Abstract: In a novel process for the reversible or irreversible production of an image by the imagewise action of energy on a recording layer, resulting in a pattern of surface charges which corresponds to the imagewise action of the energy, on the surface of the recording layer, the recording layer used is one which contains or consists of an organic material which solidifies in glassy form, is nonphotoconductive or only slightly photoconductive and has permanent dipoles, whereinthe pattern of surface charges is produced, without or almost without formation of free charge carriers, by reversible imagewise orientation of some or all of the permanent dipoles present in the recording layer, with the aid of an electric field applied imagewise.

Abstract: There is provided an improved light receiving member comrpsing a substrate and a light receiving layer formed by laminating a first layer having photoconductivity which is constituted with an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as the main constituent atoms and germanium atoms, and a second layer constituted with an amorphous material containing silicon atoms, carbon atoms and an element for controlling the conductivity. The germanium atoms contained in the first layer are in the state of being unevenly distributed in the entire layer region or in the partial layer region adjacent to the substrate. The first layer may contain one or more kinds selected from an element for controlling the conductivity, oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms in the entire layer region on in the partial layer region.

Abstract: A recording element having at least one layer comprising a crosslinked polymer having polymeric backbone moieties and crosslinking moieties, the polymeric backbone moieties containing tertiary nitrogen atoms, the crosslinking moieties connecting polymeric backbone moieties at the teritary nitrogen atoms by conversion of the tertiary nitrogen atoms to quaternary amine, the crosslinking moiety having the structure ##STR1## where R' is independently alkyl or aryl and m is an integer of from 1 to 10.

Abstract: As shown in FIG. 1a, the information recording medium of the present invention includes an information recording layer on an electrode layer (13), said recording layer made up of a resin system (11) having liquid crystal phases (12) dispersed and fixed therein. In said recording layer, the refractive index of light through said resin system is such chosen as to be substantially coincident with the refractive index of light through the liquid crystal material which is being oriented by an electric field, whereby electrostatic information can be recorded and stored on the recording medium as visible information and the recorded and stored information can be reproduced at any desired time. The present recording medium can also be recycled, if the information recorded on it is erased.

Abstract: Information recording media enable images to be recorded and reproduced with high resolution, wherein oozing of liquid crystal material thereof is prevented and the information recorded without unevenness. A first recording medium has an information recording layer comprising a liquid crystal phase and an ultraviolet curing resin phase. The information recording layer is stacked on an electrode layer provided on a substrate by coating a mixed solution of liquid crystal and ultraviolet curing resin material on the surface of the electrode layer and then irradiating the coating by irradiation with ultraviolet rays, thereby forming a cured skin layer of the resin material on the outer surface of the information recording layer. A second recording medium has a transparent electrode layer additionally provided on the information recording layer of the first recording medium.

Abstract: The method of fusing thermoplastic resin toner images to a substrate in a fuser including a heated thermally stable FKM hydrofluoroelastomer fusing surface at elevated temperature prepared in the absence of anchoring sites for a release agent of heavy metals, heavy metal oxides, or other heavy metal compounds forming a film of a fluid release agent on the elastomer surface of an amino functional oil having the formula: ##STR1## where 50.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.200, p is 1 to 5, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are alkyl or arylalkyl radicals having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R.sub.4 is an alkyl or arylalkyl radicals having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and a polyorganosiloxane chain having 1 to 100 diorganosiloxy repeat units, and R.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for making a printed circuit board which comprises providing a photoconductive layer by electrodeposition method on a metal conductive layer provided on at least one side of an electrically insulating substrate, forming a toner image on said photoconductive layer by electrophotographic process, then dissolving and removing the area of the photoconductive layer not covered by the toner using a printer and optionally etching the surface of the area of the substrate from which the photoconductive layer has been removed. According to this method, by employing especially the electrophotographic reversal development, a printed circuit board of excellent sensitivity and high resolution can be produced even from both-side copper-clad laminate sheets having through-holes of a high aspect ratio using an exposure source of low energy such as semiconductor laser.

Abstract: There are provided an electrophotographic apparatus and an electrophotographic process featured by control satisfying a condition 1n(n).times.1n(S)/1n(E).ltoreq.19.0 among the localized energy level density n in the photoconductive layer of an amorphous silicon photosensitive member employed in the electrophotographic apparatus, the electric field E applied to the photosensitive member, and the surfacial moving speed S thereof. Such control reduces the photocarriers remaining in the photoconductive layer and inducing the photomemory effect, thereby suppressing the influence of a remaining latent image on the latent image generated in a next step, and providing an image of high quality without the photomemory effect, within resulting in a loss in the charging efficiency.

Abstract: The invention or the instant application relates to a process for manufacturing a colored metal plate, in that forming an electrophotosensitive layer mainly composed of titanium dioxide and a binder resin on a metal plate as a raw material having a smooth surface of 2 .mu.m Ra or less in the center line average height, and then forming an toner image having a surface granularity of 0.3 or less on the photosensitive layer by electrophotographic method.

Abstract: As shown in FIG. 1a, the information recording medium of the present invention includes an information recording layer on an electrode layer (13), said recording layer made up of a resin system (11) having liquid crystal phases (12) dispersed and fixed therein. In said recording layer, the refractive index of light through said resin system is such chosen as to be substantially coincident with the refractive index of light through the liquid crystal material which is being oriented by an electric field, whereby electrostatic information can be recorded and stored on the recording medium as visible information and the recorded and stored information can be reproduced at any desired time. The present recording medium can also be recycled, if the information recorded on it is erased.

Abstract: A one step process for the preparation of toner compositions which comprises adding to an extruder a base resin, initiator, pigment, and optional charge enhancing additive; effecting crosslinking of the base resin in the extruder to provide a toner comprising a pigment, optional charge additive and crosslinked resin comprising linear portions and crosslinked portions; and wherein said crosslinked portions are comprised of densely crosslinked microgel particles.

Abstract: An image holding member is disclosed, which comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface, a charge generating layer formed on said electrically conductive substrate, and a heat softening layer formed on said charge generating layer and containing a charge transporting material, electrically conductive particles, and a heat softening resin, said electrically conductive particles existing in the inside of the heat softening layer and in the vicinity of the surface thereof. The image holding member is capable of writing with laser light having a wavelength of 780 nm and is capable of copying many copies with one image exposure. A method of producing the image-holding member, a method and an apparatus for forming an image-forming master using the image-holding member, and an image-forming method by the image-forming master using the image-holding member are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of forming an image on an imaging surface of a photoreceptor having a light decay characteristic so that the potential of the imaging surface is slowly decayed in an initial period of exposure and the potential of the imaging surface is sharply decayed in a middle period of exposure. The imaging surface is charged to an electric potential, exposed with a light beam, wherein the light beam has the maximum light amount I.sub.0 in the light amount distribution thereof on the imaging surface so as to satisfy following condition:1.2.times.P.sub.178 .ltoreq.I.sub.0 .ltoreq.2.5.times.P.sub.1/2,in which P.sub.1/2 is a half decay exposure light amount for decaying the potential of the imaging surface from an initial potential value before the exposure to the half of the initial potential value.

Abstract: A photosensitive member for electrophotography comprises a photoconductive layer on an electroconductive substrate, said photoconductive layer being provided with a light scattering means having light scattering function.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image-forming and developing method using as light receiving member an amorphous silicon light receiving member which comprises a substrate and a light receiving layer disposed on said substrate, said light receiving layer comprising a first layer capable of exhibiting a photoconductivity, a second layer capable of supporting a latent image and a third layer capable of supporting a developed image being laminated in this order on said substrate, said first layer being formed of an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, and at least one kind of atoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms, said second layer being formed of an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, carbon atoms, atoms of an element belonging to Group III of the Periodic Table, and at least one kind of atoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms, and said third layer being formed of an amorphous material containing silicon

Abstract: A process for storing information in an organic recording layer which, when treated locally with an organic solvent in accordance with the input of information, is able to change its absorption spectrum and/or its photoconductivity such that information can be produced or stored at the treated areas of said layer, wherein the organic solvent is solid at room temperature and is present in the recording layer, or by decomposition of a solid organic precursor which is present in the recording layer, and said solvent is vaporized or melts by the action of laser beams in accordance with the input of information, or said precursor is decomposed by the action of laser beams in accordance with the input of information.The stored information can be read out with a photodetector in the visible or near NIR range or with a built-in electrode system.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, an image is formed by applying a local magnetic field to selected regions of a magnetic composite medium comprising columns of magnetic particles distributed in a matrix medium. The particles are "hard" or "semi-hard" magnetic materials in order to retain the latent image as residual magnetism, and the image is developed by exposure to magnetic fluid or powders. The image can be erased by exposure to an AC demagnetizing field or a DC sweep magnet. Preferred apparatus for making such images comprises a sheet of such composite material having a pair of major surfaces with columns of magnetic particles oriented between the surfaces. A local magnetic field, such as a magnetic pen, can be used to write a latent magnetic image on one of the major surfaces. The magnetic columns present the latent image for development at either major surface.

Abstract: A photoelectrographic element for electrostatic imaging, containing a conductive layer and a photosensitive layer, is produced using photosensitive layer materials which form a barrier to charge injection where exposed to ultraviolet radiation. As a result, exposed areas can be charged, while unexposed portions cannot. The photosensitive layer contains an organic photoconductor, an ultraviolet radiation sensitizer, and, optionally, an organic binder. A method of forming images with this photoelectrographic element is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrically conductive article of manufacture, comprising printing an image corresponding to the article of manufacture onto an expungeable substrate using a conductive ink or conductive toner material and subsequently disposing of the expungeable substrate having the image thereon so that only the article of manufacture remains. The method is particularly adapted for use in producing a control grid of a corona generating device as utilized in electrostatographic printing apparatus.

Abstract: An image density control method for an image forming apparatus of the type forming a latent image of a document image on a photoconductive element and developing the latent image by a toner to produce a toner image by an electrophotographic procedure. A background pattern whose density is substantially the same as the background density of a document, i.e., a light pattern is illuminated to electrostatically form a latent image thereof on the photoconductive element. The latent image is developed by the toner, and the density of the resultant toner image is optically sensed by an image density sensor. A change in background density due to contamination or an increase in background potential, for example, is detected. Based on the detected change in background density, a quantity of light for imagewise exposure or similar factor dictating the developing ability is corrected, i.e., it is controlled to the light side if the density has been shifted to the dark side.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of forming an image on a photoreceptor indicating a maximum value of the differential coefficient to the exposure in the light decay curve thereof. The method comprises charging the surface of the photoreceptor; exposing uniformly the surface of the photoreceptor at the same time or substantially at the same time with the step of the charging; forming a latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor by a dot-wise image exposure; and developing the latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor.

Abstract: A semiconductive developer roll is disclosed having a conductive shaft and a single outer member of polyester urethane in which copper (II) chloride is dissolved. Performance is enhanced by the addition of some silicone oil.

Abstract: The present invention provides a developing method which comprises transferring a two-component developer comprising a magnetic carrier and a toner from a sleeve to a development area and developing a latent electrostatic image on a latent electrostatic image-carrier in the development area, wherein the development conditions in the development area are prescribed so as to satisfy the formulae (1) and (2):140 .gtoreq.R.times.(S/D).gtoreq.50 (1)andR=M(Wt.times.(1/.rho.t)+Wc.times.(1/.rho.c))/H (2)wherein S is the peripheral speed (cm/sec) of the development sleeve, D is the peripheral speed (cm/sec) of the latent electrostatic image-carrier, M is the coated amount (g/cm.sup.2) of the developer per unit area of the sleeve, H is the distance (cm) at which the sleeve most approaches a drum of a photosensitive material, Wt is the weight concentration (%) of the toner in the developer, Wc is the weight concentration (%) of the carrier in the developer, .rho.t is the true density (g/cm.sup.3) of the toner, and .rho.

Abstract: Infra-Red Densitometer (IRD) readings are utilized to check the efficiency of two-pass cleaning of the black toner patch in a tri-level imaging apparatus. The IRD examines the background patch of the tri-level image and declares a machine fault if excessive toner is detected.

Abstract: An image density control method applicable to an electrophotographic copier or similar image recorder for controlling the toner concentration of a two-component developer, i.e., a mixture of toner and carrier to maintain the density of a toner image produced by the developer constant. Predetermined calculations are performed on the basis of the output of a photosensor which is responsive to the toner images representative of reference patterns formed on a photoconductive element.

Abstract: In a single pass tri-level imaging apparatus, a pair of Electrostatic Voltmeters (ESV) are utilized to monitor various control patch voltages to allow for feedback control of Infra-Red Densitometer (IRD) readings.The ESV readings are used to adjust the IRD readings of each toner patch. For the black toner patch, readings of an ESV positioned between two developer housing structures are used to monitor the patch voltage. If the voltage is above target (high development field) the IRD reading is increased by an amount proportional to the voltage error. For the color toner patch, readings using an ESV positioned upstream of the developer housing structures and the dark decay projection to the color housing are used to make a similar correction to the color toner patch IRD readings (but opposite in sign because, for color, a lower voltage results in a higher development field).

Abstract: A photosensitive member for electrophotography comprises a photoconductive layer on an electroconductive substrate, said photoconductive layer being provided with a light scattering means having light scattering function.

Abstract: Disclosed is a migration imaging member comprising a substrate, an infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer comprising a pigment predominantly sensitive to infrared or red light radiation, and a softenable layer comprising a softenable material, a charge transport material, and migration marking material predominantly sensitive to radiation at a wavelength other than that to which the infrared or red light radiation sensitive pigment is sensitive contained at or near the surface of the softenable layer. When the migration imaging member is imaged and developed, it is particularly suitable for use as a xeroprinting master and can also be used for viewing or for storing data.

Abstract: A raster output scanner (ROS) system is configured to direct a scanning beam of light against a surface of a photosensitive imaging member at the Brewster angle is determined by the angle of refraction of the medium on both sides of the interface. When incident at the Brewster angle, the light rays, polarized in the plane parallel to the plane of incidence, will be almost totally absorbed by the photosensitive layer of the imaging member, resulting in almost total elimination of primary reflections from the surface of the imaging member. The increased transmission yields two benefits. The plywood effect created by the interference of the first dominant reflection from the top surface, and a second dominant reflection from the ground plane of the imaging member is eliminated. The second byproduct of exposing the imaging member at the Brewster angle is to create a reduction in the permissible tolerances for variations of the thickness of the photosensitive top layer of the imaging member.

Abstract: A process for the verification of toner compositions which comprises adding to the toner an alkali metal bicarbonate, and thereafter adding thereto an acid thereby causing the formation of effervescence.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for patterning a substrate. A laminate of an electrically non-conductive material, an electrically conductive material, and an additional electrically non-conductive material is xerographically processed so as to leave a toner image formed upon the surface of one of the non-conductives. The non-conducive and conductive are successively removed chemically in those areas not coated by the toner, leaving a conductive pattern replica of the original toner image. Subsequent processing yields an exposed conductive pattern overlaying a non-conductive supporting substrate. Xerographic processes includes photocopying and xerographic laser imaging from a low power laser printer. The laminate may be formed in a single step or may be the product of a commercial two layer laminate coated by a standard painting or sealing process.

Abstract: A weak electrostatic image on an imaging member is amplified by first toning it with a charge injection toner. The imaging member is recharged without fusing the toner image to a charge of the same polarity as the first charge but substantially higher potential. The excess charge over the first charge injects through the toner to create an amplified electrostatic image that can be toned.

Abstract: Disclosed are ionographic imaging apparatuses and processes. One apparatus comprises an imaging means, means for applying to the imaging means a liquid material capable of forming a dielectric peel layer adhering to the imaging means, ionographic writing means for generating a latent image on the peel layer, means for developing the latent image on the peel layer, and means for simultaneously transferring the peel layer bearing the developed image from the imaging means to a substrate and affixing the peel layer bearing the developed image to the substrate.

Abstract: A photovoltaic photo-receptor includes a glass substrate, a transparent electrode, a plurality of photovoltaic layers which are sequentially laminated and formed and mainly composed of a-Si having photovoltaic functions, and a surface layer formed on the uppermost photovoltaic layer and composed of a-SiN. When a light image is irradiated from an LED array head, photovoltaic voltges are generated on the respective photovoltaic layers in accordance with the light image, whereby an electrostatic latent image having a potential which is established by adding the voltages generated at the respective photovoltaic layers is formed on the surface layer. A toner to which a developing bias is applied is supplied from a magnetic brush to be brought into contact with the surface layer of the photovoltaic photoreceptor, so that the electrostatic latent image is toner-developed. A toner image is transcribed onto a paper by a transcribing roller which is applied with a transferring bias.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image member for use in an electrophotographic machine which can simultaneously perform such as charge not by a corona discharge, exposure, developing, cleaning, and the like, where a photosensitive unit including a photoconductive layer is laminated on a transparent supporting member, and the photosensitive unit which is added with an element for trapping an electric charge being injected in the vicinity of its surface can trap the electric charge being injected therein by a magnetic brush making contact with the outer surface of the photosensitive unit.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for ascertaining electrical discharge properties of an electrophotographic imaging member including the steps of (a) providing at least one electrophotographic imaging member comprising an electrically conductive layer and at least one photoconductive layer, (b) contacting the surface of the electrophotographic imaging member with a substantially transparent electrode and applying an electric potential or an electric current to form an electric field across the photoconductive layer, (c) terminating the applying of the electric potential or the electric current, (d) exposing the photoconductive layer to activating radiation to discharge the electrophotographic imaging member, (e) repeating steps (b), (c) and (d), and (f) measuring the potential across the photoconductive layer during steps (b), (c) and (d) as a function of time by means of an electrostatic meter coupled to the electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor capable of repeated copying without one imagewise exposure for every one copying and which is superior in stability, sensitivity, resolution and tone reproduction. This method comprises converting to an insualtor, by irradiation with energy ray, any selected area of a surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, a carrier generation layer and a carrier transport layer composed mainly of a compound which is converted to an insulator by irradiation with energy ray.

Abstract: A red reproduction-improving electrophotographic image-forming method to be practiced in an electrophotographic image-forming system having a halogen lamp image-forming light source, characterized by using:(a) an image-forming light of a continuous wavelength in the region of from 400 to 700 nm from said halogen lamp light source,(b) a magnet roller capable of forming toner brush comprising magnetic materials of said magnetic toner in said cleaning mechanism, and(c) an amorphous silicon system photosensitive member in a cylindrical form as said cylindrical photosensitive member: said amorphous silicon system photosensitive member comprising a substrate and a light receiving layer which comprises a 0.01 to 10 .mu.m thick charge injection inhibition layer composed of an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as the matrix, a 1 to 100 .mu.m thick photoconductive layer of 3.2 to 3.

Abstract: A member for charging comprises a surface layer formed of a N-alkoxymethylated nylon. A contact charging method performs charging of a member to be charged arranged in contact with the member for charging by applying externally a voltage on the member for charging. An electrophotographic device comprises the member for charging and an electrophotographic photosensitive member arranged in contact with the member for charging.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming member for forming color images including an organic photosensitive layer sandwiched between a dielectric layer and a conductive layer. The photoconductive layer includes a first charge generation layer adjacent to the conductive layer, a charge transfer layer on the first charge generation layer and a second charge generation layer on the charge transfer layer. During exposure, resistance of the photosensitive layer is reduced so that charges can flow through the photosensitive layer to create oppositely charged portions of the image forming member corresponding to a desired image of each color. Appropriately charged color toner adheres to the surface of the image forming member in the form of the desired image. After each color toner image is formed, the completed color image is transferred to a transfer medium.

Abstract: A photo-mask comprises a light-permeable substrate, a plurality of light-shielding films that are disposed on the substrate, the light-shielding films forming a mask pattern, and a light-permeable protective film that is disposed over the surface of the substrate including the light-shielding films so as to protect the light-shielding films.

Abstract: An electrophotographic device has an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a blade for charging arranged in contact with the photosensitive member, the photosensitive member being charged by application of a voltage on the blade for charging, wherein the ten point surface average roughness Rz of the photosensitive member is 0.3 .mu.m to 5.0 .mu.m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging process including providing an electrophotographic imaging member containing a change generating layer and a charge transport layer, the charge transport layer containing polystyrene film forming binder and certain specified aromatic diamine or certain specified hydrazone charge transport molecules, depositing a uniform electrostatic charge on the imaging member with a corona charging device, exposing the imaging member to activating radiation in image configuration to form an electrostatic latent image on the imaging member, developing the electrostatic latent image with electrostatically attractable marking particles to form a toner image, transferring the toner image to a receiving member and repeating the depositing, exposing, developing and transferring steps, the time elapsed between the exposing and the developing steps being between about 0.5 millisecond and about 500 milliseconds.

Abstract: A method of using a liquid electrophotographic toner with a permanent master to electrostatically transfer a electrophotographically developed electrostatic image via a reversal photographic process from the permanent master to a receiving surface is disclosed. The permanent master is made from a multilayer plate of a photopolymer material and a protective overcoated material whose surface is hard, low friction and acts as a physical and chemical barrier.

Abstract: An abnormality of a key component of an electrostatic image-recording machine is detected using a surface potentiometer originally installed in the machine for use in controlling the charging voltage of the photoreceptor drum. The detectable components are: main charger, transfer charger, discharge lamp, and developing roller. They are judged abnormal if the voltage of the drum surface is out of a normal range when they are functioned before an actual recording process (or during warming-up of the machine).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic apparatus and method which repeatedly use an electrophotographic photoreceptor having on an electroconductive support a photosensitive layer formed by dispersing a charge-generating substance in a binder containing a charge-transporting substance and a binder resin and a means or step for optically erasing the residual charges on the photoreceptor after transfer, the main component of a light used in the means for optically erasing the residual charges having the wavelength range which satisfies the condition defined in the formula (1):l/d.ltoreq.0.5 (1)ps wherein l is the distance of penetration of the light, i.e. the distance in the direction of depth in which the light incident on the photosensitive layer is attenuated to one tenth in intensity, and d is the thickness of the photosensitive layer.

Abstract: Stabilization of the white or background discharge voltage level of tri-level images is accomplished by monitoring photoreceptor white discharge level in the inter-document area of the photoreceptor using an electrostatic voltmeter. The information obtained thereby is utilized to control the output of a raster output scanner so as to maintain the white discharge level at a predetermined level.

Abstract: A radiation beam used for selectively exposing a surface is moved in a helical path by means of two oscillating mirrors vibrating about axes that are mutually perpendicular. By maintaining a constant product for oscillating frequency and rotational oscillatory mirror deflection, the level of exposure can be made substantially constant.

Abstract: A xeroradiographic imaging member containing a substrate having an electrically conductive surface, an electroradiographic insulating layer selected from the group consisting of selenium and selenium alloys, and an overcoating layer containing nigrosene, a charge transport compound and a copolyester resin represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein the diacid is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and mixtures thereof, the diol comprises ethylene glycol, the mole ratio of the diacid to the diol is about 1:1, n is a number between about 175 and about 350 and the T.sub.g of the copolyester resin is between about 50.degree. C. about 80.degree. C.

Abstract: The photoconductive layer of an electrophotographic plate, such as used to record radiographic patterns, is overcoated with a thin dielectric layer having luminescing (e.g., fluorescing or phosphorescing) properties. Upon being uniformly charged and imagewise exposed to actinic radiation (i.e. radiation to which the photoconductive layer responds), the resulting charge pattern is developed with toner. The toner-bearing surface of the electrophotographic plate is irradiated with radiation adapted to excite the luminescent overcoat. The toner image serves, in effect, to mask any luminescence by the underlying overcoat, thereby giving rise to a luminescent contrast image which may be recovered by laser scanning or CCD techniques, or photographed directly.