Abstract: The use of hydrocarbon fuels for cooling hypersonic aircraft and missile structures and engines is accomplished by passing fuel through cooling channels in the vehicle. A multicomponent hydrocarbon fuel having a pyrolyzing component which cracks in a supercritical temperature range (above 900.degree. F.) and thus absorbs heat is used in combination with a diluent fuel or fuel component which reduces the rate at which cracked hydrocarbons recombine in the cooling channels, thus causing coking which can clog cooling channels and also release heat to the structure to be cooled. The cracked fuel having absorbed heat and remaining in it's cracked state is in a condition to burn more quickly and energetically in the combustion chamber along with the hot diluent fuel, thus providing an efficient use of the heat absorbed in the cooling process and increasing the performance of the vehicle.

Abstract: Fuel compositions containing a major proportion of at least one fuel base and a minor proportion of at least one fulvene derivative, characterized in that the said fulvene derivative is a 5-(alkylalkylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene of formula (I) below: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is the hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from one to three carbon atoms and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom or a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group containing from one to four carbon atoms. Use of the fuel compositions in reciprocating engines with spark ignition and turbine and jet engines.

Abstract: Fuel composition for internal combustion engines which comprises a larger portion of fuel and a smaller quantity of a composition of hydrocarbon oligomers almost totally saturated, characterized in that the above composition of almost totally saturated hydrocarbon oligomers: 1) is obtained by the oligomerization and subsequent hydrogenation of a hydrocarbon composition comprising basically C.sub.13 -C.sub.18, preferably C.sub.15 -C.sub.16, internal oligomers, in a quantity of more than 90% by weight, 2) is basically without any possible hydrocarbons having a number of carbon atoms equal to or less than 13, 3) has a viscosity at 100.degree. C. of betweem 5.0 and 12.0 cSt, particularly from 7.3 to 8.4 cSt.

Abstract: Gasolines are identified from one another by adding to at least one of the gasolines at least one tagging material which is unique to that gasoline. Each unique tagging material has a number average molecular weight of at least 15,000 and is present at a level of less than 1.0 ppm of the gasoline. In addition, each unique tagging material must be soluble in the composition to be tagged, must not vaporize or thermally degrade at temperatures below about 120.degree. C., must not contribute to degradation of hydrocarbon filterability: and must not contribute to engine harm. A sample of the gasoline is vaporized to form a liquid residue; and the liquid residue is analyzed for the presence of the tagging material in the residue to thereby identify the particular gasoline.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two-stroke engine oil which comprises polybutene base oils which are either very low in or are substantially free of n-butenes in the polymer backbone. The absence of n-butenes in the polybutenes significantly reduces smoke emission in exhaust gases generated by the use of the engine oil. Polybutenes such as ULTRAVIS.RTM. which are substantially free of chlorine and have a high degree of terminal unsaturation are particularly preferred.

Abstract: A composition which contains a 2-halo-2-halomethyl glutaronitrile and a 4,5-polymethylene-4-isothiazolin-3-one. The compositions exhibit anti-microbial activity and certain combinations of isothiazolinones together with the glutaronitrile are surprisingly effective against both bacteria and fungi.

Abstract: A low emissions diesel fuel with prescribed levels of aromatics and cetane number is disclosed which, when combusted in a diesel engine, results in lower emissions than the California Reference diesel fuel.

Abstract: A low emissions diesel fuel with prescribed levels of aromatics and cetane number is disclosed which, when combusted in a diesel engine, results in lower emissions than the California Reference diesel fuel.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of a hydrocarbon in water emulsion from viscous hydrocarbons wherein aging of the emulsion over time is substantially eliminated comprises forming a concentrated emulsion characterized by a water content of less than or equal to 15%/wt. and an average oil droplet size of less than or equal to 4 microns and thereafter forming a final emulsion by diluting the concentrated hydrocarbon in water emulsion with water so as to obtain a water content of less than or equal to 30%/wt. and stirring said diluted emulsion so as to obtain a final hydrocarbon in water emulsion having an average oil droplet size of greater than or equal to 15 microns.

Abstract: Solvent-free lubricant compositions having improved lubricity properties comprising a basestock having a kinematic viscosity of about 1.5 to 3.0 cSt at 100.degree. C., about 3 to 15 wt % of bright stock having a kinematic viscosity about 20 to 40 cSt at 100.degree. C., about 3 to 15 wt % of a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of about 400 to 1050 and about 3 to 15 wt % of a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of about 1150 to 1650. Minor amounts of the lubricant composition may be incorporated into a distillate fuel to provide a lubricant oil-fuel composition for two-cycle engines.

Abstract: A fuel comprised of liquid and solid refinery waste streams is described. The fuel is a blend of a heavy paraffinic oil, an emulsified waste oil, water and solids. The fuel is blended both to achieve a viscosity which enables the fuel to be pumped, and to obtain the required fuel value for burning in a cement kiln while simultaneously having a high solids content. The amount of the heavy paraffinic oil present in the final fuel is related to the ambient temperature at which the fuel is to be pumped, stored and consumed. Typically, the higher the ambient temperature the more heavy paraffinic oil that can be used in the fuel blend.

Abstract: Improvements to diesel power hammers which allow the hammers to be operated smokelessly are disclosed. Kerosene and synthetic oil replace diesel fuel and mineral oil as fuel and lubricant, respectively, in hammers incorporating prior art design improvements by Makers thereof. Other combustibles such as gasoline may be added to the kerosene fuel to improve the quality of combustion and thereby further reduce the emission of smoke.

Abstract: A method of compatibilization asphaltenes containing bituminous liquids which process comprises:a) reacting an asphaltene with phosphorous trichloride in the presence of a liquid to form a phosphochlorinated asphaltene containing from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt. % phosphorous;b) reacting the phosphochlorinated asphaltene with an equimolar amount of aliphatic or aromatic alcohols and phenols selected from the group consisting of:i) an aliphatic alcohol;ii) a naphthyl alcohol;iii) an alkyl quinizarin;iv) an oligomeric mixed polyether aliphatic terminal diol; andv) an oligomeric polyalkene terminal diol to produce a compatibilized asphaltene; andc) recovering the compatibilized asphaltene product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a combustion catalyst system for improving the combustion efficiency of organic liquid fuels, especially those derived from petroleum. The catalyst system comprises a fuel additive comprising from about 18 to about 21 weight percent naphthalene, from about 75 to about 80 weight percent toluene, and from about 2.8 to about 3.2 weight percent benzyl alcohol.

Abstract: Disclosed are polymers of average molecular weight ranging from 400 to 20,000 comprising thiosubstituted groups per molecule and resulting from the reaction, in the presence of an addition catalyst, of at least one compound with a thiol function, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule, with an unsaturated polyester resulting from the condensation of an aliphatic epoxide with an unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic compound comprising at least one ethylenic unsaturation in the alpha position of one of the carboxyl groups. Also disclosed are middle distillate compositions having a distillation range from 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. and comprising a minor proportion, preferably from 0.001 to 2% by weight, of at least one of the polymers defined hereinabove.

Abstract: Method to improve the combustion in a combustion engine for reducing the content of harmful components of the exhausts, whereby a liquid composition including a peroxide or a peroxo compound is supplied to the combustion chamber. The liquid composition is injected in such a way that a portion of the liquid composition passes through the outlet valve (17), when the engine goes from exhaust to intake stroke, thus causing an improved afterburning in both exhaust pipe (16) and possible catalytic equipment.

Abstract: A fuel composed of water, a compound in which free radicals have been generated and a solute that stabilizes the free radicals while the fuel is in the liquid state but which releases the free radicals when the fuel is sprayed (vaporized) so that the free radicals then dissociate the water to form hydrogen gas in sufficient concentration to support combustion. The most readily available compounds in which free radicals can be generated to provide the fuel are hydrocarbons and carbohydrates. Free radicals may be generated in solids (e.g., sugar) by charring and grinding the sugar then mixing with acid. Free radicals may be generated in liquids by adding an acid. Polar liquids such as alcohols, aldehydes and ketones have been found to be the most effective stabilizers.

Abstract: A novel ignition promoter; a process for preparing the ignition promoter which comprises removing cellulose from biomass, such as wood, bagasse, corncobs, straw, hay, or newspaper, and thereafter nitrating the remainder after treatment with an oxirane; and a fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine, such as a Diesel engine, containing an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and said ignition promoter. Cellulose can be removed from the biomass by treating it with an aqueous nitric acid solution. The material remaining after cellulose removal can be nitrated using an aqueous solution of nitric acid. Nitration is carried out by reacting the material after cellulose removal with an oxirane, such as ethylene oxide, and thereafter nitrating the resulting product using aqueous nitric acid in combination with a dehydrating agent, such as sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A high-energy-content fuel composition, for controlled-ignition internal combustion engines, contains quadricyclane (tetracyclo-[2.2.1.0-(2,6).0-3,5]-heptane), for which a new synthesis method is proposed.The use of the quadricyclane-containing fuel composition makes it possible a larger amount of energy to be available per each fuel volume unit, and favorably modifies the combustion kinetics in controlled-ignition internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating a hydrocarbon fuel to minimize the consumption of the fuel, in which a magnet having a very weak magnetic flux density, and the magnetic density at the S pole is larger than that at the N pole is used, and using the magnet of the present invention the fuel cost can be reduced to about 70-80% in comparison with the non-treated fuel.

Abstract: Disclosed are polymers of average molecular weight ranging from 400 to 20,000 comprising thiosubstituted groups per molecule and resulting from the reaction, in the presence of an addition catalyst, of at least one compound with a thiol function, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule, with an unsaturated polyester resulting from the condensation of an aliphatic epoxide with an unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic compound comprising at least one ethylenic unsaturation in the alpha position of one of the carboxyl groups. Also disclosed are middle distillate compositions having a distillation range from 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. and comprising a minor proportion, preferably from 0.001 to 2% by weight, of at least one of the polymers defined hereinabove.

Abstract: A liquid fuel additives or combustion aid which can be prepared by dissolving solid prepared from seawater and a strong alkali, into a medium miscible with a fuel to which it is applied. The fuel additives can be directly added to petroleum fuels, such as gasoline and light oil, and is usable in all types of combustion engines to improve combustibility, fuel efficiency, etc.

Abstract: Means and methods of producing catalytically coated microspheres of hydrocarbon fuel in a tower into which precharged free floating initially frozen globules of hydrocarbon fuel are drawn through a catalytic plasma field by an attracting electrostatic force disposed thereabove for catalytic coating and partial neutralization of the globule precharge until the coated globules descends in response to gravitational forces through the plasma field into a container disposed therebeneath.

Abstract: A method for improving the long-term color stability of jet fuel and jet fuel blends containing nitrogen compounds, by intimately mixing the jet fuel with a quantity of concentrated sulfuric acid sufficient to remove at least about ninety percent (90%) of said nitrogen compounds during a contact time equal to less than five (5) minutes, separating the jet fuel from the concentrated sulfuric acid, mixing the jet fuel with an aqueous caustic solution to remove residual acid from the jet fuel, separating the jet fuel from the aqueous caustic solution, mixing the jet fuel with water, and separating the jet fuel from the water.