Abstract: The invention provides a method for rendering natural gas as an environmentally essentially carbon dioxide-neutral fuel. Carbon dioxide produced from natural gas combustion or from natural gas wells is captured, purified, combined with natural gas or methane or with hydrogen, and reacted under reaction conditions sufficient to form methanol and/or dimethyl ether, which can be used as fuel or feedstock for derived synthetic hydrocarbons and products.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide ligand agents for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), etc. The ligand agents of the present invention are characterized by comprising, as an active ingredient, an extract of one or more plants selected from the following: Serenoa repens, Acanthopanax senticosus, Euterpe oleracea, Elettaria cardamomum, Angelica archangelica, Psidium guajava, Prumus spinosa, Eleagnus multiflora, Ligusticum chuaxiong, Cannabis sativa, Sambucus nigra, Adinandra nitida, Passiflora incarnata, Peucedanum japonicum, Pimpinella anisum, Vitex agnus-castus, Withania somnifera, Calluna vulgaris, Crataegus monogyna, Linum usitatissimum, Pleurotus ferulae, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Acanthopanax sessiliflorus.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for an integrated solar-driven chemical plant that manages variations in solar energy are disclosed. In some embodiments, a chemical reactant, including particles of biomass, are converted in a solar driven chemical reactor into synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen using concentrated solar energy to drive the conversion of the chemical reactant. The synthesis gas is supplied for a catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas in a methanol synthesis plant to methanol. Cycling occurs between an operational state and an idle state for a number of methanol trains in the methanol synthesis plant depending upon an amount of synthesis gas generated in the solar driven chemical reactor. A control system for the chemical reactor sends control signals to and receives feedback from a control system for the methanol synthesis plant.

Abstract: The disclosure provides compounds useful as insect repellents and compositions comprising such repellents. The disclosure further provides insect traps.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for methanol synthesis, in which methanol is synthesized via a formic ester and the reaction is carried out under the presence of a starting material gas, which contains hydrogen and at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and an alcohol as a solvent, wherein the catalyst includes Cu, Mg, Na, and an alkali metal formate salt.

Abstract: The present invention involves the use of the cerium oxide based catalysts with or without 0.5-10 wt % of alkaline and alkaline earth promoters (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) and mixed oxides containing ceria and zirconia and/or yttria an/or lanthanide elements (CexM1-xO2; M=Zr, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu and 0.1<x<0.9) on the steam reforming and autothermal reforming at low temperatures of alcohols, in particular ethanol, or a mixture of these alcohols, like, for example, bio-ethanol. Low temperature was defined as 723-823 K. The catalysts of this invention exhibit good activity and stability, high selectivity to hydrogen, low formation of carbon monoxide (<150 ppm), small amounts of acetaldehyde and ethene and no production of ketone.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the separation of solvents, including, but not limited to, butanol, from a fermentative solventogenesis reaction medium that utilizes Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 or derivatives thereof, including, but not limited to, Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, ATCC No. PTA-1550, by contacting the reaction medium directly with an adsorbent that selectively adsorbs the solvent; separating the adsorbent/solvent adsorbate from the reaction medium; and desorbing the solvent adsorbate from the adsorbent.

Abstract: A cellulosic feedstock composition including an oil content of up to 15% of the composition, a cellulose content of 40-99% of the composition, a hemicellulose content of 2-20% of the composition, a lignin content of less than 15% of the composition, a nitrogen containing organic compound content of less than 20% of the composition, a protein containing organic compound content of less than 20% of the composition, a mineral content of less than 5% of the composition, a sand content of less than 5% of the composition, and a dirt content of less than 25% of the composition.

Abstract: Among other things, a combination comprises interaction with a system that has a perturbation. In such perturbed system, a non-directional input is applied to a first variable of the system. Based on an asymmetry of the perturbed system, a directional effect is achieved in a second variable of the system, the first and second variables comprising a conjugate pair of variables. At least one of the following pertains: the interaction occurs other than by an apparatus and other than in a way that actually achieves the directional effect, or the conjugate pair is other than position and momentum, or the input or the asymmetry are in a dimension other than spatial coordinates, or the directional effect is other than translational motion and other than rotary motion.

Abstract: The invention refers to conjugated secondary alkatrienol derivatives, a method of their production and to flavour and perfume compositions comprising them.

Abstract: Methods, systems, compositions, etc., that use Arundo donax in a gasification process to produce ethanol with increased ethanol produced per acre of biomass, reduced input-energy needs and reduced unwanted by-products. The methods, systems, compositions, etc., are capable of producing ethanol from the sugars, starches, celluloses, hemicelluloses and lignin of the Arundo donax biomass plant directly into ethanol substantially without by-products except for an ash stream of the inorganic plant nutrients. It does so with a better efficiency and lower use of fossil fuels than traditional commercial processes. For instance the arundo-gasification process need not use any fossil fuel on an ongoing basis to provide thermal energy to conduct the gasification process.

Abstract: Process for the production of synthesis gas which involves the steps of: a) preparing a vapour phase mixture comprising steam and at least one hydrocarbon or oxygenated hydrocarbon with an atmospheric boiling point in the range of ?50 to 370° C., said vapour phase mixture having a H2O/C molar ratio at least 2, and b) catalytically or non-catalytically converting the vapour phase mixture into synthesis gas, which process is characterized in that the oxygen is only added in bonded form.

Abstract: Methods, enzymes, recombinant microorganism, and microbial systems are provided for converting suitable monosaccharides or oligosaccharides, such as those derived from biomass, as well as various aldehydes and/or ketones, into commodity chemicals, such as biofuels. Commodity chemicals produced by the methods described herein are also provided. Commodity chemical enriched, refinery-produced petroleum products are also provided, as well as methods for producing the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing L-menthol in solid form, specifically in the form of flakes, by bringing an L-menthol melt into contact with two chilled surfaces distanced from one another. Moreover, the present invention relates to the L-menthol in solid form obtainable by said method, and also to its use for incorporation into utility and consumer goods of all kinds.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process, a plant, and butanol made of or derived from lignocellulosic feedstock. The process includes the step of depolymerizing lignocellulosic material to form pentose and a remainder. The process also includes the step of converting the pentose to butanol material and using the remainder for generation of power or further downstream conversion.

Abstract: The present invention provides genes, polypeptides and expression constructs therefor, recombinant photosynthetic microorganisms, and method of use thereof, such as for the production of branched-chain alcohols (including 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutanol) and derivatives thereof for a variety of uses.

Abstract: The present application relates to perfume raw materials, perfume systems and consumer products comprising such perfume raw materials and/or such perfume systems, as well as processes for making and using such, perfume systems and consumer products. The perfume compositions, including the delivery systems, disclosed herein expand the perfume communities' options as such perfume raw materials can provide variations on character and such compositions can provide desired odor profiles.

Abstract: Improved methods of introducing promoters to catalysts are described. The present invention provides a convenient method of uniformly distributing a catalyst promoter, to provide for intimate contact between the promoter and the active catalyst sites. This intimate contact can enhance the activity and/or product selectivity of the promoted catalyst. In some embodiments, the method includes reacting an alkali metal with an alcohol in a non-aqueous medium, contacting the resulting solution with a starting catalyst, and depositing the alkali metal onto the starting catalyst to form an alkali-promoted catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods to increase yields and selectivities to particular alcohols, such as ethanol, during alcohol synthesis from syngas. In some embodiments, a starting catalyst can be activated by contacting with a gas stream under certain preferred activation temperatures, pressures, and compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for dissolving solid bodies with a liquid, in particular for bringing solid bodies of different shapes and sizes, but mainly very course bodies, in contact with liquids, in order to dissolve them by a chemical reaction or dispersion. The device comprises a closed container (1) that is partially filled with the liquid and into which the solid bodies are introduced before being received inside the container (1) into a basket (2) that is movable relative to the container (1), and the solid bodies inside the basket (2) are brought into contact with the liquid. For the solid bodies to be introduced more easily, quickly and also more uniformly into the basket inside the container (1), in order to be dissolved, the basket (2) is suspended inside the container (1) in an oscillating manner, such that it can be moved back and forth, after it is filled with a bulk load of solid bodies, in alternating directions of rotation relative to the container (1).

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for forming heptan-4-one, and, optionally, heptan-4-ol, from fermentable sugars. The sugars are fermented using a bacteria or yeast that predominantly forms butyric acid. The butyric acid is subjected to catalytic ketonization conditions to form heptan-4-one, with concomitant loss of water and carbon dioxide. The heptan-4-one can be subjected to catalytic hydrogenation to form heptan-4-ol, an either of these can be included in gasoline compositions. In one aspect, the fermentable sugars are derived from lignocellulosic materials such as wood products, switchgrass, or agricultural wastes, which are delignified to form lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The cellulose and hemicellulose can be depolymerized to form glycose and xylose, either or both of which can be fermented by the bacteria.

Abstract: A chemical reactor for catalytic reactions, comprises a substantially cylindrical shell (2) closed at the opposite ends by respective covers (3 and 4), at least one reaction zone (7, 8) in which a respective catalytic bed (9, 10) and a plurality of heat exchangers (25) placed in said at least one reaction zone (7, 8) are supported.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for altering carbon allocation in plants. In particular, the present invention provides for the use of plants with altered carbon allocation in generating biofuels by modifying the carbon allocation in plants such that carbon is preferentially allocated into starch and soluble sugars in plant leaves in lieu of typical carbon sinks, thereby allowing the carbon to be more readily fermentable for use as biofuels.

Abstract: Methods and compositions, including nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, and host cells, for producing fatty alcohols are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of making a syngas mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, comprising a step of contacting a gaseous feed mixture containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen with a catalyst, wherein the catalyst substantially consists of chromia/alumina. This process enables hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide with high selectivity, and good catalyst stability over time and under variations in processing conditions. The process can be applied separately, but can also be combined with other processes, for example up-stream with other synthesis processes for making products like aliphatic oxygenates, olefins or aromatics.

Abstract: A novel catalytic reactor suitable for use in chemical and petrochemical processes. The reactor is of a pillow panel that has superior heat transfer properties. This invention also relates to a chemical process, such as a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process performed with use of the novel pillow panel reactor.

Abstract: A method for producing starting materials or additives for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and/or hydrocarbon-based fuels, especially for heating systems or internal combustion engines, takes organic residues or waste materials and decontaminates or sterilizes them with a hydrogenation process. In particular, the materials classified as K1, K2 or K3 according to EU Directive 1774/2002 are used for generating or producing the cited starting materials or additives, whereby an adequate decontamination of the residues or waste materials that are classified as being hazardous to health is ensured.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: The invention herein provides methods of activating a catalyst composition. These methods include annealing a catalyst with an inert gas, under effective conditions, and then contacting the annealed catalyst with syngas to produce an activated catalyst. These steps can also be reversed. The activated catalysts can be employed to convert syngas into products, such as alcohols, with improved selectivities and yields.

Abstract: Methods for the production of an intergeneric hybrid plants and plants produced thereby. In certain aspects, intergeneric hybrid plants are produced by crossing a sorghum parent plant comprising a mutant sorghum iap allele with a second moncot plant. Methods for the use of such plants and products obtained therefrom are also provided.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a low molecular weight adjuvant which can be administered safely without inducing skin irritation or the like by transdermal or transmucosal administration and is for enhancing immunogenicity of an antigen efficiently. It can be achieved by an immunostimulant adjuvant containing at least one substance selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, free fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives but does not contain a substance represented by the following formula. (In the formula, R3 and R4 may be combined to form a cyclic ring, and R1 and R2 independently represent an alkyl side chain having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Mixtures of C8-10 primary alcohols, preferably C9 alcohol rich, comprise from 15 to 70 wt. % unbranched molecules, the balance being branched molecules having an average branchiness of at most 2.00 branches per molecule, at least 80% of the ranches being methyl branches and at least 50% of the branched molecules being mono-methyl branched. Plasticiser esters and surfactant derivatives derived from these alcohol mixtures are also provided. The alcohol mixtures are preferably produced by hydroformylation of octene rich streams formed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: Use of triacontanol in preparation of human medicaments for treatment of cancers, especially liver cancer, intestinal cancer, and lung cancer. Triacontanol can be formulated into many formulations, such as oral tablets, capsules, drop pills, sustained-released formulation, injectable solution, injectable powder, suspension, and emulsion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transformed eukaryotic cell comprising one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase or acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and/or NAD(P)H-dependent butanol dehydrogenase, whereby the nucleotide sequence(s) upon transformation of the cell confer(s) the cell the ability to produce butanol. The invention also relates to a process for the production of butanol.

Abstract: Processes and systems for purifying ethylene oxide, including introducing a feed stream including ethylene oxide to a heat exchanger to heat the feed stream, feeding the heated feed stream to a distillation apparatus base below a first stage, removing from the distillation apparatus an impurity fraction as a top exit stream from the distillation apparatus located at a top take-off on the distillation apparatus, removing from the distillation apparatus an ethylene oxide stream of 99.7 weight percent purity, based on the total weight of the ethylene oxide stream, from the distillation apparatus, and removing from the distillation apparatus an aldehyde enriched fraction as a bottom stream from the distillation apparatus, where the aldehyde enriched fraction is fed directly to a glycol reactor.

Abstract: A process for the selective production of ethanol by vapor phase reaction of acetic acid over a hydrogenating catalyst composition to form ethanol is disclosed and claimed. In an embodiment of this invention reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen over a platinum and tin supported on silica, graphite, calcium silicate or silica-alumina selectively produces ethanol in a vapor phase at a temperature of about 250° C.

Abstract: The invention comprises the use of compounds comprising non ?-oxidizable fatty acid entities according to formula (I) or (II) for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or treatment of conditions associated with low/decreased bone mineral density (BMD), and/or for increasing the BMD by decreasing the bone resorption.

Abstract: The present invention describes improved methods of introducing promoters to catalysts. This invention provides a method for dispersal of a promoter onto a solid surface. A catalyst material and a deliquescent material can together be contacted with a gas phase comprising a solvent under conditions effective for deliquescence whereby the promoter is dispersed onto the solid surface. This invention combines practical benefits of dry-mixing with the enhanced dispersion that can be realized by solvent-based methods.

Abstract: Long-chain unsaturated oxygenated compounds and their use in the therapeutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical field.

Abstract: The present invention provides a slurry catalyst and a method for preparing the same, and belongs to the technical field of preparing catalyst. Particularly, the present invention provides a slurry catalyst directly used in a slurry bed reactor for synthesizing methanol and dimethyl ether and a method for preparing the same, which uses the complete liquid phase preparation from solution to slurry without the conventional slurry-producing process of firstly forming a solid catalyst and dispersing it into an inert medium after crushing and milling. This catalyst mainly comprises Cu, Zn, Al and Zr, wherein atomic ratios of each of components are Cu/Zn/(Al+Zr)=1/0.1-5/0.15-15 and Zr/Al=1:1.0-1:30, and one or two selected from the group consisting of lanthanide metals, Mn, Mo, Si, V, W, Cr, Mg, Ni, K, Pd, Rh, Ru, Re, Pt and Sr is used a promoter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of stockpiling a fuel source by storing methanol or dimethyl ether in appropriate storage facilities to provide an alternative fuel source that can be used to avoid shortages due to unavailability, limited availability or excessive costs of oil.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the synthesis of methanol from methane comprising three reaction steps operated in tandem. In the first step methylene chloride is produced by the reaction of methane with oxygen and hydrogen chloride. In the second step, methylene chloride is hydrolyzed to formaldehyde, which is hydrogenated in the third step to provide the product methanol.

Abstract: This invention describes genes, metabolic pathways, microbial strains and methods to produce methyl butanol and other compounds of interest from renewable feedstocks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing ethanol from citrus waste wherein the level of fermentation-inhibiting compounds found in citrus waste or the complex polysaccharide or sugars derived therefrom is reduced using a pre-fermentation treatment step to lower the level of fermentation-inhibiting compounds to the fermentation feedstock.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for converting a carbonaceous material to a desired product comprising methane, methanol and/or dimethyl ether, the process comprising: gasifying the carbonaceous material at a temperature in excess of about 700° C. to form synthesis gas; and flowing the synthesis gas through two or more reaction zones in a microchannel reactor to convert the synthesis gas to the desired product.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes and systems for treating biomass and, e.g., making biofuels, such as bioethanol, from the biomass.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and a method for cleaving a peptide from a solid support resin. Hydrochloric acid in an organic water miscible solvent is used to cleave the peptide-resin attachment. Optionally, trifluoroethanol or hexafluoroisopropanol may be added to the cleavage composition to improve results. When using the present cleavage composition, an evaporation or other step to remove carboxylic byproducts is not necessary following the cleavage reaction. After the resin is filtered out of the cleavage mixture, the peptide may be immediately precipitated with water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for production of fatty acids directly from soapstock generated in the alkali refining process including the steps of (a) adding a lipase directly to the alkaline soapstock to facilitate hydrolysis of glycerides without prior neutralisation, (b) neutralizing and splitting the soaps with strong acids, and (c) separating the fatty acid phase from the aqueous phase by settling and/or centrifugation. A second embodiment is a process in which the soapstock is first neutralized and split with strong acids, followed by adding a lipase to facilitate glyceride hydrolysis, and separating the fatty acid phase. The fatty acids so obtained can be esterified with C1-C6 alcohols using a lipase that is selective for fatty acids and does not transesterify the sterolesters, and the fatty acid esters and sterolesters are separated by distillation. The sterolesters are useful as supplements for food, as pharmaceutical agents for lowering cholesterol and as biofuel and biodiesel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing an arylalkyl compound, which comprises contacting a feed comprising a bis(arylalkyl)ether with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst at elevated temperature.

Abstract: Methods, enzymes, recombinant microorganism, and microbial systems are provided for converting polysaccharides, such as those derived from biomass, into suitable monosaccharides or oligosaccharides, as well as for converting suitable monosaccharides or oligosaccharides into commodity chemicals, such as biofuels. Commodity chemicals produced by the methods described herein are also provided. Commodity chemical enriched, refinery-produced petroleum products are also provided, as well as methods for producing the same.