing a state of excitation in a myocardium of the subject based on the intracardiac electrocardiograms, and a displaying section that displays the state of excitation in the myocardium of the subject based on an output of the processing section. The processing section includes a first generating section, a correcting section, a second generating section, and a third generating section. The displaying section displays a change of the state of excitation in the myocardium of the subject based on the visualized data.