Abstract: A metal plating apparatus includes a chemical bath chamber, an anode disposed at a bottom portion of the chemical bath chamber, and a cathode disposed at a top portion of the chemical bath chamber. A solenoid coil is disposed within the chemical bath chamber between the anode and the cathode. The solenoid coil is arranged to apply a magnetic field during a metal plating process in a direction from the anode to the cathode.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and a process that allow for the selective electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide with high energy efficiency, using a cathode comprised of bismuth in combination with an anode such as an anode comprised of platinum. The electrolysis system may be comprised of a single or two compartment cell and may employ an organic electrolyte or an ionic liquid electrolyte. The invention permits the storage of solar, wind or conventional electric energy by converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and liquid fuels.

Abstract: An open-bottomed reactor cell for wet processing of substrates can be configured to confine a process liquid to an area under the cell (processing the “internal site”), or alternatively to exclude the process liquid from most of the area under the cell (processing the “external site”) without physical contact between the cell and substrate. A slight underpressure or overpressure maintained inside the main cavity of the cell causes the liquid to form a meniscus in the narrow gap between the cell and substrate rather than flowing outside the desired process area. An area under a peripheral channel outside the main cavity of the cell is shared by both the internal site and the external side, allowing the entire substrate to be processed.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a method comprising electrowinning a first portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield cobalt metal, subjecting a second portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to a first ion exchange to yield a second conditioned cobalt bearing solution, performing cobalt selective solution extraction on the second conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield a refined cobalt containing liquid and, precipitating a cobalt salt by adding a precipitating agent to a first portion of the refined cobalt containing liquid.

Abstract: An alkaline production system comprising an electrochemical unit comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode, a cathode compartment comprising a cathode and a hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode, wherein the system configured to sequester carbon dioxide with the cathode electrolyte; and methods thereof. In another embodiment, a system comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode in communication with a cathode electrolyte comprising bicarbonate ion; and an hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode; and methods thereof.

Abstract: A device using the live welding method for aluminum electrolytic cell overhauling under series full current consists of short-circuit buses at the bottom of the cell (1), pillar buses (2), an anode bus (3), a balance bus (4), a inter-cell standby bus (5), a door-shaped pillar clamp (6), an arcuate clamp (7) of anode buses, a current conversion switch (8, a mechanical switching device (9) for the short-circuit port, a voltage sensor and wires thereof (10), a temperature sensor and wires thereof (11), a system (12) for data acquiring, displaying, analyzing and alarming, an A-side welding area (13), a B-side welding area (14) and compression-joint points (15) on pillar soft belts of overhauling cells; and the live welding method comprises the following steps: when welding is required to be performed in some zone, the currents of short-circuit buses at the bottom of the cell (1) and pillar buses (2) which influence the welding area most are cut off, the serial currents are shunted to other pillar buses (2), other

Abstract: A layered construction for use in decontaminating a surface or enclosed space is described. The construction is an electrochemical cell which includes a cathode, an electrolyte layer, an anode and a protective surface layer. A precursor compound that can be electrically decomposed to release an oxidant, on demand and over an extended period of time, is included in the layered structure, preferably in the electrolyte layer. The oxidant compounds react with various different chemical or biological contaminants in contact the protective layer, thereby deactivating, destroying or devitalizing the contaminants. The layered construction is suitable for application to a device or substrate, or placement in an enclosed space, and can be used on sensitive surfaces such as electronic components and human skin.

Abstract: A method and system for electrolysis. The system includes an electrolytic cell which has a front end and a back end. The front end has a cathode electrode coupled to a cathode screw, and an anode electrode coupled to an anode screw. The screws are coupled to a spacer, which is coupled to an insert. Each insert is further coupled to a second insert. The coupling results in the plate being conductive. The plates each have at least two holes, a large hole and a small hole. The small hole makes contact with a spacer and/or an insert.

Abstract: Systems and methods of treating, e.g., stripping and coating, a target surface of an article including a passageway are disclosed. The systems may fluidly connect a pressure masker including pressurized masking fluid to a first side of the passageway, passing the pressurized masking fluid through the passageway from the first side to a second side including the target surface, and, submerging at least a portion of the target surface in a treatment bath, wherein the pressurized masking fluid passing through the passageway prevents the treatment bath from entering the passageway.

Abstract: Methods, equipment, and reagents for preparing organic compounds using custom electrolytes based on different ionic liquids in electrolytic decarboxylation reactions are disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the use of a split and single electrical cells in industrial applications, and particularly in aseptic packaging applications.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is described, which provides a reliable gas generation even under unfavorable environmental conditions and with significant changes in temperature and environment. Furthermore the cell has a long life time. The electrolyte of this electrochemical cell comprises at least one ionic liquid containing thiocyanate ions for the generation of hydrogen cyanide gas. Preferred substances for the composition of the electrolyte and for the provision of thiocyanate ions in the electrolyte are specified.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for controlling mercury emissions, and more particularly, to methods for controlling mercury re-emissions from a wet flue gas desulfurizer by using applied electrochemical potential.

Abstract: A plating apparatus is described. The apparatus includes: a substrate holder configured to hold a substrate in a vertical position; at least one processing bath configured to process the substrate held by the substrate holder, a transporter configured to grip and horizontally transport the substrate holder; at least one lifer configured to receive the substrate holder from the transporter, lower the substrate holder to place the substrate holder in the processing bath, elevate the substrate holder from the processing bath after processing of the substrate, and transfer the substrate holder to the transporter; and a controller configured to control operations of the transporter and the lifter.

Abstract: A redox device, in particular a hydrogen-oxygen redox device, includes at least one redox unit which is provided for carrying out at least one redox reaction with consumption and/or production of a first gas, in particular hydrogen gas, and/or of a second gas, in particular oxygen gas. The redox device includes at least one gas purification unit for freeing the hydrogen gas of contamination by oxygen gas and/or freeing the oxygen gas of contamination by hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A redox device, in particular a hydrogen-oxygen redox device, has at least one redox unit, in particular a hydrogen-oxygen redox unit, which is intended for carrying out at least one redox reaction with consumption and/or production of a first gas, in particular hydrogen gas, and/or of a second gas, in particular oxygen gas. The redox device includes at least one residual gas purification unit which frees at least one residual gas in the redox unit of at least one gas impurity at least in at least one rest mode of the redox unit.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses and devices relate to porous metal layers on a substrate which are three-dimensionally coated. In one embodiment, a porous metal layer is deposited over a substrate. The porous metal layer can be three-dimensionally coated with a coating material.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical treatment based surface modification device that comprises a solution tank, a cathode terminal, and an anode terminal. The solution tank is filled with an acidic solution which contains first valence metal ions. The first valence metal ions are partially reduced to second valence metal ions at the cathode terminal. The valence of the first valence metal ion is greater than that of the second valence metal ion. The anode terminal is provided an electrically conductive oxide, and the second valence metal ions move from the cathode terminal to the anode terminal to from a metal oxide. Wherein, the deposition and etching of the conductive oxide occur simultaneously on the surface of the anode.

Abstract: Systems and methods for separating components of a multilayer stack of electronic components are disclosed herein. The multilayer stack may include an electronic assembly, a substrate, and a sacrificial anode portion that is located between the electronic assembly and the substrate and that operatively attaches the electronic assembly to the substrate. The methods may include locating the multilayer stack within an electrically conductive fluid to form an electrochemical cell and generating a potential difference between a cathode portion of the electronic assembly and the sacrificial anode portion. The methods further may include separating the electronic assembly from the substrate by electrochemically oxidizing the sacrificial anode portion to dissolve the sacrificial anode portion within the electrically conductive solution.

Abstract: Systems are described for dissolving metal silicates to: produce metal hydroxide; remove carbon dioxide or other acid gases from the atmosphere or other gas mixture by reacting such gases with the metal hydroxide; penetrate or excavate metal silicates; extract metals or silicon-containing compounds from metal silicates; and produce hydrogen and oxygen or other gases.

Abstract: In one form, a photoelectrochemical cell comprising a p-type sensitized photocathode including a sensitizer dye and a water-based electrolyte. In another form, the sensitizer dye and an adjacent semiconductor may have a reduction potential that is sufficiently high to either reduce a desired chemical feedstock in the cell or reduce protons in the water to hydrogen gas. The semiconductor to which the sensitizer dye is affixed may be nickel oxide. The photoelectrochemical cell can include a sensitized photocathode and an electrolyte that contains an electron acceptor, where light illumination of the sensitized photocathode results in reduction of the electron acceptor. The electrolyte can include water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a production method for a support type ceramic membrane using tape casting, wherein, when producing a multifunctional membrane comprising a membrane structure such as a general electrochemical device or electrolysis cell or fuel cell, a dense-structure coating membrane or porous functional (separation) membrane is produced on one or more surfaces of a porous support.

Abstract: A semiconductor material of the present invention is a semiconductor material including an oxynitride containing at least one element selected from the Group 4 elements and Group 5 elements. In the oxynitride, part of at least one selected from oxygen and nitrogen is substituted with carbon. Nb is preferable as the Group 5 element.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell used to electrolyze water and produce hydrogen and oxygen. The cell comprises nonconductive dividers, sandwiching neutral electrodes and designed for rapid flow of electrolyte through the cell to limit voltage loss. A positive electrode plate is disposed in the interstitial space of a nonconductive housing, adjacent to the neutral electrodes. At least one terminal connects to the positive electrode. A negative electrode seals the cell and is sealed with an o-ring. The cell may be mounted to a vehicle or other system using a mounting tab, which optionally also functions as a ground. The cell may use gravitic circulation or a circulating pump to cycle electrolyte. The electrolysis cell may be formed of different dimensions, based on the output needs and application, and may be wired in parallel or in series to suit system needs.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas-diffusion electrode provided with a sintered and cast gas-diffusion layer having a high elastic modulus. The electrode is useful as hydrogen-consuming anode or oxygen-consuming cathode of depolarised electrolytic cells such as electrowinning, chlor-alkali or electrodialysis cells.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to devices and methods of treating aqueous solutions to help remove or otherwise reduce levels, concentrations or amounts of one or more contaminants. The present disclosure relates to a system and apparatus which is adapted to receive components including at least one counterelectrode (e.g. cathode) and at least one photoelectrode (e.g. anode) provided or arranged around at least one UV light source, and/or receive, contain and/or circulate fluid or aqueous solution.

Abstract: An acidic component generator includes a discharge electrode and a voltage supply. The voltage supply is configured to apply a high frequency voltage to the discharge electrode to discharge electricity, thereby generating an acidic component.

Abstract: A method of forming patterned metallization by electrodeposition under illumination without external voltage supply on a photovoltaic structure or on n-type region of a transistor/junction.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device to conduct an electrochemical reaction on the surface of a semiconductor substrate (S), characterized in that the device comprises: a container (10) intended to contain an electrolyte (E), a support (20) arranged in the container, said support being adapted for attachment of the semiconductor substrate (S) on said support (20), a counter-electrode (30) arranged in the container (10), illumination means (50) comprising a source (51) emitting light rays and means (52) to homogenize the light rays on all of said surface of the semiconductor substrate (S), so as to activate the surface of the semiconductor substrate (S), and an electric supply (40) comprising connection means for connection to the semiconductor substrate and to the counter-electrode in order to polarize said surface of said semiconductor substrate (S) at an electric potential permitting the electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrochemically forming an oxide layer on a flat conductive surface which involves positioning a working electrode bearing the flat conductive surface in opposed parallel spaced apart relation to a flat conductive surface of a counter electrode such that the flat conductive surface of the working electrode and the flat conductive surface of the counter electrode are generally opposed, horizontally oriented, and define a space therebetween.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a structure by using a silicon mold, in which disturbances in arrangement due to charges are reduced, can be provided. The method for manufacturing a structure includes the steps of forming a recessed portion in a silicon substrate, cleaning, drying, or conveying the silicon substrate while charges of a plurality of portions sandwiched between the recessed portion are removed, and filling a metal into the recessed portion of the silicon substrate subjected to the cleaning, drying, or conveying.

Abstract: A composite protective layer for a photoelectrode, the composite protective layer including a chemical protective layer; and a physical protective layer, wherein the chemical protective layer has corrosion rate of 0.1 Coulombs per square centimeter per 10 hours or less when evaluated at a water decomposition potential, and the physical protective layer has a moisture transmittance rate of 0.001 grams per square meter per day or less and has an electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical cell (1) includes an electrolyte container (3) containing an ionic liquid (2), and a partitioning membrane (4) dividing an interior of the electrolyte container (3) into two being a CO2 capturing chamber (7) and a CO2 releasing chamber (8), having side walls opposing each other, with the partitioning membrane (4) in between, either as a carbon electrode (5) and the other as a photoelectrode (6). A redox mediator (B) has different bonding forces to carbon dioxide, as it appears as an oxidant Box and a reductant Bred, of which that one which has a greater bonding force serves as an intermediary chemical species carrying carbon dioxide to one of the paired electrodes (5, 6). Over the CO2 releasing chamber (10), an upper wall portion (10) is formed, which has a CO2 take-out port (10A) formed therein, for making use of oxidation and reduction of the redox mediator to achieve separation and concentration of carbon dioxide, converting photo energy of sunlight into electric power.

Abstract: Among other things, hydrogen is released from water at a first location using energy from a first energy source; the released hydrogen is stored in a metal hydride slurry; and the metal hydride slurry is transported to a second location remote from the first location.

Abstract: An electroplating device includes a plating solution, at least one anode basket located in the plating solution, and a workpiece to be plated. An electroplating aid board is arranged between the anode basket and the workpiece to be plated. The electroplating aid board has at least one side that has a length exceeding the workpiece to be plated. The electroplating aid board is made of a plastic material that is not electrically conductive and includes a plurality of holes formed therein. In an electroplating operation, the holes provide an effect of tunnel that guides positive ions (such as copper ions) of the plating solution to flow from the anode basket (namely anode) straightforward to the nearest surface portion of the workpiece to be plated.

Abstract: A plating apparatus includes a plating bath, an insoluble anode located in the plating bath, a plating electric power supply being capable of applying a voltage between the insoluble anode and the member to be plated, an anode-displacement mechanism being capable of moving the insoluble anode in the plating bath and of holding the insoluble anode at a predetermined position in the plating bath, and a controller having an anode-position controller being capable of generating a control signal for controlling an action of the anode-displacement mechanism and of outputting the control signal to the anode-displacement mechanism.

Abstract: A ceramic layer, especially for use in solid oxide cell (SOC) technology, is densified in a method comprising (a) providing a multilayer system by depositing the porous ceramic layer, which is to be densified, onto the selected system of ceramic layers on a support, (b) pre-sintering the resulting multilayer system at a temperature T1 to consolidate a sintered, but porous layer, (c) impregnating a solution or suspension of one or more sintering aids directly into the layer to be densified, (d) evaporating the solution or suspension of step (c) to obtain a homogeneous dispersion of the sintering aid(s) in the porous layer surface and (e) performing a thermal treatment at a temperature T2, where T2>T1, to obtain densification of and grain growth in the porous layer formed in step (b). The method makes it possible to obtain dense ceramic layers at temperatures, which are compatible with the other materials present in a ceramic multilayer system.

Abstract: The electrochemical regeneration of a replaceable metal electrode of a metal-air battery takes place in a supplementary electrochemical cell with a chemical agent oxidized on the counter electrode. The decrease of the regeneration voltage at the supplementary electrochemical cell results in the growth of the regeneration efficiency. The creation of a commercial product during chemical agent oxidation on the counter electrode decreases the overall cost of the regeneration. Possible chemical agents for regeneration include salts, metal complexes, monomers, conjugated organic molecules, oligomers or polymers.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for electroplating one or more materials onto a substrate. In many cases the material is a metal and the substrate is a semiconductor wafer, though the embodiments are no so limited. Typically, the embodiments herein utilize a channeled plate positioned near the substrate, creating a cross flow manifold defined on the bottom by the channeled plate, on the top by the substrate, and on the sides by a cross flow confinement ring. During plating, fluid enters the cross flow manifold both upward through the channels in the channeled plate, and laterally through a cross flow side inlet positioned on one side of the cross flow confinement ring. The flow paths combine in the cross flow manifold and exit at the cross flow exit, which is positioned opposite the cross flow inlet. These combined flow paths result in improved plating uniformity.

Abstract: A system and method generate atomic hydrogen (H) for deposition of a pure metal in a three-dimensional (3D) structure. The method includes forming a monolayer of a compound that includes the pure metal. The method also includes depositing the monolayer on the 3D structure and immersing the 3D structure with the monolayer in an electrochemical cell chamber including an electrolyte. Applying a negative bias voltage to the 3D structure with the monolayer and a positive bias voltage to a counter electrode generates atomic hydrogen from the electrolyte and deposits the pure metal from the monolayer in the 3D structure.

Abstract: A system for forming metal hydroxide from a metal carbonate utilizes a water electrolysis cell having an acid-producing anode and a hydroxyl-producing cathode immersed in a water solution of sufficient ionic content to allow an electric current to pass between the hydroxyl-producing cathode and the acid-producing anode. A metal carbonate is placed in close proximity to the acid-producing anode. A direct current electrical voltage is provided across the acid-producing anode and the hydroxyl-producing cathode sufficient to generate acid at the acid-producing anode and hydroxyl ions at the hydroxyl-producing cathode. The acid dissolves at least part of the metal carbonate into metal and carbonate ions allowing the metal ions to travel toward the hydroxyl-producing cathode and to combine with the hydroxyl ions to form the metal hydroxide. The carbonate ions travel toward the acid-producing anode and form carbonic acid and/or water and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical cell (100) includes: a semiconductor electrode (120) including a substrate (121), a first n-type semiconductor layer (122) disposed on the substrate (121), and a second n-type semiconductor layer (123) and a conductor (124) disposed apart from each other on the first n-type semiconductor layer (122); a counter electrode (130) connected electrically to the conductor (124); an electrolyte (140) in contact with surfaces of the second n-type semiconductor layer (123) and the counter electrode (130); and a container (110) accommodating the semiconductor electrode (120), the counter electrode (130) and the electrolyte (140).

Abstract: Desirable gas separation technologies, including novel methods and systems, are provided herein. The inventive gas separation technologies presented herein utilize supercapacitive swing adsorption (“SSA”) top selectively remove at least one chemical from a gas stream, such as the waste gas exhaust stream of a coal-fired electrical power generation plant. In some embodiments, the supercapacitive apparatus comprises a novel prepared mesoporous material comprising tungsten, preferably as WO3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyzer for producing sodium hypochlorite by electrolyzing brine such as salt water or seawater and the like, and more specifically to a horizontal non-membrane type electrolyzer of a new structure which can maintain a constant interval among electrode plates without using a welding means or an adhering means on the inside of a housing by including a separator for dividing an inner space of a hollow type housing into a plurality of electrode chambers; the electrode plates which are arranged in parallel to each other in the constant interval within a rectangular space part of the separator; and a fixing bar for fixing the separator to an inner wall of the housing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for separating components of a multilayer stack of electronic components. The multilayer stack includes an electronic assembly, a substrate, and a sacrificial anode portion that is located between the electronic assembly and the substrate and that operatively attaches the electronic assembly to the substrate. The systems and methods may include locating the multilayer stack within an electrically conductive fluid to form an electrochemical cell. The systems and methods further may include generating a potential difference between a cathode portion of the electronic assembly and the sacrificial anode portion such that the cathode portion forms a cathode of the electrochemical cell and the sacrificial anode portion forms an anode of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system comprising an absorber; the absorber being operative to extract carbon dioxide from a flue gas stream to form a carbon capture solution that is rich in carbon dioxide; and an electrolytic cell disposed downstream of the absorber; where the electrolytic cell is operative to reduce carbon dioxide present in the carbon capture solution. Disclosed herein too is a method comprising discharging a flue gas stream from a flue gas generator to an absorber; contacting the flue gas stream with a carbon capture solution; extracting carbon dioxide from the flue gas stream to form a carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution; discharging the carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution to an electrolytic cell; and reducing the carbon dioxide to a hydrocarbon in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to graphene derivatives, as well as related devices including graphene derivatives and methods of using graphene derivatives.

Abstract: The present invention relates to plating equipment and method for a solar cell wafer using electroplating and light-induced plating jointly. The plating equipment includes a jig allowing a wafer (1), that is a body to be plated, to be vertically immersed into a plating solution at a center of a plating bath (209), a first plating unit (200) comprising a plurality of anode members (210) symmetrically disposed on both sides of the plating bath (209) facing the wafer (1), the first plating unit performing electroplating; and a second plating unit (300) disposed in a light source receiving unit (320) physically blocked from the first plating unit (200), the second plating unit (300) being disposed at a rear side of the anode members (210) to perform light-induced plating by using an light emitting diode (LED) lamp (301) irradiating light onto the wafer (1).

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to devices and methods of treating aqueous solutions to help remove or otherwise reduce levels, concentrations or amounts of one or more contaminants. The present disclosure relates to a apparatus including a substantially self-contained housing or container which is adapted to receive components including at least one counterelectrode (e.g. cathode) and at least one photoelectrode (e.g. anode) provided or arranged around at least one UV light source, and/or receive, contain and/or circulate fluid or aqueous solution.

Abstract: Apparatus and operating methods are provided for controlled atmosphere furnace systems. In one possible embodiment, hydrogen is injected from a hydrogen source to an enclosure. The hydrogen is circulated within the enclosure from a gas inlet to a gas outlet. A temperature is raised within the enclosure to a predetermined threshold. Hydrogen is pumped from the gas outlet to the gas inlet with an electrochemical hydrogen pump. The electrochemical hydrogen pump has a first electrode in fluid communication with the gas outlet, and a second electrode in fluid communication with the gas inlet. An electrical potential is provided between the first and second electrodes, wherein the first electrode has a higher electrical potential with respect to zero than the second electrode. Various methods, features and system configurations are discussed.