Abstract: Use of an organic compound salt of general formula A-XY??(I) wherein A means an organic residue, X means a charged group and Y means a counter-ion, as a reagent in an electrochemical reaction and organic compound salt corresponding to the formula R1R2ZC-T-Q-XY wherein X is a charged group, Y is a counter-ion, Z is a group capable of being substituted, R1 and R2 mean organic residues, T means a group containing a hetero atom selected among N-R4, O and S, and Q means a connecting group linking the hetero atom and the charged group.

Abstract: A method for the electrochemical synthesis of dinitro compounds is disclosed. The method comprises using an anode to oxidize an inactive chemical mediator, such as a ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6?4) ion, to an active chemical mediator or oxidizing agent, such as a ferricyanide (Fe(CN)6?3) ion, in the presence of a differential voltage. The oxidizing agent reacts with a nitro compound and a nitrite ion to form a geminal dinitro compound. The anode may continuously oxidize ferrocyanide to regenerate active ferricyanide, thus keeping sufficient amounts of ferricyanide available for reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical method and reactor in which at least one electrochemical reaction compartment (5, 6) comprises a plurality of microchannels whose grooves have a cross section of at least partially curved contour with a radius of curvature greater than 30 ?m and an area of between 2500 ?m2 and 20000 ?m2. Application to the synthesis of diastereoisomers by continuous regeneration of NADH or NADPH.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward methods of selectively functionalizing carbon nanotubes of a specific type or range of types, based on their electronic properties, using diazonium chemistry. The present invention is also directed toward methods of separating carbon nanotubes into populations of specific types or range(s) of types via selective functionalization and electrophoresis, and also to the novel compositions generated by such separations.

Abstract: High temperature treatment of graphite nanofibers to convert the materials to carbon nanochips and thereby enhance their performance as support media for metal catalytic particles. The carbon nanochips are suitable for supports for metal and metal oxide particles to catalyze chemical reactions such as oxidation, hydrogenation, oxidative-dehydrogenation, and dehydrogenation. In this regard, they function as a new type of highly conductive catalyst support media.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods using neutral red to mediate the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. Electrically reduced neutral red has been found to promote cell growth and formation of reduced products by reversibly increasing the ratio of the reduced:oxidized forms of NAD(H) or NADP(H). Electrically reduced neutral red is able to serve as the sole source of reducing power for microbial cell growth. Neutral red is also able to promote conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by facilitating the transfer of electrons from microbial reducing power to a fuel cell cathode.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the invention provides electro-chemical processes for reduction of carbon dioxide, for example converting carbon dioxide to formate salts or formic acid. In selected embodiments, operation of a continuous reactor with a three dimensional cathode and a two-phase (gas/liquid) catholyte flow provides advantageous conditions for electro-reduction of carbon dioxide. In these embodiments, the continuous two-phase flow of catholyte solvent and carbon dioxide containing gas, in selected gas/liquid phase volume flow ratios, provides dynamic conditions that favour the electro-reduction of COs at relatively high effective superficial current densities and gas space velocities, with relatively low reactor (cell) voltages (<10 Volts). In some embodiments, relatively high internal gas hold-up in the cathode chamber (evident in an internal gas to liquid phase volume ratio >0.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising Pt—Co alloy, or Pt—Co—Sn alloy or Pt—ComOn mixed metal oxides is disclosed to be used as a catalyst for the direct electrochemical oxidation of glucose or other simple sugars and carbohydrates at room temperature. The catalyst can be supported on metal electrodes, graphite electrodes, porous carbon electrodes, or gas diffusion electrodes. An electrode containing this catalyst will be used as the key component in a direct glucose-air fuel cell operating in alkaline media with a good room temperature performance. This catalyst can also be applied as a key electrode material in a glucose sensor to detect glucose concentration in neutral or alkaline medium. The preparation method of the catalyst, optimum composition, and results of glucose sensor and glucose fuel cell applications are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the oxidation of an alkane to at least one corresponding alkene uses an electrochemical cell having an anode chamber on one side of a proton conducting medium, and a cathode chamber on the other side of the said medium. The alkane is oxidized in the anode chamber to produce at least one corresponding alkene and protons are transferred through a proton conducting membrane to the cathode chamber where protons combine with a proton acceptor, while generating electricity and water. An apparatus for use in the process is also provided.

Abstract: A method of electrolytic synthesis comprises applying a potential between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode is in contact with a first fluid stream in a channel, the second electrode is in contact with a second fluid stream in the channel, and the first steam and the second stream are in parallel laminar flow in the channel.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of trialkyl orthocarboxylates by the electrochemical oxidation of alpha, beta-diketones or alpha, beta-hydroxyketones, the keto group being present in the form of a ketal group derived from C1- to C4-alkylalcohols and the hydroxyl group optionally being present in the form of an ether group derived from C1- to C4-alkylalcohols (ketals K), in the presence of C1- to C4-alcohols (alcohols A), the molar ratio of the ketals K to the alcohols A in the electrolyte being 0.2:1 to 10:1.

Abstract: A method for producing an array of oriented nanofibers that involves forming a solution that includes at least one electroactive species. An electrode substrate is brought into contact with the solution. A current density is applied to the electrode substrate that includes at least a first step of applying a first substantially constant current density for a first time period and a second step of applying a second substantially constant current density for a second time period. The first and second time periods are of sufficient duration to electrically deposit on the electrode substrate an array of oriented nanofibers produced from the electroactive species. Also disclosed are films that include arrays or networks of oriented nanofibers and a method for amperometrically detecting or measuring at least one analyte in a sample.

Abstract: The application of an electric current to catalysts useful for the vapor phase oxidation of hydrocarbons allows for processes for obtaining enhanced catalytic processing of a given feed material with a given catalyst, processes allowing the ready change-over from one product of a given feed stream to another product of that feed stream without the need to change catalyst, and processes allowing the ready change over from one feed stream to another feed stream with the concomitant change over from one product to another product without the need to change catalyst.

Abstract: The application of an electric current to catalysts useful for the vapor phase oxidation of hydrocarbons allows for processes for obtaining enhanced catalytic processing of a given feed material with a given catalyst, processes allowing the ready change-over from one product of a given feed stream to another product of that feed stream without the need to change catalyst, and processes allowing the ready change over from one feed stream to another feed stream with the concomitant change over from one product to another product without the need to change catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for producing ionic liquids. The ionic liquids may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic ionic liquids. The ionic liquids are made by subjecting an electrochemical cell to electrolysis.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the preparation of water-soluble colorants, particularly triphenylmethane colorants and other water soluble technical dyes, is disclosed. In this process, the anode in the electrochemical cell comprises an open pore carbon material having specific void volume and surface area characteristics. A preferred electrode material is a carbon felt pad, preferably between about 1/16 inch and ¼ inch in thickness. This process provides faster reaction rates than electrochemical processes using standard electrodes, as well as higher yields compared to processes using chemical oxidizing agents.

Abstract: Caged compounds, i.e. synthetic chemical compounds whose chemical or biochemical activity is normally controlled by photolysis to release an active moiety to participate in a chemical or biochemical reaction, are subjected to electrical current instead of light to release the active moiety. The process is especially useful in chemiluminescent biochemical assays, where it is required to measure the light output in order to quantify the analyte under measurement, since avoids confusion between input energy to trigger the reaction, and light output for measurement purposes.

Abstract: A method of electrochemically hydrogenating an oil, the method comprising reacting unsaturated fatty acids in the oil with hydrogen in the presence of a formate electrocatalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing compounds of general formula (I), wherein Rt represents an oxocyclohexyl radical which is optionally substituted by a hydroxyl radical, an alkoxy radical, and/or alkyl radicals, or an oxocyclohexenyl radical which is optionally substituted by a hydroxyl radical, an alkoxy radical, and/or alkyl radicals, the oxo groups being in the form of an acetal, a ketone, or an enol ether, and R2 represents a hydroxy group or a protective group which can be transformed into a hydroxy group by means of hydrolysis. A compound of general formula (II) is cathodically reduced in a divided or partially divided electrolysis cell at a pH value of between 2 and 9.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the preparation of water-soluble colorants, particularly triphenylmethane colorants and other water soluble technical dyes, is disclosed. In this process, the anode in the electrochemical cell comprises an open pore carbon material having specific void volume and surface area characteristics. A preferred electrode material is a carbon felt pad, preferably between about {fraction (1/16)} inch and ¼ inch in thickness. This process provides faster reaction rates than electrochemical processes using standard electrodes, as well as higher yields compared to processes using chemical oxidizing agents.

Abstract: Carbon nanoparticles including both nanofilaments and nanotubes produced by an electrochemical deposition method from organic solutions at room temperature, in which the formation and growth of carbon nanoparticles are stimulated by the catalyst, such as iron and nickel. It has been found that the electrochemical deposition conditions have a strong influence on the growth phenomenon of the carbon nanotubes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM) characterizations show that the diameter of nanotubes is of the order of approximately 100 nm, and the length of filaments can be up to approximately 50 &mgr;m, depending on the size of catalyst particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to several apparatuses and methods for the continuous production of carbon soot with a high content of fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), and carbon nanotubes. In addition, the invention relates to anaerobic manipulations of carbon-based compounds. The claimed apparatuses and methods provide optimal conditions during annealing processes. In particular, the rotary shielding block of the present invention can effectively prevent resultant products from exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation associated with vaporization processes.

Abstract: In a process for the electrolytic transformation of at least one organic compound in an electrolysis cell, the organic compound is both oxidized and reduced at one electrode.

Abstract: This invention discloses an aqueous cathodic electrolyzed solution of ascorbyl glucosamine exhibiting a lower oxidation-reduction potential than that in an aqueous solution of ascorbyl glucosamine in which a concentration of water-soluble inorganic salts is less than 0.1 M prepared by electrolyzing the starting ascorbyl glucosamine solution as well as a preparation process therefor. A concentration of ascorbyl glucosamine is 0.1 to 3 wt %. A current density in electrolysis is preferably 0.003 to 0.03 A/cm2.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the oxidation of an alkane to at least one corresponding alkene uses an electrochemical cell having an anode chamber on one side of a proton conducting medium, and a cathode chamber on the other side of the said medium. The alkane is oxidized in the anode chamber to produce at least one corresponding alkene and protons are transferred through a proton conducting membrane to the cathode chamber where protons combine with a proton acceptor, while generating electricity and water. An apparatus for use in the process is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic electrolysis reactor for performing an electrolytic oxidation reaction of a system comprising a substrate and a reductant, comprising: a casing; an anode which comprises an anode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive; a cathode which comprises a cathode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive; and means for applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode, wherein the means for applying a voltage is disposed in the outside of the casing and connected to the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are disposed in spaced relationship in the casing to partition the inside of the casing into an intermediate compartment between the anode and the cathode, and an anode compartment on the outside of the anode.

Abstract: A method of reacting chemicals comprising the exposure of the reactants to ultrasound and electrochemical energies in the presence of a metal or metal salt and hydrogen peroxide. HO* radicals are efficiently formed and react with a carbon-based reactant to form a carbon radical which then reacts with other reactants or may dimerize. The invention regenerates the metal ions and may be performed using no special facilities. Increased product yield was achieved for a number of hydroxylation reactions.

Abstract: There is a control system for a catalytic process. The control system has the following: a) an electroconductive support having a layer of a catalyst thereon; b) a means for applying DC current of one polarity to the catalyst layer and the opposite polarity to the electroconductive support; c) a means for controlling and varying the application of DC current; d) a means for measuring the polarization impedance across the catalyst layer and the electroconductive support; e) a means for comparing the measured polarization impedance with a reference value; and f) a means for varying the application of DC current to the catalyst layer and the electroconductive support when the measured polarization impedance differs from the reference value.

Abstract: A cathode is made of an electrically conducting support with a coating of electrochemically deposited lead with a density between 0.001 and 2 g/cm3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the electrochemical reduction of vat and sulfur dyes in aqueous solutions, in steady-state conditions of reaction and a cycle which is largely free of reducing agents. The invention also relates to apparatus for carrying out said method. The steady-state conditions of reaction are obtained by means of a start reaction. The substances used for this reaction and the products resulting therefrom are extracted from the cycle. To maintain the cycle only dyes, an alkali and possibly small quantities of additional substances, such as surface-active agents, need to be added. No other chemicals active in the oxidation-reduction process are used.

Abstract: An electrolytic process for the preparation of a compound having a charged electrolytic cell fitted with at least one anode and at least one cathode in a single compartment with a reaction mixture. An electric potential is applied to the at least one anode and at least one cathode under conditions to promote formation of a compound on one of the cathodes or the anode to define a formation electrode. The formation electrode is then agitated.

Abstract: Reactor for carrying out electrochemical reactions with an electrode and a counter-electrode are known, whereby the electrodes are separated form one another by a capillary gap. Such reactors do not comprise a homogeneous flow rate distribution in the capillary gap which can thus lead to a reduction of selectivity and of local temperature increases. In addition, high ohmic resistance requires the use of conducting salts. The aim of the invention is to provide a reactor in which the voltage drop in the electrolyte is minimized and which can be better optimized over a short resistance time distribution. To this end, the capillary gap comprises at least one channel as a reaction chamber having a height less than or equal to 200 &mgr;m. According to the inventive method, the volume flow of the educt current is measured such that the flow of the educt current is laminar over the length of the channel having a height less than or equal to 200 &mgr;m.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel processes for preparing a fluorinated acyl fluoride and a fluorinated vinyl ether.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cationic coating composition capable of forming a coating film which is excellent in an electrodepositablly coating property and an adhesive property toward a rust preventive steel plate, a corrosion resistance and a low temperature curability. The cationic coating composition described above comprises as a vehicle component, a xylene-formaldehyde resin-modified, amino group-containing epoxy resin obtained by reacting an epoxy resin (A) having an epoxy equivalent of 180 to 2500 with a xylene-formaldehyde resin (B) and an amino group-containing compound (C).

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical uses is made of a conductive metal mesh coated with diamond-like carbon or dirty diamond. The electrode may be used in electrochemical cell either as a cathode or as an anode, or can be used with an alternating current.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell type reactor for performing an oxidation reaction of a system comprising a substrate, a reductant and an oxidant, comprising: a casing; an anode which comprises an anode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive; and a cathode which comprises a cathode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive, wherein the anode and the cathode are disposed in spaced relationship in the casing to partition the inside of the casing into an intermediate compartment between the anode and the cathode, an anode compartment on the outside of the anode and a cathode compartment on the outside of the cathode, and wherein the intermediate compartment has an inlet for an electrolyte solution and a substrate, the anode compartment has an inlet for a reductant, and the cathode compartment has an inlet for an oxidant.

Abstract: A solid phase synthesis method for the preparation of diverse sequences of separate polymers or nucleic acid sequences using electrochemical placement of monomers or nucleic acids at a specific location on a substrate containing at least one electrode that is preferably in contact with a buffering or scavenging solution to prevent chemical crosstalk between electrodes due to diffusion of electrochemically generated reagents.

Abstract: A solid phase synthesis method for the preparation of diverse sequences of separate polymers or nucleic acid sequences using electrochemical placement of monomers or nucleic acids at a specific location on a substrate containing at least one electrode that is preferably in contact with a buffering or scavenging solution to prevent chemical crosstalk between electrodes due to diffusion of electrochemically generated reagents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell type reactor for performing an oxidation reaction of a system comprising a substrate, a reductant and an oxidant, comprising: a casing; an anode which comprises an anode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive; and a cathode which comprises a cathode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive, wherein the anode and the cathode are disposed in spaced relationship in the casing to partition the inside of the casing into an intermediate compartment between the anode and the cathode, an anode compartment on the outside of the anode and a cathode compartment on the outside of the cathode, and wherein the intermediate compartment has an inlet for an electrolyte solution and a substrate, the anode compartment has an inlet for a reductant, and the cathode compartment has an inlet for an oxidant.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods using neutral red to mediate the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. Electrically reduced neutral red has been found to promote cell growth and formation of reduced products by reversibly increasing the ratio of the reduced:oxidized forms of NAD(H) or NADP(H). Electrically reduced neutral red is able to serve as the sole source of reducing power for microbial, cell growth. Neutral red is also able to promote conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by facilitating the transfer of electrons from microbial reducing power to a fuel cell cathode.

Abstract: An anti-pyrophoric hydrogen storage material having an engineered surface oxide to enhance initial activation and a method for making the same. The method for making. the hydrogen storage material includes the steps of providing a hydrogen storage powder and oxidizing the powder with a controlled oxidation reaction. In a preferred aspect hereof, the method includes providing a bulk hydrogen storage alloy; hydriding the alloy to form a comminuted material; and oxidizing the surface of the comminuted material with a controlled oxidation reaction. In another preferred aspect hereof, a passivating material is added to the comminuted material prior to the step for oxidizing to enhance initial activation. In still another preferred aspect hereof, at least one sacrificial modifier is provided in the particalized material to enhance initial activation.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes: electrochemically oxidizing at least one organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with an anode, wherein the anode includes: an electrically conductive support; and an electrically conductive, anodically polarized layer on the support; wherein the anodically polarized layer is formed in situ upon the support by precoating; and wherein the organic compound is not phosphonomethyliminodiacetic acid. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a product, produced by the above process.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical uses is made of a conductive metal mesh coated with diamond-like carbon or dirty diamond. The electrode may be used in electrochemical cell either as a cathode or as an anode, or can be used with an alternating current.

Abstract: An array of selectively addressible microelectrodes for combinatorial synthesis of complex polymers or alloys.

Abstract: A novel process for the continuous preparation of perfluorinated organic compounds by electrochemical fluorination of the parent non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated organic compounds by means of hydrogen fluoride having an arsenic content of less than about 10 ppm can be operated over a prolonged period of time without the electrode area-time yield decreasing over time.

Abstract: An electroenzymatic reactor comprises a reaction vessel having a working electrode compartment. Within the working electrode compartment is a reactor solution containing a redox enzyme, a redox carrier, and an oxidizable or reducible substrate. Also within the working electrode compartment is a reference electrode and a metal oxide working electrode capable of being held close to the redox potential of the redox carrier. A counter electrode is provided outside the working electrode compartment. Necessary molecular oxygen or hydrogen is supplied to the reaction by water electrolysis at the counter electrode. Hydrogen peroxide that is generated at the working electrode or counter electrode is decomposed by a screen situated near the hydrogen-peroxide generating electrode.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes:

Abstract: Disclosed are methods using neutral red to mediate the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. Electrically reduced neutral red has been found to promote cell growth and formation of reduced products by reversibly increasing the ratio of the reduced:oxidized forms of NAD(H) or NADP(H). Electrically reduced neutral red is able to serve as the sole source of reducing power for microbial cell growth. Neutral red is also able to promote conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by facilitating the transfer of electrons from microbial reducing power to a fuel cell cathode.

Abstract: Methods and devices for transforming less desirable chemical species into more desirable or useful chemical forms are disclosed. The specifications can be used to treat pollutants into more benign compositions and to produce useful chemicals from raw materials and wastes. The methods and devices disclosed utilize continuous or temporary pulse of electrical current induced by electromagnetic field and high surface area formulations. The invention can also be applied to improve the performance of existing catalysts and to prepare novel devices.

Abstract: A method of electrochemistry is conducted by conducting the direct electrochemistry of a monooxygenase enzyme in the absence of mediators. A method of electrochemistry is conducted by conducting the direct electrochemistry of an hydroxylase enzyme in the absence of mediators.