Abstract: A process to prepare methanol and/or dimethylether from a solid carbonaceous feedstock comprising the steps of (a) feeding an oxygen-comprising gas and the carbonaceous feedstock to a burner firing into a reactor vessel, (b) performing a partial oxidation of the carbonaceous feedstock in said burner to obtain a stream of hot synthesis gas and a liquid slag whereby both the hot synthesis gas and the liquid slag flow downwardly relative to the burner, (c) cooling the hot synthesis gas by direct contact with a liquid water-containing cooling medium, (d) performing a water shift reaction on at least part of the synthesis gas, to obtain a synthesis gas effluent, (e) performing an oxygenate synthesis using the synthesis gas effluent of step (d), to obtain a methanol and/or dimethylether containing oxygenate effluent and a first liquid water-rich by-product, wherein at least part of the first liquid water-rich by-product is used in step (c), forming at least part of the liquid water-containing cooling medium.

Abstract: A native homoethanol pathway including chromosomal deletions of genes that are competitive with the native homoethanol pathway, and a highly anaerobically expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. Bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway. A method of making a bacteria derivative including a native homoethanol pathway by deleting genes that are competitive with ethanol production pathways, and performing transcriptional gene fusion and highly anaerobically expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase operon. A method of producing ethanol by fermenting bacteria including the native homoethanol pathway with biomass, and producing ethanol. Ethanol produced by the above method.

Abstract: This invention provides a composition of polyhydroxylated metallofullerene compound and its application in the preparation of antitumor pharmaceutical. In one embodiment, metallofullerol comprising the formula, M@C2m(OH)x, wherein M is selected from rare earth elements such as La or Gd; m is carbon atoms of 41 or 30; x is a number of hydroxyl group of from 10 to about 50. Actually, due to the reset of the neighboring hydroxyl, the numbers of O and H in Carbon cage are different, formula are thus written as M@C2mOxHy. Comparing to the clinical anticancer drugs such as Paclitaxel, Cyclophosphamide, and Cisplatin, metallofullerol of M@C2m(OH)x or M@C2mOxHy has superior advantages of higher antitumor efficiency, low dosage, low toxicity, and better biocompatibility.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of enantiomerically pure (S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanol by asymmetric hydrogenation of 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone which process comprises hydrogenating 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone in the presence of a ruthenium phosphine complex catalyst represented by formula Ru(E)(E?)(L)(A) wherein E, E? are both chloro or E is hydrogen and E? is BH4; L is a chiral diphosphine ligand; and A is an optionally chiral diamine wherein hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a weak base, with or without an additive, when E and E? are both chloro or b) in the absence of a base and an additive when E and E? are hydrogen and BH4.

Abstract: A compound of general formula (I) with or without the double bond illustrated by the dotted line. In formula (I), X is a CHO, CH2OH, CH2OC(O)R or CH(OR)2 group, and R represents a linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl or alkenyl chain. The synthesis method for the compound, and especially the 6,8-dimethyl-non-7-enal (1) prepared by the hydroformylation of the 5,7-dimethyl-octa-1,6-diene is also disclosed, as well as compositions containing the compounds of formula (I). Due to the odorant properties thereof, the compounds are highly useful in perfumery, especially for cosmetic products and household products.

Abstract: Lignin polymers having distinctive properties, including a generally high molecular weight and generally homogeneous size distribution, as well as preservation of native reactive side groups, are isolated by solvent extraction of plant materials. Methods for isolation of lignin polymers, and for use of the isolated lignin polymers are disclosed. Compositions containing lignin isolated from plant materials, such as carbon fiber composites, resins, adhesive binders and coatings, polyurethane-based foams, rubbers and elastomers, plastics, films, paints, nutritional supplements, food and beverage additives are disclosed. Xylose and xylose derivatives, furfural, fermentable sugars, cellulose and hemi-cellulose products may be used directly or further processed. The lignin polymers and other plant-derived products disclosed herein may be produced in abundance at low cost, and may be used as substitutes for feedstocks originating from fossil fuel or petrochemical sources in the manufacture of various products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for making butenes using a reactant comprising isobutanol and water. The butenes so produced may be converted to isoalkanes, alkyl-substituted aromatics, isooctanes, isooctanols, and octyl ethers, which are useful in transportation fuels.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing liquid koji having enhanced activity of a plant fiber degradation enzyme using liquid medium without using an expensive plant fiber degradation enzyme preparation and a recombinant bacterium and methods of producing liquid koji dry product and industrial alcohol (ethanol) using the liquid koji.

Abstract: A process for the production of methanol comprises feeding an amount of a hydrocarbon feedstock and an amount of an oxygen feedstock to a partial oxidation reactor to produce a partial oxidation reactor effluent comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; adding an amount of a hydrogen feedstock to the partial oxidation reactor effluent to produce a synthesis gas stream having a predetermined ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide; and, subjecting the synthesis gas stream to methanol synthesis to produce a methanol product stream and a tail gas stream wherein reformation is not used to provide hydrogen as a product. Reformation may be used to consume hydrogen so that carbon dioxide preferably obtained as a by product of another process so that the instant process becomes effectively a temporary carbon sink to convert carbon dioxide, which would otherwise be released to the atmosphere, to a stored carbon source.

Abstract: The invention provide a process for producing directly mixed linear alpha-alcohols having 1 to 18 carbon atoms from synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, comprising the step of reacting hydrogen and carbon monoxide over a catalyst to produce mixed linear alpha-alcohols having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and hydrocarbons having 1 to 25 carbon atoms through Fischer-Tropsch process in one step in a reactor, wherein: the mole ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is within the range of 1 to 3; the catalyst is an activated carbon supported cobalt based catalyst; the reactor is a fixed bed reactor, a slurry reactor or a fluid reactor; the reaction is carried out under specific conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for ethanol fermentation which uses a high concentration of fresh yeast to co produce ethanol and good quality yeast.

Abstract: Gaseous nitric oxide (NO) can be delivered to a mammal for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes using a composition capable of delivering NO, comprising a compound capable of forming a reversible bond or association with NO. Methods for the manufacture and use of said composition are disclosed.

Abstract: In an embodiment, there is disclosed a recombinant microbial host cell having each of the DNA molecules encoding a polypeptide or group of polypeptides that catalyze the conversion: (i) Acetyl-CoA to Acetate and CoA ??(conversion 1) (ii) Acetyl-CoA to Acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA ??(conversion 2) (iii) Acetoacetyl-CoA and Acetate to Acetoacetate and Acetyl-CoA ??(conversion 3.1) (iv) Acetoacetate to Acetone and CO2 ??(conversion 4) (v) Acetone and NAD(P)H and H+ to Isopropanol and NAD(P)+ ??(conversion 5) wherein at least one DNA molecule is heterologous to the microbial host cell and wherein the microbial host cell produces isopropanol. In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for the production of isopropanol including providing a recombinant microbial host cell, the host cell of (i) with a fermentable carbon substrate in a fermentation medium under conditions whereby isopropanol is produced, and recovering the isopropanol.

Abstract: A method comprising applying a controlled flow cavitation apparatus to an alcohol production process in order to increase alcohol yield. A grain-based liquid medium comprising grain and a liquid carrier can be passed through a controlled flow cavitation apparatus at a velocity capable of generating a hydrodynamic cavitation zone where the grain size can be reduced. One or more controlled flow cavitation apparatuses can be applied at various points of an alcohol production process, such as a starch-to-ethanol production process.

Abstract: A multiple stage apparatus and process using aerodynamic reactors and aero-coalescers in sequence for the selective capture and removal of purified carbon dioxide gas, the sequential capture and removal of mercury, metal and particulate aerosols by a recycling chemical generation-regeneration system using alkali metal chloride solution following multiple oxidations of mercury vapor, and nitric oxide in sequence, selective capture and removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide by two stage absorption by a recycling chemical generation-regeneration system using alkali metal hydroxide-carbonate-bicarbonate solution together with sequential oxidation to alkali metal sulfate and alkali metal nitrate compounds through evaporation and crystallization. Carbon dioxide capture and recovery is achieved in sequence by selective thermal decarbonation from an alkaline liquid followed by recovery as a purified gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for making isooctenes using a reactant comprising 2-butanol and water. The isooctenes so produced are useful for the production of fuel additives.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for immobilizing a protein in a sample, which could not easily be immobilized by the conventional immobilization method, to a solid-phase; a method for quantitative determination of protein wherein an effect of inhibitory substance coexisting in a sample prepared using the immobilization method can be reduced; and a rapid and highly precise method for detecting an abnormal PrP and a method for determining BSE using the immobilization method as compared with the conventional method.

Abstract: Method for producing ethanol from solid citrus waste by reducing the concentration of limonene in citrus waste to allow fermentation. In one embodiment ground solid citrus waste is partially hydrolyzed and pasteurized by heating using a jet cooker and then injected into a flash tank to remove limonene. The heated citrus waste is then cooled, hydrolyzed with enzymes and fermented to ethanol. The remaining solids and liquids may be processed further to yield other byproducts. More particularly, the solids may be dried and pressed for use in cattle feed and the liquids may be further fermented or processed to yield additional ethanol, acetate, galacturonic acid monomers and polymers, five carbon sugars and other products.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for extracting nucleic acids from a biological sample. In particular, disclosed is a nucleic acid extraction solution together with methods using such a solution for extracting nucleic acid sequences from biological samples containing cells, cellular debris or both. The nucleic acid extraction solution contains a molecule having the formula R1O—CH2—CH2—OR2, wherein R1 and R2 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group.

Abstract: A coolant composition for a fuel cell unit, which contains at least one aliphatic alcohol having unsaturated bonds in the molecules having 2 to 20 carbon atoms each. The coolant composition maintains the electrical conductivity of the coolant at 10 ?S/cm or below as well as the fluctuation of the electrical conductivity within the range of 0 to 10 ?S/cm.

Abstract: Process of depositing nanoparticles of a metal or of an alloy of said metal, said metal being chosen from the metals from columns VIIIB and IB of the Periodic Table, dispersed on a substrate by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), from one or more precursors, in which the deposition is carried out in the presence of a gas comprising more than 50 vol % of a reactive oxidizing gas. Substrate comprising at least one surface, dispersed on which are nanoparticles made of a metal or of an alloy of metals, for example made of silver or a silver alloy. Use of the substrate to catalyse a chemical reaction, for example an NOx elimination reaction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for making butenes using dry isobutanol derived from fermentation broth. The butenes so produced may be converted to isoalkanes, alkyl-substituted aromatics, isooctanes, isooctanols, and octyl ethers, which are useful in transportation fuels.

Abstract: A cleaning solvent is disclosed for removing residual resin compositions. The cleaning solvent contains at least an alcohol solvent having a boiling point of at least 100° C. The alcohol solvent having a boiling point of at least 100° C. is preferably constituted of at least one solvent selected from n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, and 2-octanol. It is more preferable that the alcohol solvent is an isobutyl alcohol.

Abstract: A method of increasing the yield of oil production in a process of producing bio-ethanol in particularly comprises: creating concentrated syrup as a by-product from an ethanol production, and recovering oil from the concentrated syrup, wherein the step of recovering oil from the concentrated syrup includes using a horizontal axis centrifuge, and wherein the step of using a horizontal axis centrifuge includes using a bowl, a discharge of deoiled syrup and a baffle plate, the baffle plate being located inside of the bowl and retaining oil from the discharge of deoiled syrup.

Abstract: Systems and methods to produced branched aliphatic alcohols are described. Systems may include a dehydrogenation-isomerization unit, an olefin dimerization unit, an olefin isomerization unit, a hydroformylation unit, a dehydrogenation unit, a hydrogenation unit and/or combinations thereof. Methods for producing branched aliphatic alcohols may include isomerization of olefins in a process stream. The isomerized olefins may be hydroformylated to produce aliphatic alcohols. After hydroformylation of the aliphatic alcohols, unreacted components from the hydroformylation process may be separated from the aliphatic alcohols products. The unreacted components from the hydroformylation process may be recycled back into the main process stream or sent to other processing units. Addition of multiple streams to the units may be performed to control reaction conditions in the units.

Abstract: The present invention relates to low foaming non-ionic surfactants being alcohol alkoxylates comprising at least two different oxyalkylene-groups derivable from a mixture of linear an branched alcohols and their use

Abstract: Carbon dioxide, from a greenhouse gas source, is reacted with hydrogen, developed in an environmentally friendly process, such as from solar energy based electrolysis, to produce a mixture of ethanol and other saleable organic compounds. The ethanol and other saleable organic compounds mixture may contain substantial percentages of methanol, ethanol, and dimethylether in addition to other components which have chemical structures of predominantly carbon and hydrogen or carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The saleable organic compounds, such as methane, methanol and ethanol may be used as a combustible fuel thus developing a green energy cycle. A portion of the organic compounds may be separated into essentially pure components and used as chemical process feed stocks. The essentially pure organic compounds may be further reacted with suitable chemical compounds to modify said organic compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of alkylene glycols from the corresponding alkylene oxide, such as ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide, in the presence of water, a catalyst and, optionally, carbon dioxide. The catalyst is a SALEN-type compound which contains an amino group and an oxy or hydroxy group connected by a hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or an alkylaryl. The SALEN-type compounds may be Schiff bases, i.e., a condensate product of a primary amine with an aldehyde, ketone or an alcohol. The SALEN-type compound may be a mono or bis compound and may be complexed with a Group 4-14 metal, such as aluminum, tin, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt or platinum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process comprising using ionic liquids for the polycondensation of 1,3-propanediol reactants to produce polytrimethylene ether glycol and copolymers thereof.

Abstract: Alkyl-substituted butenols having the formula (I): R1—CH2—CH?CR2—CH2OH ??(I) wherein R1 is a saturated or olefinically unsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl group having from 4 to 16 carbon atoms and wherein R1 is optionally substituted by an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or alkaryl having up to 12 carbon atoms; R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms are produced by a process which comprises: (1) reacting an aldehyde of the formula (II): R1—CH2—CHO ??(II) wherein R1 has the same meaning as in formula (I), with the corresponding lower aldehyde to form an unsaturated aldehyde in an inert organic solvent; (2) continuously contacting an optionally calcined copper/zinc catalyst with the unsaturated aldehyde under isothermal conditions at temperatures of from about 45 to about 60° C. and under a hydrogen pressure of from 1 to about 300 bar.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of alkylene glycols from the corresponding alkylene oxide, such as ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide, in the presence of water, a catalyst and, optionally, carbon dioxide. The catalyst is a SALEN-type compound which contains an amino group and an oxy or hydroxy group connected by a hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or an alkylaryl. The SALEN-type compounds may be Schiff bases, i.e., a condensate product of a primary amine with an aldehyde, ketone or an alcohol. The SALEN-type compound may be a mono or bis compound and may be complexed with a Group 4-14 metal, such as aluminum, tin, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt or platinum.

Abstract: This invention provides an isolated mixture of higher molecular weight primary aliphatic alcohols having 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32 and 34 carbon atoms and having enhanced purity. This invention also provides a process for obtaining the alcohol mixture by extracting a natural product with organic solvents with or without saponification of the natural product. The alcohol mixture is useful in pharmaceutical compositions, foodstuffs and dietary supplements and is effective for lowering total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels and therefore is effective in treating hypercholesterolemia. The composition may be used to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, to inhibit the atherosclerotic process (platelet hyperaggregability, ischemia and thrombosis), and can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic agent. The composition also possesses neurotrophic properties and is useful for improving male sexual activity.

Abstract: A process for reducing the level of perfluoroalkanoic acids, perfluoroalkanoic esters, and perfluoroalkyliodides in fluorinated alcohols comprising heating a fluorinated alcohol, or mixtures thereof, containing said acids, esters, or iodides to a temperature of at least 175° C. in the presence of water and a base additive is disclosed.

Abstract: An alkyl gycol ether having the following formula wherein R is a C1–C7 saturated, unsaturated, straight-chain or branched, acyclic or cyclic alkyl group, is useful as a fragrance material in perfumes, cosmetics, consumer products, and the like. When R is a saturated, straight-chain or branched, acyclic or cyclic alkyl group, these compounds are especially stable when used as fragrance materials in bleach containing products.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a dimer diol derivative and a composition containing the dimer diol derivative which have an excellent water-holding property, an excellent pigment dispersion property and further a high level of safety. The dimer diol derivatives according to the present invention is a dimer diol derivative represented by the following chemical formula 19.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting an alkane to an oxygenated product by passing an alkane gas over a first fixed bed containing a higher valence bromide salt to produce an alkyl bromide, a hydrobromic acid, and a lower valence bromide salt. The alkyl bromide and hydrobromic acid are conveyed as a gas to a second fixed bed containing a metal oxide and are passed over the second fixed bed to produce the first bromide salt and the oxygenated product. The metal oxide in the second fixed bed is regenerated by passing oxygen over the second fixed bed producing the metal oxide and bromine. The bromine is conveyed as a gas from the second fixed bed to the first fixed bed. The first bromide salt of the first fixed bed is regenerated by passing the bromine over the first fixed bed producing the first bromide salt.

Abstract: A process for labeling organic compounds with deuterium and tritium is described using specific catalysts.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for converting propane and higher alkanes to their corresponding alcohols through a multi-step process with olefin as an intermediate. Methods are also disclosed for facilitating the transportation, purification or other treatment of propylene and higher olefins using a chemical conversion to the corresponding alcohol and reconversion to olefin. Methods are also disclosed for converting propane and higher alkanes to olefins using the corresponding alcohol as a temporary intermediate to minimize purification, transportation and/or other treatment costs.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for the preparation of a unique profile of primary aliphatic alcohols, having 24 to 30 carbon atoms, from the wax secreted by the insect Ericerus pela. Included in the present invention is the composition of matter, referred to herein as “polycosanol” produced by the method of this invention. The polycosanol composition is comprised primarily of the four primary aliphatic alcohols, tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol. Further included in this invention is the use of said composition of matter for the prevention and treatment of obesity, syndrome X, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic complications, ischemia and thrombosis.

Abstract: To provide a fluoropolymer which has a high concentration of functional groups to provide adequate characteristics of the functional groups and which brings about no decrease of Tg. A fluoropolymer having monomer units formed by cyclopolymerization of a functional group-containing fluorinated diene represented by the formula (1): CFR1?CR2—Q—CR3?CHR4 ??(1) wherein each of R1 to R4 which are independent of one another, represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group having at most 8 carbon atoms, or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, and at least one of them is an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, provided that hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group or the alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted by a fluorine atom, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; and Q represents a bivalent organic group having a blocked acidic group capable of developing an acidic group by an acid or a group capable of being converted into such a blocked acidic group.

Abstract: Trifluoroethanol can be isolated from organic liquids that are contaminated by trifluoroethanol by bringing the contaminated liquid into contact with a molecular sieve having a pore size ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 nm, e.g., with molecular sieve 13X. This enables, for example, trifluoroacetic acid trifluoroethyl esters, bis(trifluoroethyl)carbonate or trifluoroethyl esters of phosphoric, phosphonic or phosphinic acid to be purified.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for the preparation of a unique profile of primary aliphatic alcohols, having 24 to 30 carbon atoms, from the wax secreted by the insect Ericerus pela. Included in the present invention is the composition of matter, referred to herein as “polycosanol” produced by the method of this invention. The polycosanol composition is comprised primarily of the four primary aliphatic alcohols, tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol. Further included in this invention is the use of said composition of matter for the prevention and treatment of obesity, syndrome X, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic complications, ischemia and thrombosis.

Abstract: A process for preparing a halogenated alcohol comprising hydrolyzing a halogenated precursor of the halogenated alcohol in water at a temperature near but below the critical point of water. For example, the halogenated alcohol has the formula CF3(CF2)nCH2OH, wherein n is zero or a whole number from 1 to 5, the halogenated precursor has the formula CF3(CF2)nCH2Cl, wherein n is as defined above, and the process comprises hydrolyzing the halogenated precursor in water at a temperature near but below the critical point of water. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the halogenated alcohol has the formula CF3CH2OH, the halogenated precursor has the formula CF3CH2Cl, and the process comprises hydrolyzing CF3CH2Cl in water at a temperature near but below the critical point of water.

Abstract: A process for the production of a dialkyl carbonate and a diol, such as dimethyl carbonate and ethylene glycol, by reacting a feed containing a cyclic carbonate, a hydroxy alkyl carbonate and an aliphatic monohydric alcohol in the presence of a transesterification catalyst is described. In another aspect, a process is described which is particularly useful for producing unsymmetric dialkyl carbonates, such as ethyl methyl carbonate.

Abstract: A process for producing saleable liquids from organic material comprising the following steps. Providing organic material and separating it into solids, liquids and vapor. Reacting the liquids, combining it with water vapor and producing a volatized gas stream. Removing nitrogen dioxide from the gas stream to produce a scrubbed volatized gas stream. Reacting the scrubbed volatized gas stream with water vapor to produce a combined volatized gas stream. Removing carbon dioxide from the combined volatized gas stream to produce a subtracted volatized gas stream. Reacting the subtracted volatized gas stream with methanol to produce an enhanced volatized gas stream. Distilling the enhanced volatized gas stream to produce ethanol.

Abstract: An alkali metal alkoxide or alkaline earth metal alkoxide in granular form.

Abstract: A process for producing a high-purity fluorinated alcohol in a good purification yield, is provided. In a process for producing a fluorinated alcohol, which comprises reacting methanol with tetrafluoroethylene or hexafluoropropylene in the presence of an alkyl peroxide, the reaction liquid after completion of the reaction is distilled in the presence of water and HF to separate it into a fraction containing an alcohol derived from the alkyl peroxide and a bottom liquid containing the fluorinated alcohol, and then, the bottom liquid is purified to recover the fluorinated alcohol.

Abstract: Processes for preparing alkali metal alkoxide granules and alkaline earth metal alkoxide granules of aliphatic, saturated or unsaturated, unbranched or branched alcohols, preferably having 1 to 12, in particular 1 to 6, carbon atoms. A preferred process for preparing the alkoxides utilizes fluidized-bed spray granulation.

Abstract: A Compound corresponding to formula (I): wherein X is a group selected from the group consisting of —CHO, —CN, —CH?NOH, and —CH2OH, and wherein the C?C double bond assumes a Z or E configuration.

Abstract: A process for producing glycerin is comprised of the steps of: (1) contacting a fat with water at a temperature and pressure sufficient to produce hydrolyzed fat and a sweet water stream comprised of water, fat and glycerin; (2) introducing the sweet water stream into a vertical constant temperature zone and heating the sweet water stream to a temperature of at least 200° C.; (3) allowing sweet water stream of step (2) to separate into a top layer comprised of fat and a bottom layer comprised of glycerin and water while maintaining a temperature of the two layers of at least about 200° C. for a period of time sufficient to deactivate the prions; (4) separating the glycerin from the water.