Abstract: A fuel composition comprises at least a tetramethylcyclohexane and a fuel component. The tetramethylcyclohexane can be used as a fuel component or as a fuel additive in the fuel composition. The fuel composition may further comprise a conventional fuel component selected from a petroleum-based fuel component such as diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline; or a coal-based fuel component. Methods of making and using the fuel composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprises at least a tetramethylcyclohexane having a quaternary carbon atom in the cyclohexane ring and optionally, a fuel component. The tetramethylcyclohexane can be used as a fuel component or as a fuel additive in the fuel composition. The fuel composition may further comprise a conventional fuel component selected from a diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline. Methods of making and using the fuel composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: Aviation-grade kerosene comprising a first blendstock derived from non-petroleum feedstock and comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins and normal paraffins, and a second blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of cycloalkanes and aromatics. A method for the production of aviation-grade kerosene comprising producing a first blendstock from at least one non-petroleum feedstock, the first blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins and normal paraffins; producing a second blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of cycloalkanes and aromatics; and blending at least a portion of the first blendstock with at least a portion of the second blendstock to produce aviation-grade kerosene.

Abstract: Catalytic process for the transformation of carbon compounds into liquid fuel, in which the reaction is catalysed by an Alumino silicate catalyst comprising counter ion Na and/or K in a sufficient amount so that when mixing 0.2 g of catalyst in powder form with 20 ml water having a pH of 5.56 so as to form a water/catalyst mixture, the pH of the water/catalyst mixture comprised between 4 and 6, said catalytic system further comprising 0.005% to 1% by weight of Ba and/or Sr.

Abstract: Unleaded blend compositions, as well as formulated gasolines containing them have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising either: (i) component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH2—CH(CH3)—C(CH3)2—CH3??I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, or (ii) at least 2% of component (a?), which is at least one branched chain alkane of MON value of at least 90 and of boiling point 15-160° C. or a substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon refinery stream, of MON value of at least 85, at least 70% in total of said stream being branched chain alkanes, said stream being obtainable or obtained by distillation from a refinery material as a cut having Initial Boiling Point of at least 15° C. and Final Boiling Point of at most 160° C.

Abstract: A process to prepare an aviation fuel and an automotive gas oil from a source of mineral derived gas oil is provided. From the mineral derived gas oil a low boiling fraction is isolated for use as an aviation fuel or as an aviation fuel component and the remaining part of the mineral derived gas oil is blended with a Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene fraction and/or a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil fraction to obtain a blend suited for use as at least part of an automotive gas oil.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polypeptide having glycosidase activity. In addition methods of designing new glycosidases and method of use thereof are also provided. The glycosidases have increased activity and stability at increased pH and Temperature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a method of providing value-added byproducts from a biofuel process, comprising fermenting a biofuel source sufficient to provide a biofuel and a mash mixture, separating the mixture sufficient to provide a biofuel and a mash, separating the mash sufficient to provide wet distillers grain (WDG) and a syrup, heating the syrup sufficient to provide ash, binding the ash sufficient to provide a solid ash, drying the wet distillers grain (WDG) sufficient to provide dried distillers grain (DDG) and binding the dried distillers grain sufficient to provide a solid dried distillers grain (DDG).

Abstract: Fertilizer compositions for plant production are described, comprised of decontaminated manure and Bacillus spores, preferably a humic acid derived from lignite and, optionally, one or more of N compounds, P compounds, K compounds, and combinations of two or more of these compounds. Preferred compositions are those wherein the ingredients are blended into an admixture resulting in a granular product. Other preferred compositions are those blended into an admixture resulting in a powdered product. Preferably, the ingredients are formed into hardened prills or pellets. Processes for production and use are also presented.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of synthetically derived diesel and diesel produced by the process. The process includes the steps of catalytic conversion of Fisher-Tropsch derived light olefins to distillates (COD) over a zeolite type catalyst at pressures of more than 50 barg, one step hydrotreating the COD product to simultaneously hydrogenate both olefins and aromatics, and collecting a hydrotreated fraction boiling between about 180° C. to 360° C.

Abstract: To efficiently obtain a liquid fuel containing no sulfur and having good cold flow properties by hydrotreating heavy wax generated by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to perform cracking with the gasification rate restrained and also increase an isomerization reaction which occurs at the same time. A method for producing a hydrocarbon fuel oil, in which heavy wax generated by the FT synthesis is hydrotreated with a catalyst of the platinum group using zeolite or silica-alumina as a support under specific reaction conditions corresponding to the kind of the support, thereby performing cracking and an isomerization reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for adding a lubricating additive to a diesel fuel. In one exemplary embodiment a diesel fuel filter is provided, the diesel fuel filter comprising: a housing having at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening configured to define a flow path therethrough; filter media disposed in the flow path; and an additive cartridge configured to disperse a lubricating additive into diesel fuel passing through the filter.

Abstract: A process for converting feedstock into liquid hydrocarbon fuel condensate includes the steps of providing an unconventional feedstock for producing liquid hydrocarbon fuel, providing a heated heat transfer medium flowing through at least one thermal reaction zone under substantially carbon rejection process conditions and placing the feedstock onto the heated heat transfer medium flow so that the feedstock substantially rides on the flow surface of the heated heat transfer medium without substantially any mixing of the feedstock with the heat transfer medium, vaporizing at least a portion of the feedstock to form vapours while the feedstock is in the thermal reaction zones by heat transfer to the feedstock from the heat transfer medium and condensing the vapours into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel condensate.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine.

Abstract: A novel fuel for the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and an additive for the diesel combustion engine is provided by producing an Ethanol/Coal synthesization that approaches the BTU content of Gasohol. In one implementation the synthesizing process is performed by extracting hydrocarbons from the coal using a release agent and synthesizing the extracted coal hydrocarbons with an ethyl alcohol product to produce a fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.

Abstract: An improved fuel composition for fueling two cycle engines is provided. The fuel composition includes a fuel mixture contained in a container. The fuel mixture includes gasoline and one or more fuel additives which are premixed in a predetermined proportion prior to purchase by a user. The fuel mixture is ready to be supplied to the fuel tank of the engine without any further mixing of the fuel mixture by the user, or optionally, the containerized fuel mixture can be stored prior to supply to the fuel tank.

Abstract: Unleaded blend compositions, as well as formulated gasolines containing them have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising either: (i) component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH2—CH(CH3)—C(CH3)2—CH3I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, or (ii) at least 2% of component (a?), which is at least one branched chain alkane of MON value of at least 90 and of boiling point 15-160° C. or a substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon refinery stream, of MON value of at least 85, at least 70% in total of said stream being branched chain alkanes, said stream being obtainable or obtained by distillation from a refinery material as a cut having Initial Boiling Point of at least 15° C. and Final Boiling Point of at most 160° C.

Abstract: Unleaded blend compositions, as well as formulated gasolines containing them have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising either: (i) component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH2—CH(CH3)—C(CH3)2—CH3I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, or (ii) at least 2% of component (a?), which is at least one branched chain alkane of MON value of at least 90 and of boiling point 15-160° C. or a substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon refinery stream, of MON value of at least 85, at least 70% in total of said stream being branched chain alkanes, said stream being obtainable or obtained by distillation from a refinery material as a cut having Initial Boiling Point of at least 15° C. and Final Boiling Point of at most 160° C.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fuel oil composition describing a synergistic blend of petroleum based fuels with renewable fuels to enhance the combined fuel's cold temperature operability properties. The oil composition comprises a petroleum based component and a renewable fuel component.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel consuming system in a restricted ventilatioan area is provided. The level of regulated emissions is reduced from a fuel consuming system running on the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel composition.

Abstract: In a fuel composition containing a static dissipator additive, a lubricity enhancing additive is blended for the purpose of increasing the electrical conductivity of the composition, and/or for reducing the concentration of the static dissipator additive in the composition. The fuel composition is preferably an automotive diesel fuel composition and preferably contains a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed toward systems and methods of providing a low-emissions diesel fuel for use in cold climates. Such fuels may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch process and include a pour point depressant. Furthermore, the fuel is used in conjunction with a heated fuel delivery system so that low cloud points are not necessary. Fuels prepared according to embodiments of the present invention may be produced in higher yields than otherwise possible because a higher paraffin wax content can be tolerated, thus obviating the need to remove or exclude the wax. These fuels are characterized by a sulfur content less than 1 ppm, a cetane number greater than 60, an aromatics content less than 1 wt %, and a difference between the cloud and pour points that is greater than about 5° C. The present fuel may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from any number of carbon-containing sources such natural gas, coal, petroleum products, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A method for obtaining heavy oil is disclosed. The method includes mixing a material including heavy oil (e.g., oil sand) with a solvent including biodiesel to form a mixture and separating the mixture into a oil-enriched solvent phase and a residual sand phase. The method also can include introducing a solvent including biodiesel into an in-situ geological formation including heavy oil and collecting a mixture including biodiesel and heavy oil from the formation. For example, the mixture can be collected after the solvent travels through at least a portion of the formation by gravity. A method for producing biodiesel also is disclosed. The method includes microbially digesting asphaltenes to form a liquor including a fatty acid and reacting the fatty acid with an alcohol to produce biodiesel. This method can be used to convert petroleum asphaltenes and/or coal asphaltenes into biodiesel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Compositions of fuels for transportation are disclosed, particularly organic compositions which are liquid at ambient conditions. More specifically, it relates to transportation fuels comprising suitable organic distillates, as a predominant component, and limited, but essential, amounts of a component comprising oxygen-containing organic materials, which materials are typically derived from natural petroleum. Beneficially, the oxygen content of these transportation fuels is at least 0.02 percent by weight. Preferably the oxygen content these transportation fuels is in a range from about 0.2 percent to about 10 percent by weight.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diesel fuel composition having enhanced lubricity, said composition comprising a major amount of a diesel fuel as base fuel blended with a minor amount of a nitrogen rich fraction characterised in that the nitrogen rich fraction is derived from a source material selected from (i) a solvent extract of a solid or semi-solid natural fossil, or, (ii) a refinery process stream or blend, the sulphur to nitrogen atom ratio in the nitrogen rich fraction being less than 4. The nitrogen rich fraction has an absolute nitrogen content of at least 1000 ppm by weight and this fraction is (re)blended with the base fuel is no more than 1% by weight of the total fuel composition. Methods of separating, recovering and reblending such naturally occurring nitrogen compounds can be installed or retrofitted at existing refinery and crude oil processing facilities without any substantial increase in production costs.

Abstract: This invention relates to middle distillates having good cold flow properties, such as the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) measured in accordance with the IP method (309), and a high Cetane number, as well as to a process for production of such distillates. More particularly, this invention relates to middle distillates produced from a mainly paraffinic synthetic crude which is produced by the reaction of CO and H2, typically by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The middle distillates of the invention are predominantly isoparaffinic, the isoparaffins being methyl, ethyl and/or propyl branched. The invention also provides a diesel fuel composition including the middle distillates in accordance with the invention. A process for preparing the middle distillates is also included in the invention.

Abstract: A method and composition for identifying chemically tagged petroleum products can be achieved by adding one or more chemicals to a selected petroleum product wherein the chemical is immune to extraction from the petroleum product by conventional inexpensive absorbents, cannot be removed by extraction with acids, bases, or immiscible solvents, cannot be easily oxidized, reduced or reacted with common agents, is difficult to disguise by masking with other agents, has a low polarity, and has a boiling point in the range of the petroleum product the chemical is being added to. The presence of the chemical is determined by using ion mobility spectroscopy.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and formula for producing a fuel having reduced particulate emissions from an internal combustion engine. The fuel taught herein is characterized as having a cetane number ranging from about 45 to about 65, a T95 distillation property of less than about 370° C., and having NR, AR, cetane number and T95 defined by the relation: PEI=156+Z1×(cetane#?49)+Z2×(NR?14)+Z3×(AR?25)+Z4×(T95?315° C.) Where Z1 ranges from abut 0.67 to about 1.06, Z2 ranges from about 0.9 to about 1.28, Z3 ranges from about 2.54 to about 2.80, Z4 ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.4, NR is a defined correlation of the naphthene rings content in the fuel, and AR is a defined correlation of the aromatic rings content in the fuel.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system, which comprises at least 5 vol. % of hydrocarbons based on the whole fuel and 0.5 to 20 mass % of oxygenates in terms of an oxygen content based on the whole fuel, wherein the total content of hydrocarbon compounds which have carbon numbers of 7 and 8 is 20 vol. % or more based on the whole hydrocarbons and the total content of hydrocarbon compounds which have carbon numbers of 10 or more is 20 vol. % or less based on the whole hydrocarbons, and a fuel for a fuel cell system, which comprises at least 5 vol. % of hydrocarbons based on the whole fuel and 0.5 to 20 mass % of oxygenates in terms of an oxygen content based on the whole fuel, wherein the fuel has distillation properties; the initial boiling point in distillation of over 40° C. and 100° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature of over 50° C. and 120° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature of 110° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C.

Abstract: A diese fuel composition containing a major proportion of at least one diesel fuel and a minor proportion of at least one glycerol acetal carbonate of the formulae: in which: R1 and R2 each represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 20 carbon atoms that is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic, an alkyl-ether chain, whereby R1 and R2 together can form an oxygenated heterocyclic radical; R3 is a radical that is defined as R1 or R2, except for the hydrogen atom, or a radical of the formula: where R1 and R2 are defined as above.

Abstract: A method for mathematically identifying at least one diesel fuel suitable for combustion in an automotive diesel engine with significantly reduced emissions and producible from known petroleum blendstocks using known refining processes, including the use of cetane additives (ignition improvers) and oxygenated compounds.

Abstract: Reformulated diesel fuels for automotive diesel engines which meet the requirements of ASTM 975-02 and provide significantly reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) relative to commercially available diesel fuels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a continuous process for preparing additive mixtures for mineral oils and mineral oil distillates, comprising A) a cold flow improver for middle distillates, and at least one further component selected from B) and C): B) a further cold flow improver, C) an organic solvent, which comprises mixing cold flow improver and optionally solvent by means of a static mixer, the temperature of the additive mixture at the outlet of the static mixer being from 0° C. to 100° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel composition comprising a base fuel having a final boiling point above 150° C. and an anti-foam, characterised in that the anti-foam comprises di-isobutylene in an amount greater than 2.5% by volume based on the total fuel composition. The addition of this anti-foam reduces the break-up time for any foam formed significantly.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising hydrocarbon compounds, which fuel has distillation properties of the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of over 40° C. and 100° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of over 50° C. and 120° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 110° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising hydrocarbon compounds, which fuel has distillation properties of the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 40° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of 25° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 45° C. or higher and 130° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 55° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.

Abstract: A composition and use of economical, high efficient burning and environmentally friendly self-propelled liquid fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial application is provided. The fuel could be self-contained for application in small and isolated locations. The fuel is characterized by containing light hydrocarbons as a propellant and low value, heavier hydrocarbon by-products from the refining operations.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprises wherein said fuel has distillation properties, the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower. The fuel for a fuel cell system has a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO2 emission, a low fuel consumption, a small evaporative gas (evapo-emission), small deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, good handling properties in view of storage stability and inflammability, and a low preheating heat quantity.

Abstract: Novel methods of providing fuels to a gas-to-liquids facility are disclosed. A gas-to-liquids facility typically operates in a remote location and therefore must supply its own energy needs. These facilities are often sustained by fuels having different heating values, and for smooth operation while transitioning from one fuel to another, (such as during startup, shut down, and emergencies) the Wobble Indices of the two fuels cannot greatly vary from one another. According to embodiments of the present invention, the Wobble Index of either or both of the fuels is adjusted such that their ratio is less than or equal to about 3. The fuel having the higher Wobble Index may be natural gas, and materials such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and flue gas may be added to lower its Wobble Index. The fuel having the lower Wobble Index may be the tail gas of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and materials such as methane, ethane, LPG, or natural gas may be added to raise its Wobble Index.

Abstract: A distillate fuel composition boiling in the range of about 190° C. to 400° C. with a T10 point greater than 205° C., and having a sulfur level of less than about 100 wppm, a total aromatics content of about 15 to 35 wt. %, a polynuclear aromatics content of less than about 3 wt. %, wherein the ratio of total aromatics to polynuclear aromatics is greater than about 11.

Abstract: An aqueous fuel for generating hydrogen includes alkaline aqueous composition of about 17 to 37 mole percent of a sodium borohydride, and from about 0.001 to 1 mole percent of sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising hydrocarbon compounds, wherein a content of saturates is 30 vol. % or more, a content of olefins is 35 vol. % or less and a content of aromatics is 50 vol. % or less. The fuel for a fuel cell system has a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO2 emission, a low fuel consumption, a small quantity of evaporative gas (evapo-emission), small deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, good handling properties in terms of storage stability and inflammability, and a low preheating energy.

Abstract: An additive gel for fuels that reduces the soot content in lubricating oil and/or emission in an engine. Further a process employing an additive gel for fuel in a fuel system to decrease the amount of soot in the lubricating oil of an engine and/or decrease the emissions from an engine.

Abstract: Fuel compositions comprising a major amount of a normally liquid hydrocarbon based fuel and a minor amount of a compound having at least one strained ring group containing from 3 to 5 ring atoms.

Abstract: The present invention provide a rubber composition which prevents the rise in rubber hardness over time and can maintain good performance on snow and ice over a long period. The rubber composition comprises (A) a diene rubber containing, as a main component, at least one member selected from the group consisting of natural rubber and butadiene rubber, and (B) 5 to 60 parts by weight of vegetable oil which has an iodine value of at least 80 and contains at least 70% by weight of unsaturated fatty acid having at least 18 carbon atoms, based on 100 parts by weight of the diene rubber (A), the rubber composition having a tan &dgr; peak temperature Tg of at most −50° C. and a rubber hardness of at most 64 at 0° C. The present invention also relates to a pneumatic tire using the rubber composition as the tread.

Abstract: The invention provides photoluminescent markers consisting essentially of fluorene copolymers, which are colorless or nearly colorless to the naked eye and exhibit strong photoluminescence between about 380-800 nm upon exposure to ultra-violet radiation or laser light. The soluble fluorene copolymers described in this invention having a general formula as shown in Formula 1. where: R1 and R2 are C1-C24 linear or branched alkyl chain, n is the number of repeating unit, M is a co-monomer unit having structures chosen to impart distinct physical or chemical properties to the marker. Also provided in the present invention are methods of use of the markers for tagging solid or liquid products and methods to detect said markers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of deactivatable biocides for hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products. The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting growth and reproduction of microorganisms in hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, in rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, containing minor amounts of aqueous liquids. The deactivatable biocides of the present invention may be derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: A process for the utilization of a fuel having an initial boiling temperature or prevailing initial boiling temperature range at 1 bar of between 231 K and 830 K, characterized by the following features: (a) the fuel is contacted with at least one oxidant preheated to from 520 K to 880 K at a pressure, p, of ≧1 bar, or at a lower pressure with a reduction of the temperature range, and a C/O molar ratio of between 1:0.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline (Avgas) fuel composition possessing a high motor octane number and which contains reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead is disclosed. The Avegas composition preferably comprises about 20 to about 80 vol % iso-octane, about 5 to about 18 vol % toluene, about 1 to about 20 vol % C4 to C5 paraffins, about 0 to about 1 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead (TEL) and the balance light alkylate. The Avgas composition may be economically produced utilizing spare methyl tertiary butyl ether plant capacity to produce iso-octane as one component of the composition.