Abstract: A process for the recovery of unsaturated fatty acids with at least 16 carbon atoms in the molecule or a derivative of such a fatty acid from a mixture of fatty acids and/or fatty acid derivatives by column chromatography with supercritical or liquid carbon dioxide as the mobile phase comprises using aluminum oxide, optionally pretreated with alkali, as the stationary phase. The pre-treatment of the aluminum oxide is conveniently effected by contacting the particulate aluminum oxide with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, optionally supplemented with a water-miscible or water-soluble organic solvent, in the pH range of about 10 to about 13 over several hours. The unsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives produced chromatographically in this manner are suitable as valuable active agents in the fields of nutrition and medicine.

Abstract: A composition concentrated in ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids is prepared by mixing a refined oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to obtain an ethanolyzate containing a glycerol phase and fatty acid ethyl ester phase. The fatty acid ethyl ester phase is separated from the glycerol phase and mixed with urea and ethanol to form a mixture, which is cooled to form a liquid phase containing fatty acid ethyl esters and a solid phase containing insoluble inclusion complexes. The liquid phase is separated from the solid phase to obtain a fraction enriched in ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract: Starting from a mixture containing tocopherol, fats and/or fat derivatives, more particularly fatty acids, and optionally sterol and/or sterol derivatives, the free fatty acids present in the mixture are esterified with an alcohol. The mixture is then transesterified with an alcohol in the presence of a basic catalyst. After the transesterification, the excess lower alcohol is distilled off from the reaction mixture. The transesterification catalyst and the glycerol present, if any, are removed and the fatty acid alkyl ester is distilled off from the mixture. Distillation of fatty acid alkyl esters can be accomplished with a packed column in sequence with a wiped film evaporator. The simultaneous recovery of tocopherol and sterol is possible. Tocopherols and sterols can be separated by the crystallization of sterols from a blend of organic solvents.

Abstract: A clarified neem oil having a cloud point below 13.degree. C. exhibits reduced phytotoxicity. Treatment of crude neem oil with a dilute aqueous basic solution or with an enzyme having lipid-degrading activity yields a clarified neem oil having acceptably low phytotoxicity. The methods are advantageous because they reduce or eliminate the waste stream of waxy by-product generated using existing methods for clarifying crude neem oil.

Abstract: A triglyceride oil containing a membrane lipid in a concentration effective for crystallization modification the membrane lipid having a formula:C.sub.13 H.sub.27 --CH.dbd.CH--CH(OH)--CH(NHCOA.sub.2)--CH2--OA.sub.4,wherein C.sub.13 H.sub.27 -- is an unbranched alkyl chain, A.sub.2 is an unbranched C.sub.23 H.sub.47 -- hydrocarbon chain, and A.sub.4 is a sugar moiety selected from the group consisting o a monosaccharide residue, a disaccharide residue or an oligosaccharide residue, including glucose, fructose, galactose, saccharose, lactose and maltose. Said membrane is utilized to separate solid fatty materials from triglyceride oils by heating the oil in an inert solvent until a substantial amount of the solid material is no longer present, adding the membrane lipid as the crystallization modifying substance, cooling the oil to crystallize a solid stearin phase in combination with a liquid olein phase, and recovering the stearin phase by separating it from the olein phase.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel extracts of Cucurbita pepo and cultivars thereof, the extracts obtainable thereby and their use in pharmacy and cosmetics are described. The said process comprises the following stages:a) the milling of the Cucurbita seeds, where appropriateb) the extraction of the milled Cucurbita seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide at a temperature from 34.degree. to 50.degree. C. and under a pressure between 110 and 150 bar to remove unwanted products,c) the extraction of the active substances from the milled Cucurbita seeds with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions or with organic solvents andd) the purification of the resulting extract by fractional countercurrent extraction with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. These extracts are used for the treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy and related clinical manifestations. The extracts are employed in cosmetics for the treatment of juvenile acne and as antiseborrhoea agents.

Abstract: A novel process for the recovery of tocopherols and sterols from natural, especially vegetable, sources. This process is especially a process for the separation of tocopherols and sterols from deodorizer sludges by distillation of these deodorizer sludges, in that prior to the distillation the sterols present in the deodorizer sludge are esterified with the fatty acids which are also present, the resulting mixture is distilled to obtain residual fatty acids and subsequently to obtain tocopherols, whereby the sterol esters formed in the esterification remain in the residue of this distillation, and then the tocopherols are isolated from the distillate and the sterols, after cleavage of their esters, are isolated from the distillation residue.

Abstract: A method of producing docosahexaenoic acid and a method of treatment of animal bodies by administering the docosahexaenoic acid, the docosahexaenoic acid being linked to phospholipids which have been selectively purified from the brains of preferably 1-3 day old chicks.

Abstract: This invention provides for the separation of higher melting glycerides from vegetable oils. After the vegetable oil is refined and bleached, it is rapidly cooled to provide a blend that contains the vegetable oil and wax particulate; the blend then is filtered through a nonmetallic inorganic filter to remove the wax particulate from the vegetable oil such that the permeate oil has less than about 10 ppm oil at about 65.degree. F.

Abstract: A novel use of two specific neopentyl glycol diesters as wetting, dispersing, spreading and deterging agents for micronized TiO.sub.2, ZnO and other pigments is introduced. These esters, neopentyl glycol di-2-ethyl hexanoate and neopentyl glycol di-isostearate, are used in varying combinations and may also be used with an emulsifying agent for a water dispersible pigmented make-up cleaner composition.

Abstract: A process for making a low fat meat product includes grinding meat having less than 50% fat to reduce the meat to a small particle size. The meat is then heated to a target temperature less than 100.degree. F., which is hot enough to melt the fat and low enough not to denature the meat. The meat is then placed in a centrifuge and subjected to centrifugal separation, thereby making a low fat meat product and an oil product. The low fat meat is removed from the centrifuge and chilled, and the oil product is removed and may later be subject to a polishing operation. In addition, the process may include mixing the meat, without further heating, after it has been heated and before being placed into the centrifuge.

Abstract: A combined vertical column and shallow tray semicontinuous deodoriser for edible oils and fats and comprising a column (10) of discrete vessels and a deodorising vessel (13) disposed within or valve-connective thereto. In the operation of the device, heated oil from a vessel (12) is supplied to deodorising vessel (13) wherein it is circulated by steam injection at (33) through a lift tube (29), between a plurality of vertically separated self draining shallow trays (26, 27, 28). The entire oil content of deodorising vessel (13) is circulated therethrough approximately once a minute for a period in the region of eighteen minutes to strip free fatty acids and other volatile components from the oil by falling curtain and steam sparge techniques, and then the oil batch is discharged to a heat recovery vessel (14) and a cooling vessel (15) before product discharge.

Abstract: A description is given of an improved process for the production of esters from fatty substances having a natural origin (animal and vegetable oils) and low molecular weight alcohols, in which the soaps and oily compounds entrained in the alkaline phases are recycled by treating them, following acidification and separation, with a fraction of the glycerol phase produced, in the presence of an alkaline catalyst and for forming preferably a triglyceride or a partly substituted glyceride.This process makes it possible to quantitatively obtain methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl esters usable as a substitute for gas oil.

Abstract: A new process has been developed for preparing high purity neem seed extract by adsorbing aqueous solutions of neem seed extract containing azadirachtin onto a macroporous polymeric adsorbent followed by desorption using a solvent. The resulting extract, optionally formulated, is a useful insecticide for the control of foliar pests.

Abstract: A method for extracting minor fatty compounds, particularly steroids, from biological matter by means of cyclodextrin. According to the method, the cyclodextrin is stirred into said biological matter in a water-containing reaction medium to allow the formation of inclusion complexes between the cyclodextrin and the minor fatty compounds, whereafter said complexes are separated from said matter, the amount of water present in the reaction medium being lower than 100 % wt. in relation to the matter to be treated. The temperature of the reaction medium and the amount of water present therein are such that the cyclodextrin is partially undissolved.

Abstract: Fatty acid esters, particularly those suitable for use in foods and cosmetics, are decolored by passing a solution of a fatty acid ester dissolved in an apolar solvent through particulate montmorillonite which is in admixture with particulate silica gel and/or active carbon. The solution passed through the column is obtained and the solvent is eliminated from the ester.

Abstract: This invention relates to a purified wool fat essentially free from low molecular weight volatile acids, water soluble aliphatic alcohols and water. This purified wool fat is produced by effecting the esterification of free alcohols and fatty acid contained in the wool fat followed by solvent extraction and chromatographical purification of the extracted solvent. The purified wool fat can be used as a lubricant enhancer in lubricating oils.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for deodorizing edible oils and/or fats comprising: heating edible oil and/or fat to an elevated temperature; introducing or injecting non-condensible inert gas into said edible oil and/or fat to strip or remove substances that impart disagreeable odor and taste to said edible oil and/or fat; and recovering the resulting deodorized edible oil and/or fat, wherein an amount of said non-condensible inert gas introduced or injected is substantially less than the theoretically required amount for deodorizing said edible oil and/or fat. The condensible gas may be preheated before its introduction into the edible oil and/or fat.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new process for refining and deodorizing the oil from the seeds of the neem tree by refining a neem oil solution with an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide to provide an edible grade of vegetable oil.

Abstract: A method for recovering at least one unsaturated fatty acid having sixteen or more carbon atoms and/or at least one compound of such a fatty acid from a mixture derived from vegetable, animal or marine sources is provided. Fatty acids and/or fatty acid compounds of the mixture, in free acid or esterified form, are passed into a mobile phase of liquid carbon dioxide in a column over a stationary phase. The stationary phase contains a support and a material bound to the support which contains at least one free electron pair and/or multiple bond. After eluting any saturated fatty acid or fatty acid compound of the same number of carbon atoms from the column, the unsaturated fatty acid and/or fatty acid compound is recovered in pure chemical form or as an enriched mixture.

Abstract: A mixture of branched fatty acids containing 18 carbon atoms such as commercial iso-stearic acid is treated to lower the freezing point to below -10.degree. C., by mixing with urea and a lower alcohol, such as methanol, and filtering. The product is useful in the production of low freezing point esters for use as lubricants.

Abstract: In a process for the production of tertiary carboxylic acids, especially by "Koch synthesis", the byproducts, e.g., a dimer of tripropene, are removed from the reaction mixture by azeotropic rectification with alkanediols, e.g., 1,3-butanediol, as entrainers, thus obtaining the tertiary carboxylic acids in pure form.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering heat from deodorized edible oils and stabilizing the same comprising: introducing or injecting non-condensible inert gas into hot deodorized edible oil as the hot deodorized edible oil is cooled by indirectly heat exchanging with crude oil to be deodorized.

Abstract: A method of making reduced oil content food chip products, such as potato chips and corn chips, includes circulating liquid carbon dioxide, over the food chip products to extract oil. Reduction of oil content to less than 50% of its initial value, including reductions to 25%, may be achieved while retaining flavor and texture comparable to conventional deep fried chips having an oil content of 30% to 40%. The oil which is recovered from the liquid carbon dioxide used for extraction has an appearance and quality which are substantially the same as virgin frying oil and may be reused to deep fry chips.

Abstract: Process of refining mixtures obtained from treatments of fatty media with cyclodextrin and containing complexes of cyclodextrin with lipophilic compounds of the fatty acid type, characterised by the fact that the said mixtures are subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature above 100.degree. C. in the presence of a solvent system containing water, that the various fractions or raffinates obtained from the heat treatment are separated and that these raffinates are recovered.

Abstract: A process for producing desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters, which are highly suitable as a starting material for producing alcohols via hydrogenation, at a high yield is disclosed. Desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters are obtained by contacting fats and oils or fatty acid esters with a catalyst represented by the following formula (I) under a hydrogen atmosphere or a mixture of hydrogen with an inert gas:Ni.Cu.sub.x O.sub.y (I)wherein x represents an atomic ratio of Cu determined by referring Ni as 1 and a value of from 0.02 to 8; and y is an atomic ratio of oxygen satisfying the valence requirements of Ni and Cu. A process for producing alcohols using the desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is also disclosed. A process for producing an alcohols using desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for refining soap-containing crude polyol fatty-acid polyester reaction product, the process including one or more high-temperature refining treatments and as the first step in the refining process, contacting the crude reaction product with an acid to substantially convert the soap into its corresponding free fatty acids, and the subsequent step of substantially removing from the crude reaction product any salts therein prior to said one or more high-temperature refining treatments.

Abstract: A process for producing desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is disclosed, which comprises treating fats and oils or fatty acid esters under hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas atmosphere at a pressure of from 0.1 to 500 kg/cm.sup.2 in the absolute pressure at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst of the following formula (I):Cu.multidot.X.sub.x .multidot.Y.sub.y .multidot.O.sub.z (I)wherein all symbols are defined in the disclosure. A process for producing an alcohols using desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is also disclosed. According to the process for producing an alcohol of the present invention, an alcohol of a high purity and good qualities can efficiently and effectively be produced.

Abstract: A mixture of fatty acids, including derivatives thereof, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, including derivatives thereof, are reacted with urea in solution. The reaction medium is pumped through at least one scraped-surface heat exchanger for cooling the reaction medium for forming a dispersion of a solid inclusion complex and a liquid phase. The liquid phase which contains a fraction enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, including derivatives thereof, then is separated from the inclusion complex.

Abstract: A process for refining organic-solvent containing crude polyol fatty-acid polyester reaction product, including the steps of distilling the crude reaction product to substantially remove the organic solvent, and subsequently subjecting the distilled reaction product to a bleaching treatment. The process allows an economic use of bleaching agents while achieving good color and color stability of the refined product.

Abstract: Adsorbents suitable for use to remove aromatic or polyaromatic hydrocarbons from liquids such as oils may be produced from an acid-activated siliceous clay containing adsorbed oil by treating to carbonize the oil and to activate the carbon so produced on the surface of the clay. The carbonization and activation steps may be conducted by heating in the presence of an activating agent which may be zinc chloride. Preferably zinc chloride activated material is subsequently steam-treated.The invention is particularly useful to reduce the content of hazardous polyaromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene, from edible oils.

Abstract: The present invention provides a continuous method of purifying eicosapentaenoic acid and esters of eicosapentanoic acid, comprising (a) fractionally distilling a starting mixture containing eicosapentaenoic acid or esters of eicosapentaenoic acid using a system of at least three distillation columns connected in flow arrangement to separate a fraction containing eicosapentaenoic acid or esters of eicosapentaenoic acid and other C.sub.20 fatty acids from a fraction containing lower-number carbon fatty acids and from a fraction containing higher-number carbon fatty acids, and (b) continuously collecting the fraction containing eicosapentaenoic acid or esters of eicosapentaenoic acid, wherein the pressure in the distillation columns is maintained at 10 Torr or below and wherein the bottom temperature of the distillation columns is maintained at 210.degree. C. or below.

Abstract: The separation of unsaturated triglycerides on the basis of degree of unsaturation is achieved by an adsorptive chromatographic process in liquid phase with silane- or alcohol-treated silica gel as the adsorbent. Desorbents in the separation process include ketones, having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, low molecular weight esters, having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms or p-cymene, or mixtures thereof, alone or mixed with a hydrocarbon diluent. The preferred temperature in the separation column is from 120.degree.-150.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for refining vegetable oil from a miscella obtained by extraction of vegetable seeds with an organic solvent, which comprises permeating the miscella through an ultrafilter made of an inorganic microporous membrane having a pore size of from 30 to 100 .ANG. in a state heated at a temperature of from 50.degree. to 120.degree. C. to remove impurities contained in the miscella.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for separation of fatty acid alkyl esters, carotenoids and tocotrienols from oil. Fatty acids in a vegetable oil are subjected to alcoholic esterification to form an ester-rich layer including fatty acid alkyl esters, carotenoids and tocotrienols. The ester-rich layer is exposed to solvolytic micellization to form a carotenoid-rich layer. The ester-rich layer is separated from the carotenoid-rich layer. The carotenoids in the carotenoid-rich layer are concentrated and can be adsorptively separated from the carotenoid-rich layer. Fatty acid alkyl esters are separated from the ester-rich layer to form a tocotrienol-rich layer. Individual tocotrienols in the tocotrienol-rich layer are adsorptively separated and concentrated.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extractive separation method in which a solute contained in a medium can be efficiently extracted and separated with a lower consumption of energy under the remarkably gentle operating conditions. This method consists in that a medium containing a solute consisting of organic substances is brought into contact with a solvent consisting of organic substances or inorganic substances, which have the critical temperature of 5.degree. to 152.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the extraction of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid esters from crude fish oils, by means of transesterification with ethanol and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and two-step molecular distillation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for obtaining an aroma concentrate that is enriched in lactones. The present invention is particularly concerned with a process for concentrating lactones from a distillate obtained by the distillative deacidification of a fat composition rich in lauric acid residues, said distillate containing at least 0.1 wt. % of lactones having 6-20 carbon atoms, by subjecting the distillate or a fraction thereof to a fractional distillation so as to obtain a fraction containing at least 1 wt. % of lactones having 6-20 carbon atoms.The present invention offers a commercially and technically attractive route for obtaining natural lactones.Other aspects of the present invention are a lactone concentrate obtainable by the above process, the use of such a concentrate for flavoring food products and to food products flavored by such a lactone concentrate.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the production of high-purity fatty-acid lower-alkyl mono-esters which comprises a first transesterification step between glycerol fatty-acid esters and a lower alcohol, a separation step wherein the reaction product of the esterification step is separated into glycerol-rich and fatty-acid lower-alkyl mono-ester rich fractions, a second esterification step in which all glycerol and fatty-acid glycerolesters of the fatty-acid lower-alkyl mono-ester rich fraction are esterified to the corresponding fatty-acid triglycerolesters, and a recovery step wherein said fatty-acid lower-alkyl mono-esters are recovered.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of higher alkyl acrylic acid esters which comprises reacting one or more C.sub.10+ olefins with one or more alkyl acrylic acid esters in the presence of a halogen containing catalyst, the invention is the improvement which comprises contacting the reaction product mixture with an aqueous acid solution to extract catalyst residues therefrom and distilling the extracted product mixture to remove unreacted olefin.

Abstract: A mixture of fatty acids, including derivatives thereof, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, including derivatives thereof, are fractionated by reacting the mixture with urea in solution for forming a reaction medium which then is pumped at least through one scraped-surface heat exchanger for cooling the reaction medium for forming a dispersion of a solid inclusion complex and a liquid phase. The liquid phase then is separated from the inclusion complex for obtaining a fraction enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, including derivatives thereof.

Abstract: Countercurrent liquid/liquid extraction processse for fractionating complex triglyceride mixtures to selectively remove "light" impurities (primarily MMM trglycerides) from MML/MLM triglycerides, or to selectively remove MML/MLM triglycerides from "heavy" impurities (primarily MLL/LML and LLL triglycerides), wherein M is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 fatty acid residue or mixture thereof, and wherein L is a C.sub.18 -C.sub.24 fatty acid residue or mixture thereof, are disclosed. In the case of "light" impurities, an oil stream containing MMM and MML/MLM triglycerides is passed countercurrently to a solvent stream containing a polar solvent or a supercritical fluid that is partially miscible with the oil stream to selectively remove the MMM triglycerides. In the case of "heavy" impurities, an oil stream containing MML/MLM, MLL/LML and LLL triglycerides is passed countercurrently to the solvent stream to selectively remove the MML/MLM triglycerides.