Abstract: Apparatuses of a base station and terminal in a wireless communication system and their operating methods are provided. An operating method of a base station in a broadband wireless communication system includes determining whether to relocate at least one persistently allocated resource, when it is determined to relocate the at least one persistently allocated resource, relocating the at least one persistently allocated resource, generating a resource relocation Information Element (IE) indicative of the resource relocation using an offset of a Resource Block (RB), and transmitting the resource relocation IE.

Abstract: A distributed system for creating a checkpoint for a plurality of processes running on the distributed system. The distributed system includes a plurality of compute nodes with an operating system executing on each compute node. A checkpoint library resides at the user level on each of the compute nodes, and the checkpoint library is transparent to the operating system residing on the same compute node and to the other compute nodes. Each checkpoint library uses a windowed messaging logging protocol for checkpointing of the distributed system. Processes participating in a distributed computation on the distributed system may be migrated from one compute node to another compute node in the distributed system by re-mapping of hardware addresses using the checkpoint library.

Abstract: This is disclosed a communication apparatus. A receiving unit receives plural data frames which are transmitted from other communication apparatus. An error detection unit checks whether each data frame is received correctly or incorrectly. A determination unit estimates a first overhead and a second overhead and determines whether or not to send a block acknowledgement frame by comparing the first and the second overheads. The determination unit estimates the first overhead being caused by sending the block acknowledgement frame and the second overhead being caused by not sending the block acknowledgement frame. The receiving unit receives the data frames which are retransmitted from the other communication apparatus after a certain period of time has passed without sending the block acknowledgement frame, the data frames retransmitted from the other communication apparatus including both data frames which are correctly received and incorrectly received.

Abstract: A method and associated apparatus are described that enables unattended, remotely distributed appliances, such as vending machines, utility meters, thermostats and kitchen appliances (ovens, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) to be connected inexpensively to each other and to a centrally located server. The apparatus 1) uses relatively simple “personality” modules to adapt the apparatus to the application in combination with a sophisticated core module that provides the intelligence needed to process data locally, to format that data and to transfer it to a remote server and 2) uses existing Internet-based communication links, thereby avoiding the costly proprietary links used with current state-of-the-art solutions.

Abstract: With the addition of directional information in the environment, a variety of service(s) can be provided on top of user identification or interaction with specific object(s) of interest by pointing at the objects. Sometimes either the device user and/or the publishers of content cannot complete a content exchange due to connectivity to data or services becoming lost. A device provisioned for pointing or direction based services losing connectivity to a first network while engaging pointing based services. In response, one or more other sources for the pointing based services are identified on a second network or device to which the device can connect and the device automatically connects to the second network or device to receive the pointing based services, or data for use with the pointing based services (e.g., GPS information, point of interest data, direction data, etc.), from the one or more other sources.

Abstract: A method, system and article of manufacture are disclosed for error recovery in a replicated state machine. A batch of inputs is input to the machine, and the machine uses a multitude of components for processing those inputs. Also, during this processing, one of said components generates an exception. The method comprises the steps of after the exception, rolling the state machine back to a defined point in the operation of the machine; preemptively failing said one of the components; re-executing the input batch in the state machine; and handling any failure, during the re-executing step, of the one of the components using a defined error handling procedure. The rolling, preemptively failing, re-executing and handling steps are repeated until the input batch runs to completion without generating any exception in any of the components that are not preemptively failed.

Abstract: The present invention provides two primary Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) mechanisms for a multi-hop network, i.e. an active Mobile Multi-hop Relaying (MMR) HARQ and a passive Mobile Multi-hop Relaying (MMR) HARQ. According to the solution of the present invention, there are provided a method and a device for HARQ retransmission in relay stations of a wireless communication network, wherein in HARQ retransmission, the HARQ procedure is implemented based on resource allocated by a base station; and a method and device for HARQ in a base station, characterized in that a HARQ procedure is implemented in-between one or more relay stations and a mobile station. With the methods of the present invention, the HARQ problems existing in a multi-hop network are overcome, the correction rate of data transmission is improved, while time delay for data transmission is reduced.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a method of transmitting data from a transmitter to a receiver. In the method, a payload data stream is provided which comprises a plurality of payload data units. A container stream is formed which comprises a plurality of containers having respective container identifiers, where a container includes an integer number of the payload data units and where the container identifiers collectively establish a predetermined order for consecutive containers. A codeword stream is formed which comprises a plurality of codewords having respective redundancy information, where a codeword includes at least a portion of the container and where redundancy information of the codeword facilitates detection of erroneous data in the codeword. The codeword is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver. Other methods and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for receiving a transport block that is segmented into a plurality of code blocks (CBs), each CB having an attached cyclic redundancy check (CRC), decoding each of the plurality of CBs with attached CRC, determining whether each CRC fails, and in response to a determination that a CRC has failed, transmitting a CB index number of the CB attached to the CRC that has failed. Also provided are a method and an apparatus for a transmitter receiving an index number of a CB for retransmission (CBSIRT) attached with a CRC that has failed, determining the CB that correspond to the CRC that has failed based on the CBSIRT, and retransmitting the failed CB in a subsequent transmission time interval (TTI).

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatuses for reducing HARQ retransmissions using peak power management techniques are presented. In one example, a receiver may perform multi-level error correction for reducing HARQ retransmissions. The receiver may include a Peak to Average Power Ratio Management Module (PAPR MM) decoder configured to perform a first level of error correction utilizing retransmissions originating at a front end of a distal transmitter. The receiver may further include a symbol demapping module connected to the PAPR MM decoder, a deinterleaver connected to the symbol demapping module, and a decoder connected to the deinterleaver and the PAPR MM decoder, where the decoder may be configured to perform a second level of error correction utilizing retransmissions originating at a back end of a distal transmitter. A transmitter for reducing HARQ retransmissions using PAPR techniques is also presented.

Abstract: In a particular embodiment, a controller is disclosed that is adapted to control read/write access to a storage media. The controller includes data corruption detection logic to reconstruct a logical block address (LBA) lookup table from metadata stored at the storage media upon restart and re-initialization after a power loss event. The controller further includes duplicate conflict resolution logic to identify a valid data block from multiple data blocks that refer to a single LBA. The duplicate conflict resolution logic counts a first number of valid physical pages and a second number of different sectors in each of the multiple data blocks. The duplicate conflict resolution logic selects the valid data block from the multiple data blocks based on at least one of the first and second numbers.

Abstract: A method is provided for reuse of one of a plurality of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) Process ID. The method includes receiving signaling used to associate at least one of the plurality of HARQ Process IDs with semi-persistent scheduling. The method further includes determining an activation of a semi-persistent resource. The method further includes associating the at least one of the plurality of HARQ Process IDs with the semi-persistent resource. The method further includes receiving a non-semi-persistent data communication utilizing the at least one of a plurality of HARQ Process IDs.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may send a bundled transmission of a packet repeatedly over at least two consecutive transmission time intervals (TTIs). The WTRU may not process a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback for the packet after sending the bundled transmission. The bundled transmission may be configured per HARQ process. The WTRU may override the bundled transmission and may transmit a HARQ retransmission of another packet in one of the TTIs scheduled for the bundled transmission if a TTI scheduled for the HARQ retransmission of another packet overlaps the TTIs scheduled for the bundled transmission. Alternatively, the WTRU may transmit a non-bundled transmission of a packet and send a bundled HARQ transmission of the packet on a condition that HARQ feedback indicates a failure of delivery of the packet. The WTRU may not process an HARQ feedback in an E-HICH for the packet after sending the bundled transmission.

Abstract: A method is provided for associating initial transmissions and retransmissions in semi-persistent scheduling. The method includes providing a first initial transmission associated with a first assigned Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process ID. The method further includes providing a second initial transmission associated with a second assigned HARQ process ID. The method further includes providing at least one retransmission associated with the first HARQ process ID. The second initial transmission occurs before the at least one retransmission, and the second assigned HARQ process ID is different from the first assigned HARQ process ID.

Abstract: A network failover apparatus and method for use in a client-server system. The method includes establishing at least a first and further path between a client and a server. The first path connects the server to the client through a first network and a first interface of the client and the further path connects the server to the client through a further network that is separate from the first network and a further interface of the client. The method also includes reaching the server through the first interface, detecting that the server is no longer reachable through the first interface, and identifying the first interface as failed. The method also includes reaching the server through the further interface after the first interface is identified as failed, testing the first interface to determine whether the server is reachable while the server is reachable through the further interface, and reestablishing a connection to the server through the first interface.

Abstract: The coding apparatus, coding processing target sequence forming method and Viterbi decoding apparatus of the present invention can realize low delay processing with a minimum number of repetitive processing and suppress the degradation of the accuracy of decoding at the ends of a decoded sequence due to truncation error. In the coding apparatus mounted on the transmitting apparatus (100), a control information rearranging section (130) receives as input a control information sequence, in which a plurality of control information blocks are arranged in a predetermined order, and forms a coding processing target sequence by rearranging the order of the plurality of control information blocks to form an assembled sequence grouping control information blocks comprised of predictable bit sequences in the plurality of control information blocks, and to allocate the assembled sequence to a predetermined position in the control information sequence.

Abstract: A predetermined logical operation is performed to unsent data which is sent toward the receiver 50 and to retransmission data which is resent toward the receiver, and the transmission data obtained by the logical operation is sent to the receiver.

Abstract: A data processing device which performs a data transmission between semiconductor devices using a plurality of signal lines. In the data processing device, when there occurs an error in a data transmission from a transmitting device to a receiving device using a plurality of signal lines, data in which the error has occurred is stored. The stored data is compared bit by bit with non-erroneous data, thereby designating a bit in which error has occurred in the stored data.

Abstract: A frame transferring apparatus includes a check-frame storage unit that has temporarily stored therein a reception check frame; a check-frame transmitting unit that transmits a transmission check frame to another frame transferring apparatus; a check-frame discarding unit that, when a storage space for storing the reception check frame is left in the check-frame storage unit, stores the reception check frame in the check-frame storage unit and, when no storage space is left, discards the reception check frame; a transferring-apparatus-information obtaining unit that obtains frame-transferring-apparatus information; a checking unit that checks a non-arrival of a frame based on the frame-transferring-apparatus information; a retransmission requesting unit that, when the reception check frame is discarded, requests the frame transferring apparatus of a transmission source of the discarded check frame to retransmit a check frame; and a check-frame retransmitting unit that, when accepting a request for retransmitt

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and a wireless communication method are provided. The transmitting apparatus is capable of transmitting, together with transmission data, retransmission data in response to an HARQ from a receiving apparatus, according to an MCS determined based on a request from the receiving apparatus and includes a storage portion which stores information indicating a transition of an FER with respect to a communication quality for each MCS in both cases in which an HARQ response is enabled and disabled, an HARQ switching portion which switches whether to enable or disable the HARQ response in accordance with a QoS class of data to be transmitted, and an MCS switching portion which switches an MCS in accordance with the switching of whether to enable or disable the HARQ response, while referring to the information stored in the storage portion.

Abstract: Through the identification of different packet-types, packets can be handled based on an assigned packet handling identifier. This identifier can, for example, enable forwarding of latency-sensitive packets without delay and allow error-sensitive packets to be stored for possible retransmission. In another embodiment, and optionally in conjunction with retransmission protocols including a packet handling identifier, a memory used for retransmission of packets can be shared with other transceiver functionality such as, coding, decoding, interleaving, deinterleaving, error correction, and the like.

Abstract: A method and apparatus implement redundant memory access using multiple controllers for a memory system, and a design structure on which the subject circuit resides are provided. A first memory controller uses a first memory and a second memory controller uses the second memory as its respective primary address space, for storage and fetches. The second memory controller is also connected to the first memory. The first memory controller is also connected to the second memory. The first memory controller and the second memory controller, for example, are connected together by a processor communications bus. When one of the first memory controller or the second memory controller fails, then the other memory controller is notified. The other memory controller takes control of the memory for the failed controller, using the direct connection to that memory, and maintains coherence of both the first memory and second memory.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a system for resending messages with a minimized number of retries and maximized timeliness of delivering the message to the receiving party. The method sets a retry period for a message that needs to be resent, determines a retry time according to the retry period, and sends the message after the retry time is reached. The retry period increases as the number of retries increases. The method and the system can ensure reliable delivery of notification messages and support many transmission protocols between different systems, does not require the receiving party to implement complicated interaction protocols to reliably receive a notification message, and is suitable for widespread use in the Internet. Moreover, the disclosure supports multiple transaction processing, can be used as a common business transaction application platform, and allows flexible expansion of multiple transactions and multiple protocols.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus utilize hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) transmissions and retransmissions that are usable on multiple carriers, i.e. joint HARQ processes. For example, a downlink (DL) shared channel transmission of a joint HARQ process is received on one of the carriers. A first part of an identity of the joint HARQ process is determined by using HARQ process identity data received on a shared control channel. A second part of the joint HARQ process identity is determined using additional information. The joint HARQ process identity is then determined by combining the first part and the second part. A WTRU is provided that is configured to receive the DL shared channel and to make the aforementioned determinations. A variety of other methods and apparatus configurations are disclosed for utilizing joint HARQ processes, in particular in the context of DC-HSDPA.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the reference voltage used for read operations in a non-volatile memory may be adjusted up or down in an attempt to read data from an area that previously produced at least one uncorrectable error. The direction and amount of this adjustment may be based on the number and direction of correctable errors in surrounding data.

Abstract: A disk array apparatus capable of reducing a disk drive fault rate where a time-out failure has occurred. The disk array apparatus includes a plurality of disk drives, and a control unit for performing data input/output processing of the disk drives in response to a data input/output request from a host system. The control unit includes: a memory for storing control information for specifying a failure of at least one of the disk drives, and failure information of the faulty disk drive, a circuit for specifying, from the failure information, the disk drive in which a time-out failure has occurred, and issuing an instruction to retry a control command to the disk drive, and a circuit for outputting a control signal to the faulty disk drive in order to hard reset the disk drive if the disk drive does not recover from the failure.

Abstract: A method for transmitting blocks of data in data packets from a first device on a network to a second device on the network comprising the steps of, providing a File Transmitter Application in communication with the first device, which File Transmitter Application is adapted to control the transmission of the blocks of data in data packets on the network, including the timing of the commencement of the transmission of the data blocks on the network, providing a File Receiver Application in communication with the second device and in communication with the File Transmitter Application, which File Receiver Application is adapted to transmit Acknowledgment data to the File Transmitter Application relating to the receipt of data blocks received at the second device, commencing the transmission of a first data block from the first device to the second device, by way of the network and commencing the transmission of the second data block from the first device to the second device, by way of the network.

Abstract: A method for multiplexing a data information stream, including a systematic symbol and a non-systematic symbol, and a control information stream of at least three types in a wireless mobile communication system is disclosed. The method includes mapping the data information stream to a resource area so that the systematic symbol is not mapped to a specific resource area to which the control information stream is mapped, and mapping the control information stream to the specific resource area.

Abstract: In a communication system using an IP tunnel for communication between application processing apparatuses (hereinafter, processing apparatuses), an application can be moved to an arbitrary processing apparatus, update of tunnel tables included in the respective processing apparatuses is quickly performed, and a buffer for waiting for packets during the table update is made small. A redundancy managing apparatus manages a correspondence between a virtual IP address (VIP) of an application in a communication system and an IP address (RIP) of an processing apparatus to execute the application. The processing apparatus notifies the VIP of the communication partner application of the application to the redundancy managing apparatus.

Abstract: A method and associated apparatus are described that enables unattended, remotely distributed appliances, such as vending machines, utility meters, thermostats and kitchen appliances (ovens, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) to be connected inexpensively to each other and to a centrally located server. The apparatus 1) uses relatively simple “personality” modules to adapt the apparatus to the application in combination with a sophisticated core module that provides the intelligence needed to process data locally, to format that data and to transfer it to a remote server and 2) uses existing Internet-based communication links, thereby avoiding the costly proprietary links used with current state-of-the-art solutions.

Abstract: The storage apparatus includes a detection unit (MPU 9) that detects a recovery unit area in a storage area, an association unit (MPU 9) that associates a unit area out of recovery unit areas detected by the detection unit with a recovery parameter which is a retry parameter out of a group of a plurality of retry parameters which are ordered as correction values pertaining to the retrying, and a retry start unit (MPU 9) that starts retrying to recover the unit area that requires the predetermined time or longer for recovery by the retrying, based on a retry parameter of order determined by subtracting a predetermined number from the order of the recovery parameter associated by the association unit with the unit area that requires the predetermined time or longer for recovery by the retrying.

Abstract: Implementations of the present principles include methods and systems for retransmitting un-recovered information within a cognitive radio, anti-jamming system. In accordance with aspects of the present principles, encoding schemes may be optimized for retransmission by utilizing a jamming rate and a number of un-recovered packets to minimize packet loss and thereby enhance throughput. In addition, rateless encoding features may be employed to re-encode un-recovered portions of an information sequence for efficient retransmission.

Abstract: A data transmission system includes a packet missing state data storage unit that stores packet missing state data including distribution of the numbers of consecutive missed packets in a decoder and distribution of intervals of the packet missing in the decoder; an interleave unit determination processing unit that determines, based on the distribution of the numbers of consecutive missed packets, an interleave unit that represents the number of Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks, wherein the FEC block is a unit for which an FEC packet is generated; an FEC block determination processing unit that determines, based on the distribution of the intervals of the packet missing, the number of data packets included in the FEC block; and a packet communication processing unit that identifies, based on the determined interleave pattern data, a transmission order of the packets to the decoder.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for detecting problems arising during the launching phase of a resident software of an electronic appliance to be detected. Said detection is carried out by means of data written in the non-volatile memory during said phase. Said data are then erased in case of success. In case of failure, it is then possible, upon the next restart, to use said data to detect the problem.

Abstract: Processing means for assisting computer programs running in a distributed computer system, the processing means including: detection means (530) for detecting that a running program (510) has encountered a problem caused by not having direct access to another piece of code; requisition means (530) for obtaining the other piece of code from another part of the system (550, 560); and means for controlling the computer to re-run the program from a point before the problem was encountered, in such a way that it has the necessary direct access to the other piece of code.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling a Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) operation in a transmitter of a wireless mobile communication system using each frame constituted by a plurality of subframes are provided. In the method for controlling an HARQ operation, indication information indicating a subframe position where transmission of a data burst starts and the number of subframes required for transmission of the data burst is transmitted to a receiver through an i-th frame. When the number of subframes does not exceed a threshold, it is determined that the data burst at the subframe position indicated by indication information of an (i+1)-th frame is retransmitted to the receiver. When the number of subframes exceeds the threshold, it is determined that the data burst at the subframe position indicated by indication information of an (i+n)-th frame, where n is a positive integer exceeding 1, is retransmitted to the receiver.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optimizing communication in a communication system is provided. The method includes transmitting a plurality of data packets including a first data packet, storing at least one of the plurality of data packets in a first buffer when the first data packet includes an error, determining a remaining storage capacity of the first buffer based on an initial storage capacity of the first buffer and a storage capacity used to store the at least one of the plurality of data packets, and retransmitting the first data packet with additional data, wherein an amount of the additional data is included in the retransmission based on the remaining storage capacity.

Abstract: A system for providing an adaptive control mechanism may include a mobile station within a multicast broadcast service group and a base station in communication with the mobile station. The base station may be configured to control provision of data to the mobile station, receive feedback with respect to receipt of at least a portion of the data provided, and determine a configuration of the base station for future transmissions based on the feedback received. The mobile station may be configured to determine a status with respect to receipt of data expected to be received from the base station, generate the feedback indicative of the status determined, and provide for communication of the feedback generated to the base station.

Abstract: Example methods and apparatus for communicating encoded data blocks in wireless communication systems are disclosed. In one example embodiment, a method for receiving an encoded data block includes receiving a data transmission including a subset of a plurality of bits of the encoded data block. The example method also includes receiving a first control signal indicating whether the received subset is a first received subset associated with the encoded data block or whether one or more subsets were previously received for the encoded data block. The example method also further includes receiving a second control signal, the second control signal having a first state and a second state.

Abstract: Various embodiments of systems and methods for preserving saved memory states to which a computer system can be restored are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the systems and methods intercept write operations to protected memory locations and redirect them to alternate memory locations. Embodiments of the systems and methods include creation of a table for each memory state. Certain embodiments additionally include a recovery capability, by which the protected memory in the computer system is capable of being restored or recovered to a recovery point that represents a saved memory state. Further embodiments relate to systems and methods for preventing protected memory locations from being overwritten that utilize a plurality of memory state values.

Abstract: A switch connected to a network system including a computer and a storage apparatus: controlling read/write request from the computer to the storage apparatus and controlling to store journal data in the storage apparatus; wherein the storage apparatus includes a first storage area for storing data to be used by the computer and a second storage area for storing journal data including write data and first update log information corresponding to the write data when there is a write request from the computer for writing data in the first storage area; wherein when the switch detects an event of status change related to the network system, the switch marks a first point of time corresponding to the event as a recovery request point, and creates second update log information corresponding to the recovery request point.

Abstract: A mobile station device (12) includes a retransmission request transmission timing identifying unit (40) which identifies, based on a timing of reception of a data frame transmitted from a base station device, a timing of transmission of a retransmission request of the data frame to the base station device. The base station device includes a retransmission data frame selecting unit which selects, based on a timing of reception of the retransmission request transmitted from the mobile station device (12), a data frame to be retransmitted from among a plurality of data frames transmitted to the mobile station device (12), and retransmits a data frame selected by the retransmission data frame selecting unit to the mobile station device (12).

Abstract: A method and system for implementing secure communications between a plurality of devices are provided. The method and system generally include the provision of at least one common encryption parameter to each of the plurality of devices, as well as an identification of the plurality of devices to one another. This information can be maintained and shared by interaction of the plurality of devices with a designated server device. In this way, a secure, point-to-point connection between at least two of the plurality of devices can be established.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for supporting an HARQ scheme in a wireless communication system are provided. In a method for operating a base station, whether a resource used for a system of a different standard and a resource used for one of an HARQ reply and an HARQ retransmission packet by a synchronous HARQ scheme collide with each other is estimated. A collision packet ID is allocated to an HARQ subburst corresponding to one of an HARQ reply and an HARQ retransmission packet estimated to collide, and an offset of the one of the HARQ reply and the HARQ retransmission packet is changed. A MAP message including at least one of the collision packet ID, and changed offset information is generated. The MAP message is transmitted.

Abstract: A mobile terminal and a method of performing a random access procedure by the terminal is achieved by transmitting a random access preamble to a base station, receiving a random access response from the base station, and performing an uplink transmission using an uplink grant from the base station. The uplink transmission is performed by using a maximum number of HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) transmissions parameter, which is included in a System Information Block (SIB) received from the base station.

Abstract: An integrated incremental redundancy symbol mapping diversity system for a communication device. The integrated incremental redundancy symbol mapping diversity system includes a transmitter. The transmitter packetizes a retransmission packet according to a modulation scheme in response to a retransmission request from the receiver. The transmitter includes an output packet processor and an inter-packet selective symbol mapper. The output packet processor determines a transmission iteration of a bit segment of the retransmission packet. The inter-packet selective symbol mapper applies a first symbol map pattern to the bit segment based on the transmission iteration of the bit segment and applies a second symbol map pattern to another bit segment of the retransmission packet based on the transmission iteration of the other bit segment. The first symbol map pattern is different from the second symbol map pattern.

Abstract: The various inventive embodiments relate to arrangement of information elements (IEs) for persistent and/or dynamic allocations in a wireless broadband network and include optimization techniques to eliminate the repetitive information fields from the downlink (DL)-Persistent-IEs, uplink (UL)-Persistent-IEs, DL-IEs, and UL-IEs. Elimination of repetitive information fields reduces MAP overhead. In addition embodiments relate to methods to use the same hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) region to contain persistent as well as non-persistent allocations. The use of the same HARQ region for persistent as well as non-persistent allocations further reduces the MAP overhead as it requires a single header to define the HARQ region instead of the two headers that are required to define two different HARQ regions: one for persistent allocation and the second one for non-persistent allocations.

Abstract: Re-purposing a computer from one operating system to another is both simplified and made less susceptible to error by moving original system firmware to a backup location and then installing both new firmware and the new operating system in one process. Because the original firmware is maintained and accessible, should the new firmware, for example, a BIOS, fail, the original firmware can be restored and the process restarted. To assist in the seamless change from one operating system to another, an inventory of computer assets may be used to built an installation program and removable memory for use in the upgrade.

Abstract: A method of encoding data using a parity check matrix, a method of decoding encoded data, and a data retransmission method using the same are disclosed. A method of encoding data by LDPC code using a parity check matrix includes variably selecting a specific sub-matrix from a parity check matrix in accordance with a coding rate to be used for encoding, the parity check matrix including at least two sub-matrixes, and encoding an input data stream by using the selected sub-matrix.

Abstract: Provided are a method, system, and article of manufacture for managing writes received to data units that are being transferred to a secondary storage as part of a mirror relationship. Synchronization information indicates data units to transfer from a primary storage to a secondary storage, wherein the synchronization information data is updated to indicate the transfer of one of the data units from the primary storage to the secondary storage. A storage controller receives a write request having an update to a target data unit comprising one of the data units indicated in the synchronization information that has not been transferred from the primary storage to the secondary storage. The write request is allowed to apply the update to the target data unit in response to transferring the data in the target data unit to a network adapter of the storage controller and before the data in the target data unit is transferred to the secondary storage.