Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having in their molecule a structure contributing to high hydrophilicity, and having high photopolymerizability, as well as polymers of such compounds, and a method for producing the compound. The compounds are diol (meth)acrylate having a urethane bond represented by the formula (1), and cyclic ketal (meth)acrylate having a urethane bond represented by the formula (2): (R1: H, —CH3; R2: —(CH2)n-; R3: —(CH2)m-; n: 1-4; m: 1-8; (AO): C2-C4 oxyalkylene group; x: 0-1000; R4, R5: H, —CH3, —C2H5).

Abstract: Provided are compounds of formula (I) and other compounds. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds. Additionally, methods of inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity in a mammal are provided, as are methods of treating or preventing inflammation in a mammal, and methods of treating a mammal having sepsis, septicemia, and/or endotoxic shock.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1-(2-ethyl-butyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid which is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (i) a polymer which is insoluble or poorly soluble in an alkali aqueous solution but becomes soluble in an alkali aqueous solution by the action of an acid, (ii) an acid generator, and (iii) a compound of the formula (I). The present invention also provides an ester derivative useful as a component of the chemically amplified positive resist composition, and process for producing the ester derivative.

Abstract: This application relates to methods and compositions for treating rheumatoid arthritis by administering a combination therapy comprising methotrexate and an antibody to alpha-4 integrin or an immunologically active antigen binding fragment in therapeutically effective amounts. The application also relates generally to methods and compositions for treating rheumatoid arthritis by administering a combination therapy comprising methotrexate and small molecule alpha-4 integrin antagonist that inhibits the alpha-4 integrin (?4 integrin) interaction with VCAM-1. The invention further relates to methods of preparing the compounds and methods of using the compounds and compositions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein ring Y represents monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, in which one —CH2— group is substituted with —COO— group, and at least one hydrogen atom in the monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon group may optionally be substituted with alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atom, alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atom, perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or cyano group; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; and n shows an integer of 0 to 12. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention provides a carrier capable of highly efficiently introducing a compound into cells with low cytotoxicity, which contains peptide lipids represented by the following formula, and a method for introducing a compound into cells using the carrier: wherein R1 is an amino acid or peptide having 1-10 amino acid residues, R2 is a side chain of any amino acid, provided that R2 has a carboxyl group, the carboxyl group may be an ester with a hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, R3 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A supported catalyst comprising a support having supported thereon at least one member selected from the group consisting of heteropolyacids and heteropolyacid salts, in which the heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid salt is substantially present in a surface layer region of the support to a depth of 30% from the support surface. The catalyst has a high performance when used for the production of compounds by various reactions.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compounds and their use in fragrance and flavor applications, represented by the general formula set forth below: wherein R1 can be selected from H or wherein R4 is independently selected from H, CH3, and CH2CH3; R2 and R3 can be independently selected from H, ?O, CH3, OCH3, CH?O and —OAc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the continuous production of unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydrides of general formula (I): R—C(O)—O—C(O)—R (I), wherein R is an unsaturated organic group with 2 to 12 C atoms, by reaction of a ketene with an unsaturated carboxylic acid of general formula (II): R—COOH (II), wherein R is defined as above, in an apparatus which has a reaction zone (1) for the reaction of a ketene with an unsaturated carboxylic acid of general formula (II), and a reaction zone (2) for the subsequent reaction of the crude anhydride mixture and a rectification column with an upper, a middle and a lower zone, in the sump of which an inert boiling oil is present.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein X represents alkylene group or substituted alkylene group; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; and n shows 0 or 1. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I), and a resin which contains a structural unit having an acid-labile group and which itself is insoluble or poorly soluble in an alkali aqueous solution but becomes soluble in an alkali aqueous solution by the action of an acid.

Abstract: A carbon-based solid acid which has high activity and high thermal stability and is useful as an acid catalyst for various reactions such as hydration of olefins. The carbon-based solid acid for use as a catalyst is obtained by carbonization and sulfonation of an organic substance, which has a reduction rate of 10 mol % or less of acid content as measured by immersing the solid acid in hot water at 120° C. for 2 hours, is used as the acid catalyst. The organic substance to be used as the raw material for preparing the solid acid is preferably a saccharide having ?1-4 glycosidic bond (e.g. cellulose) or lignin. Amylose is also suitable as the raw material. Examples of the reaction for which the solid catalyst can be used include hydration of olefins, etherification of olefins, and acid/alcohol esterification.

Abstract: A liquid crystal is provided, which can be used in a liquid crystal display (LCD) to provide an LCD exhibiting a good transmittance. The liquid crystal according to the invention has the following properties: (i) a dielectric anisotropy (??) ranging from about ?2.5 to about ?5; (ii) a splay elastic constant (K11) ranging from about 1.1×10?11 N to about 1.6×10?11 N; (iii) a bend elastic constant (K33) ranging from about 1.1×10?11 N to about 1.6×10?11 N; and (iv) ??, K11 (N) and K33 (N) conforming to the following equation: K 11 + K 33 ? 10 × ? ? ? ? ? < 1.28 × 10 - 12 . A liquid crystal material combination is also provided which comprises the liquid crystal according to the invention above mentioned and a polymerizable monomer.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel thermoprecipitating polymers of formula 1 containing novel enzyme sensitive ligands of the formula 4, processes for the preparation thereof respectively, and to the use thereof for the separation of enzymes. In formula 1 R is hydrogen or methyl, 1 is an integer in the range of from 1 to 10, m and n are either 0 or 1, x and y are integers greater than 1.

Abstract: Use of a compound of general formula (1) as a slip agent in a PET polymer, wherein: R and R1 represent hydrocarbon moieties, each hydrocarbon moiety comprising 6 to 24 carbon atoms and wherein R and/or R1 may be linear, branched chain, saturated or contain one or more double a bonds; X represents one of the moieties (a), wherein A represents a hydrocarbon moiety comprising 2 to 36 carbon atoms and may be linear, branched chain, saturated or contain one or more double bonds.

Abstract: This present invention relates to prodrug compounds of the formula (Y) and pharmaceutical salts thereof: where RN, R1, R2, R3R4 and RC are defined herein, which are useful in treating Alzheimer's disease and other similar diseases.

Abstract: A solid, hydrocarbon-insoluble, catalyst component useful in polymerizing olefins containing magnesium, titanium, and halogen further contains an internal electron donor comprising a compound containing electron donating substituents with a structure: wherein D1 and D2 are selected individually from and R, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 individually are hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and R2, R3, R4, R6, and R7 may be hydrogen; R4 may be —NR2; and wherein groups R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R3 and R5, and groups R6 and R7 may be joined to form a cyclic structure.

Abstract: A compound represented by general formula (b-14); and acid generator consisting of the compound; and a resist composition including a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid and an acid-generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure, the acid-generator component (B) including an acid generator (B1) consisting of a compound represented by general formula (b1-14): wherein R7? to R9? each independently represents an aryl group or an alkyl group, wherein two of R7? to R9? may be bonded to each other to form a ring with the sulfur atom, and at least one of R7? to R9? represents a substituted aryl group in which a portion or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with an alkoxyalkyloxy group or an alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy group; and X? represents an anion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a 1,3,5-triazine compound represented by the following formula I: This compound can be synthesized easily and more economically and can be used as a dehydrating condensing agent having the property of accumulating at a water interface. In the case where carboxylic acid, amine, alcohol or other reaction substrate is amphiphilic, when mixing the dehydrating condensing agent of the present invention, which is amphiphilic, and the substrate to form various molecular aggregate phase including micelles in an aqueous solution, the substrate and the dehydrating condensing agent can be accumulated at the water interface. As a result, the concentration of the substrate increases locally at the water interface, and condensation reaction can be performed extremely efficiently.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reusable, universal polymer support for repetitive oligonucleotide synthesis and a method of synthesis thereof.

Abstract: A process for preparing natural oil hydroxylates, the process comprising reacting an amino compound containing hydroxyl groups having a molecular weight of less than 200 Daltons with vegetable oil derived polyols.

Abstract: The invention is based on the discovery that certain well-defined compounds derived from pentacyclopentadecane dimethanol are useful components in adhesive formulations. In particular, the invention compounds described herein provide high Tg values and low shrinkage. Compounds of the invention are useful as adhesives for use in the semiconductor packaging industry.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to triester-based lubricant compositions. The present invention is also directed to methods of making these and other similar lubricant compositions. In some embodiments, the methods for making such triester-based lubricants utilize a biomass precursor and/or low value Fischer-Tropsch (FT) products (e.g., alcohols) so as to produce high value triester-based lubricants. In some embodiments, such triester-based lubricants are derived, at least in part, from FT alcohols and fatty acids. The fatty acids can be from a bio-based source (i.e., biomass, renewable source) or can be derived from FT alcohols via oxidation.

Abstract: Methods and reagents for photo-initiated carbonylation with carbon-isotope labeled carbon monoxide using alkyl/aryl iodides with alcohols or water treated by photosensitizers are provided. The resultant carbon-isotope labeled esters and acids, and pharmaceutical acceptable salts and solvates are useful as radiopharmaceuticals, especially for use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Associated kits and method for PET studies are also provided.

Abstract: A novel method of reducing a functional group in an oxidised form. The invention relates more particularly to the reduction of aldehyde, ketone, ester, lactone, nitrile or phosphine oxide groups. The reduction method according to the invention is characterised in that it comprises exposing the substrate including the functional group to be reduced to the presence of a siloxane-type compound of the following formula (I), combined with a Lewis acid-type catalyst. In said formula (I):—R1 and R2, which are the same or different, are an alkyl, cycloalkyle or aryl group, —X is a digit from 0 to 50.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for labeling One or two oxygen atom(s) in a carboxyl group of a carboxyl-containing compound with an oxygen isotope selected from oxygen-17 (17O) or oxygen-18 (18O). The methods of the present invention are characterized in that an activated ester of the carboxyl-containing compound (carboxylic acid) is reacted with H217O or H218O in the presence of an activator. In the methods of the present invention, the reaction between the activated ester of a carboxylic acid and H217O or H218O can be allowed to proceed without including drastic conditions such as strongly acidic conditions or alkaline hydrolysis because an activator is used.

Abstract: Biphenylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I) methods for preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds as well as the use of said compounds as a medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, obesity and type II diabetes.

Abstract: The invention relates to new protected 3,5-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-valeroamides for the synthesis of epothilones and derivatives and process for the production and the use of the new compounds for the production of epothilones or epothilone derivatives.

Abstract: An emulsion stabilizer is disclosed having a water tolerance value of between more than about 1.0 and equal or less than about 11.0.

Abstract: Benzophenone/thioxanthone derivatives useful as photoinitiators are provided as well as photopolymerizable compositions comprising the benzophenone/thioxanthone derivatives.

Abstract: This invention concerns novel labeling reactants suitable for labeling of a biospecific binding reactant using solid-phase synthesis. The novel reactants are derivatives of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), wherein a suitable group is linked to the DTPA molecule, thus allowing site specific introduction of the ligand of the derivatives to bioactive molecules on solid phase in an oligopeptide synthesizer.

Abstract: Novel benzoquinone-derived compounds and polymorphs, prodrugs, geometric or optical isomers thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable esters, ethers, carbamates, oximes of such compounds, polymorphs, prodrugs and isomers are provided. Process for preparation of compounds of the invention and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and their use for reducing or inhibiting activity of lipase gene family for treatment, amelioration or prevention of lipase gene family mediated diseases and conditions including overweight, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis, diabetes, atherosclerosis, other cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, and metabolic disorders are provided. Methods of use of the compounds for skin care, hair care and cosmetics are provided.

Abstract: A phosphonium compound embedded in a matrix substrate wherein the phosphonium compound is selected from a group consisting of tris (hydroxyorgano) phosphine (THP), a THP+ salt (tetrakis (hydroxyorgano) phosphonium salt) or a condensate of THP and a nitrogen containing compound. The compound may be used to reduce the numbers of micro organisms in industrial systems and may also be used to reduce iron carbonate or iron, lead and zinc scale deposits.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to labeled compounds of the formulae wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of —S—, —S(?O)—, and —S(?O)2—, Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-naphthyl, substituted 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, substituted 2-naphthyl, and phenyl groups with the structure wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C1-C4 lower alkyl, a halogen, and an amino group selected from the group consisting of NH2, NHR and NRR? where R and R? are each independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 lower alkyl, an aryl, and an alkoxy group, and X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C1-C4 lower alkyl group, and a fully-deuterated C1-C4 lower alkyl group. The present invention is also directed to a process of preparing labeled compounds, e.g.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I) wherein X represents —OH or —Y—OH, n shows an integer of 1 to 9, A+ represents an organic counter ion, Y represents a divalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein ring X represents monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, and one or more hydrogen atom in the ring X is optionally substituted with alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; and n shows an integer of 1 to 12. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing ester or thioester that can conduct catalytic esterification reaction with an equimolar amount of carboxylic acid and alcohol, or catalytic thioesterification reaction with carboxylic acid and an equimolar amount or small amount of thiol, and can be expected as an industrial method that needs an enormous amount of synthesis in the light of green chemistry. By using hafnium chloride (IV), especially tetravalent hafnium compounds represented by hafnium chloride (IV)·(THF)2 or hafnium (IV)t-butoxide as a (poly) condensation catalyst, direct condensation reaction is conducted from carboxylic acid and an equimolar amount of alcohol or a little smaller amount of thiol, in the nonpolar solvent such as toluene and the like, in a deoxidization atmosphere and under heating reflux, and the reaction synthesizes ester monomer or thioester monomer, polyester or polythioester.

Abstract: Compositions, in particular cosmetic compositions, comprising a cyclohexane-based compound defined by formula (I): wherein: R, which may be identical or different, are each chosen from hydrogen atoms and linear and branched, saturated hydrocarbons comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms; Y, which may be identical or different, are each chosen from —CO—S—R? groups, —CO—NHR? groups, NH—COR? groups and —S—COR? groups, wherein R?, which may be identical or different, are each chosen from hydrogen atoms, aryl groups, optionally substituted with at least one hydrocarbon comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms, wherein said hydrocarbon is chosen from linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and linear, branched and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms, wherein said hydrocarbons may optionally be substituted with at least one group chosen from aryl groups, ester groups, amide groups and urethane groups; wherein said hydrocarbons may optionally comprise at least on

Abstract: Methods for imparting softness to polyolefin-containing articles are described wherein the methods comprise: (a) providing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of the general formula (I) and compounds of the general formula (II): A-B-C-B-A??(I) A-B-Acyl??(II) wherein each A independently represents a R—C(O)O— group wherein R represents an alkyl group having from 7 to 21 carbon atoms; each B independently represents a —(CnH2nO)k— group wherein n represents a number of from 2 to 4 and k represents a number of from 1 to 15; and C represents an alkylene group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms; (b) combining the at least one compound and a polyolefin-containing material to form a mixture; and (c) subjecting the mixture to further processing to form an article.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein X represents divalent or trivalent residue of acyclic hydrocarbon having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or divalent or trivalent residue of hydrocarbon having 3 to 30 carbon atoms which contains monocyclic or bicyclic ring, wherein —CH2— in the hydrocarbon may be substituted with —O— and one or more hydrogen atom in X is optionally substituted with alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or cyano group; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; Y represents hydroxyl group, cyano group or methoxy group; and n shows 1 or 2. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: This invention describes processes for the convergent synthesis of calicheamicin derivatives, and similar analogs using bifunctional and trifunctional linker intermediates.

Abstract: A compound represented by formula I is used as a marker for organic products. wherein Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthylene group; R1 represents a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group of the formula C(O)R4 where R4 is a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; and R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight or branched chain alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl group; and Z represents a hydrogen atom or a group of atoms that combine with Ar2 or R3 to form a lactone ring.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrophilic additives for synthetic fibres containing polyolefin; said additives are represented by general formula (I): A—B—C—B—A wherein A is a radical R—COO, wherein R represents a saturated, cross-linked or non-cross-linked alkyl radical having 7–21 C atoms, B represents a group (CnH2nO)k, wherein n is a whole number from 2–4 and k can have a value of 1–15, C represents a linear or cross-linked alkylene radical having at least 2 and at the most 6 C atoms and the radical C can be, optionally, interrupted by oxygen atoms.

Abstract: Methyl (R)-2-(R1OSO2)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetates useful as intermediates in the preparation of methyl (S)-2(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]-5-pyridyl)acetate.

Abstract: A compound of the following structure: wherein R1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R2 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiRaRbRc, CH2ORd, or CORe; Ra, Rb and Rc are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; Rd is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —RiSiRaRbRc or a benzyl group, wherein Ri is an alkylene group; Re is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NRgRh, wherein Rg and Rh are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R3 is (CH2)n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH2CH(CH3)—, —CH?CH—, —CH?C(CH3)—, or —C?C—; R4 is (CH2)p where p is an integer in the range of 4 to 12, —(CHRk1)y1(CHRk2)y2(CHRk3)y3(CHRk4)y4(CHRk5)y5C(Rs1)?C(Rs2)C(Rs3)?C(Rs4)—, —(CHRk1)y1(CHRk2)y2(CHRk3)y3(CHRk4)y4(CHRk5)y5CH(Rs1) CH(Rs2)C(Rs3)?C(Rs4)—, —(CHRk1)y1(CHRk2)y2(CHRk3)y3(CHRk4)y4(CHRk5)y5C(Rs1)?C(Rs2)CH(Rs3)CH(Rs4)—, —(CHRk1)y1(CHRk2)y2(CHR

Abstract: Novel ultraviolet absorbing compounds that are liquid in nature, are low in color (and thus permit use without the concomitant necessity of adding large amounts of other coloring agents to combat such discoloring), and are highly effective in providing protection in wavelength ranges for which previous attempts at low-color ultraviolet absorbers have failed are provided herein. Such compounds provide such excellent, inexpensive, and beneficial protection from ultraviolet exposure within various media, including, but not limited to, clear thermoplastics. The particular compounds are generally polymeric in nature including various chain lengths of polyoxyalkylenes thereon and are liquid in nature to facilitate handling and introduction within the target media. In addition, such ultraviolet absorbers also exhibit extremely low migratory properties thereby providing long-term protective benefits to the target media as well.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst, which process involves: (a) combining an aqueous solution of metal salt with an aqueous solution of a metal cyanide salt and reacting these solutions; and (b) recovering the DMC catalyst from the reaction mixture, in which process the DMC catalyst is prepared in the presence of from 0.03 to 0.4 mole of alkaline metal compound, based on amount of metal salt. Further, the present invention relates to DMC catalyst obtainable by such process, to DMC catalyst prepared from a metal salt and a metal cyanide salt in which the molar ratio of metal derived from the metal salt to metal derived from the metal cyanide salt is at least 2.25 and to a process for polymerization of alkylene oxides which process involves reacting initiator with alkylene oxide in the presence of at most 15 ppm of DMC catalyst.

Abstract: The invention is directed to nucleophile-stable thioester generating compounds comprising a carboxyester thiol. The compounds have wide applicability in organic synthesis, including the generation of peptide-, polypeptide- and other polymer-thioesters. The invention is particularly useful for generating activated-thioesters from precursors that are made under conditions in which strong nucleophiles are employed, such as peptides or polypeptides made using Fmoc SPPS, as well as multi-step ligation or conjugation schemes that require (or benefit from the use of) compatible selective approaches for directing a specific ligation or conjugation reaction of interest.

Abstract: The current invention provides methods for molecule purification by RP-LC and RP-HPLC that uses unbranched terminal alkyldiols as eluting solvents. In particular, the present invention purifies molecules, particularly proteins and peptides, on reverse phase liquid chromatography columns using a buffer containing either 1,5 pentanediol, 1,6 hexanediol or 1,7 heptanediol.

Abstract: Provided are polyimide and a thin film thereof which have a three-dimensional structure and therefore are excellent in a mechanical strength and a heat resistance as compared with those of conventional linear polyimide. The polyimide is obtained from a salt of multifunctional amine represented by Formula (1): (wherein A represents a tetravalent organic group, and n represents an integer of 0 to 3) and tetracarboxylic diester represented by Formula (2): (wherein B represents a tetravalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R1 and R2 each represent independently an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms).