Abstract: A method of purifying isosaccharinate by mixing sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide with calcium isosaccharinate, removing the precipitated calcium carbonate and adjusting the pH to between approximately 4.5 to 5.0 thereby removing excess carbonate and hydroxide to provide an acidic solution containing isosaccharinate.

Abstract: In a process for oxidizing a hydrocarbon to a corresponding hydroperoxide, alcohol, ketone, carboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid, the hydrocarbon is contacted with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising a cyclic imide of the general formula (I): wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or from the groups SO3H, NH2, OH and NO2, or from the atoms H, F, Cl, Br and I provided that R1 and R2 can be linked to one another via a covalent bond; each of Q1 and Q2 is independently selected from C, CH, N and CR3; each of X and Z is independently selected from C, S, CH2, N, P and elements of Group 4 of the Periodic Table; Y is O or OH; k is 0, 1, or 2; 1 is 0, 1, or 2; m is 1 to 3, and R3 can be any of the entities listed for R1.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid derivative of formula (I): wherein R1 is —COOH, —COOR6, etc.; A is a single bond, alkylene, etc.; R2 is alkyl, alkoxy, etc.; B is a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; Q is alkylnene-Cyc2, etc.; D is a linking chain; and R3 is alkyl, a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring, or a non-toxic salt thereof. The compound of formula (I) binds to PGE2 receptor, especially subtypes EP3 and/or EP4 and show the antagonizing activity, are useful for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases induced pain, itch, urticaria, allergy, urinary frequency, urinary disturbance, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, etc.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of certain [3.1.0]hexane derivatives which are useful as mGluR agonists, and intermediates prepared during such processes.

Abstract: The invention concerns novel compounds of the N-acylamino-amide family, compositions, in particular cosmetic or pharmaceutical, containing them, and their use for treating body or face skin ageing, whether chronobiologic or light-induced, and in particular skin ageing caused by decrease of skin elasticity and/or by collagen degradation in the structure for tissues.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for converting ammonium salts of organic acids to the particular free organic acid, wherein an aqueous solution of the ammonium salt is contacted with an organic extractant and the salt is dissociated at temperatures and pressures at which the aqueous solution and the extractant are in the liquid state, and a stripping medium or entraining gas is introduced in order to remove NH3 from the aqueous solution and transfer at least a portion of the free organic acid formed to the organic extractant. The invention described here thus provides an improved process for releasing an organic acid, preferably a carboxylic, sulphonic or phosphonic acid, especially an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid or beta-hydroxycarboxylic acid, from the ammonium salt thereof by release and removal of ammonia and simultaneous extraction of the acid released with a suitable extractant from the aqueous phase. This process corresponds to a reactive extraction.

Abstract: 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid is produced in high yields and high purity from 2,5-dihaloterephthalic acid by contact with a copper source and a ligand that coordinates to copper under basic conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for generating propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and other polyols, diols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and alcohols from biomass using hydrogen produced from the biomass. The methods involve reacting a portion of an aqueous stream of a biomass feedstock solution over a catalyst under aqueous phase reforming conditions to produce hydrogen, and then reacting the hydrogen and the aqueous feedstock solution over a catalyst to produce propylene glycol, ethylene glycal and the other polyols, diols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and alcohols. The disclosed methods can be run at lower temperatures and pressures, and allows for the production of oxygenated hydrocarbons without the need for hydrogen from an external source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of gabapentin and, more in particular, to a method of synthesis of 1,1-cyclohexane acetic acid monoamide, an intermediate used in the preparation of gabapentin, comprising the basic hydrolysis reaction of ?, -diaminocarbonyl-?,?-pentamethylene glutarimide.

Abstract: Optionally isolated and/or purified enatiomers of 2-heptylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid and mixtures of two, three or all enantiomers of 2-heptylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid are disclosed as perfumes and/or flavourings.

Abstract: In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a system and method converting biomass into useful chemicals are provided. In a particular embodiment, the method includes fermenting biomass in one or more fermentors to produce a fermentation broth comprising ammonium carboxylate salts, the fermentors containing an ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate buffer. The method further includes reacting the ammonium carboxylate salts from the fermentors with a high-molecular-weight amine to produce amine carboxylate salt, and thermally cracking the amine carboxylate salt to produce carboxylic acid. In another embodiment, the ammonium carboxylate salts from the fermentors may be reacted with a low-molecular-weight amine to produce a low-molecular-weight-amine carboxylate salt.

Abstract: Processes for oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes into the corresponding carboxylic acids are provided herein, including processes for the aerobic catalytic oxidation of a hydroxyl moiety pendant to a cyclic carbohydrate to a carboxylic acid in a manner that preserves the cyclic carbohydrate structure. The oxidation processes may be performed in the absence of a transition metal catalyst, halogenated solvent and a hypochlorite reagent. The processes and compositions with and without a bromide source are provided. A liquid reaction media comprising a carboxylic acid and a catalyst composition may be combined with the reactant alcohol substrate to form a reaction media which can be pressurized at constant volume with an oxygen-containing gas under conditions of temperature and constant pressure within a reaction vessel to selectively oxidize the reactant substrate to form a carboxylic acid product.

Abstract: Aspirin triggered lipid mediators (ATLMs) are disclosed which are useful for the treatment of prevention of inflammation associated with various diseases, including ischemia.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of compounds as new chiral selectors for separating the optical or enantiomeric isomers of a compound, wherein the chiral selector comprises at least one compound of formula (I): and at least one metal ion, for example Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ or Co2+.

Abstract: Peri-substituted, fused bicyclic ring carboxylic acids useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of a prostaglandin-mediated disease or condition are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds useful, for example, for treating metabolic disorders in a subject. Such compounds have the general formula I: where the definitions of the variables are provided herein. The present invention also provides compositions that include, and methods for using, the compounds in preparing medicaments and for treating metabolic disorders such as, for example, type II diabetes.

Abstract: Tetraphosphorous ligands are combined with transition metal salts to form catalysts for use in hydroformylation, isomerization-hydroformylation, hydrocarboxylation, hydrocyan-ation, isomerization-formylation, hydroaminomethylation and similar related reactions.

Abstract: A compound which is able to activate a calcium receptor can be used as an active ingredient of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for treating diarrhea. The compound can be a peptide such as ?-Glu-X-Gly (X represents an amino acid or an amino acid derivative), ?-Glu-Val-Y (Y represents an amino acid or an amino acid derivative), ?-Glu-Ala, ?-Glu-Gly, ?-Glu-Cys, ?-Glu-Met, ?-Glu-Thr, ?-Glu-Val, ?-Glu-Orn, Asp-Gly, Cys-Gly, Cys-Met, Glu-Cys, Gly-Cys, Leu-Asp, ?-Glu-Met(O), ?-Glu-?-Glu-Val, ?-Glu-Val-NH2, ?-Glu-Val-ol, ?-Glu-Ser, ?-Glu-Tau, ?-Glu-Cys(S-Me)(O), ?-Glu-Leu, ?-Glu-Ile, ?-Glu-t-Leu, and ?-Glu-Cys(S-Me).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing at least one of an ?,?-unsaturated aldehyde and an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid from an alcohol in a liquid phase through a simple process. Namely, at least one of an ?,?-unsaturated aldehyde and an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid is produced by dehydrating and oxidizing an alcohol in a liquid phase at 110 to 250° C. in the presence of molecular oxygen and a noble metal-containing catalyst. Alternatively, at least one of an ?,?-unsaturated aldehyde and an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid is produced by dehydrating and oxidizing an alcohol in a liquid phase in the presence of molecular oxygen, a noble metal-containing catalyst, and an acidic substance.

Abstract: A photosensitive composition comprising a compound capable of generating a compound having a specific structure upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation; a pattern forming method using the photosensitive composition; a compound having a specific structure; and a compound capable of generating a compound having a specific structure upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation.

Abstract: Described herein are inventions in the field of genetic engineering of plants, including combinations of nucleic acid molecules encoding pyruvate kinase subunits to improve agronomic, horticultural, and quality traits. This invention relates generally to the combination of nucleic acid sequences encoding pyruvate kinase proteins that are related to the presence of seed storage compounds in plants. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of these combinations of these sequences, their order and direction in the combination, and the regulatory elements used to control expression and transcript termination in these combinations in transgenic plants. In particular, the invention is directed to methods for manipulating seed storage compounds in plants and seeds. The invention further relates to methods of using these novel combinations of polypeptides to stimulate plant growth and/or root growth and/or to increase yield and/or composition of seed storage compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides synthetic routes for preparing various isomers of cyclohexane-based coolants, such as menthyl esters and menthanecarboxamide derivatives, in particular those substituted at the amide nitrogen, for example with an aromatic ring or aryl moiety. Such structures have high cooling potency and long lasting sensory effect, which make them useful in a wide variety of consumer products. One synthetic route involves a copper catalyzed coupling of a primary menthanecarboxamide with an aryl halide, such reaction working best in the presence of potassium phosphate and water. Using this synthetic route, specific isomers can be prepared including the menthanecarboxamide isomer having the same configuration as l-menthol and new isomers such as a neoisomer having opposite stereochemistry at the carboxamide (C-1) position. The neoisomer unexpectedly has potent and long lasting cooling effect.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for preparing a hybrid organic-inorganic material (HOIM) with phosphorus-containing bridges between the surface of an inorganic substrate containing an element M and one or more organic groups of the covalent M-O-P-R type, said process using, as a precursor for said organic group or groups, at least one organophosphorus acid halide with formula RxP(O)Xy in which x=1 or 2, y=3?x, X being a halogen and R designating at least one organic alkyl, aryl or aryl-alkyl group. Non-exhaustive applications for the hybrid organic-inorganic material obtained by the process of the invention are in the fields of anti-corrosion, lubrication, microelectronics, nanotechnologies, composite materials, heterogeneous catalysis, supported catalysis, depollution and biomedical applications.

Abstract: Devices, compositions, and methods are described which provide a tubular nanostructure targeted to a lipid bilayer membrane. The targeted tubular nanostructure can have a surface region configured to pass through a lipid bilayer membrane of a cell, a hydrophobic surface region flanked by two hydrophilic surface regions configured to form a pore in a lipid bilayer membrane of a cellular organelle, and at least one ligand configured to bind one or more cognates on the lipid bilayer membrane of the cellular organelle. The target cell can be, for example, a tumor cell, an infected cell, or a diseased cell in a subject. The tubular nanostructure can form a pore in the lipid bilayer membrane of the cellular organelle, e.g., mitochondria, which can permit transit or translocation of at least one compound across the membrane and cause cell death of the target cell.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to compositions and methods useful for oral hygiene rinses, and more specifically to oral rinses in which the antimicrobial activity of chlorous acid is supplemented by that of lactic acid as one of a combination of antimicrobial acids, preferably acids which serve to partially convert chlorite ion to chlorous acid.

Abstract: Ionic liquids of the general formula C+A? where C+ represents an organic cation, specifically, but not limited to the imidazolium, pyridinium, isoquinolinium, ammonium types, which have aliphatic and aromatic substituents, while A? represents a carboxylate, aromatic and aliphatic anion. The ionic liquids are synthesized under conventional heating or microwave irradiation This invention is also related to the application of ionic liquids to remove sulfur compounds of naphthas through a liquid-liquid extraction and the recovery and reuse of ionic liquids by the application of heat, reduced pressure and washing with solvents.

Abstract: A manganese dioxide catalyst for hydrolysing organic nitrites which bear readily oxidizable groups such as thiol or thioether groups to the corresponding carboxamides, and to a process for preparing the catalyst and to its use for hydrolysing organic nitrites.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of formula I and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, solvates or hydrates thereof; wherein B, D, E, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8, m, n, p, q, r, s, t and u are as defined herein. This invention also relates to a method of using such compounds in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and autoimmune diseases in mammals, especially humans, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

Abstract: A therapeutic method and associated compound for ameliorating alcohol intoxication and preventing and/or reducing hangover symptoms. Glucaric acid, any salt thereof, and/or any derivative or metabolized form thereof is provided in therapeutic dosage, before and/or after the intake of alcohol.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel oxylipins that are derived from ?-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (STA or SDA; 18:4n-3), and methods of making and using such oxylipins. Also disclosed is the use of such oxylipins in therapeutic and nutritional or cosmetic applications, and particularly as anti-inflammatory or anti-neurodegenerative compounds. Also disclosed are The invention novel ways of producing long chain polyunsaturated acid (LCPUF A)-rich oils and compositions that contain enhanced and effective amounts of SDA- and/or GLA-derived oxylipins.

Abstract: Catalyst systems for preparing carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides, the catalyst system comprising a reaction zone and a layered catalyst, the reaction zone comprises a gas inlet region and a gas outlet region, the layered catalyst comprises an active composition and one or more middle layers, one or more first layers disposed on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas inlet region, and one or more second layers on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas outlet region, wherein the active composition content of one or more of the middle catalyst layers, based on total mass of the layered catalyst, is lower than the active composition content of the one or more first catalyst layers and is lower than one or more second catalyst layers; and processes for gas phase oxidation employing a layered catalyst of the present invention.

Abstract: The compound represented by the following formula (I) and the like have PAI-1 inhibition activity; wherein: R1 represents a C6-10 aryl group which may be substituted or the like; T represents a single bond or the like; m represents 0 or 1; when m is 0, G represents —N—C(?O)—CO2H or the like; when m is 1, G represents an oxygen atom or the like; R2 represents a C6-10 aryl group which may be substituted or the like; E represents the following formula (II) wherein one of R31, R32, R33 and R34 represents the formula R1-T-, each of the other three independently represents a hydrogen atom or the like, and R35 represents the formula —X—Y?, a hydrogen atom or the like; X represents —CH2— or the like; Y? represents a carboxy group or the like; M represents a single bond or the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1-(2-ethyl-butyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid which is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stent with in particular a coated basic body made of an implant material the use of lithium salts as a coating material or a component of an implant material for stents and the use of lithium salts in a method for restenosis prevention. The inventive stent having a basic body made of an implant material is characterized in that (i) the basic body has a coating which comprises or consists of a lithium salt, and/or (ii) the implant material is biocorrodible and the basic body contains a lithium salt.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a method for purifying an oligopeptide, which comprises a step of contacting a solution comprising the oligopeptide and a neutral amino acid with an ion exchange resin in an effective pH range; the method for purifying an oligopeptide, which comprises (a) a step of passing a solution comprising the oligopeptide and the neutral amino acid through a column packed with an ion exchange resin, and (b) a step of eluting the oligopeptide contacted with the ion exchange resin with an eluting solvent; the above method using a weakly acidic cation exchange resin; the above method using a weakly basic anion exchange resin, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to active agent delivery systems and more specifically to compositions that comprise amino acids, as single amino acids or peptides, covalently attached to active agents and methods for administering conjugated active agent compositions.

Abstract: A process for the production of carboxylic acids by oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen or a gas containing oxygen and notably to the oxidation of cyclohexane to give adipic acid; the subject process entails a stage of oxidation of the hydrocarbon and at least one stage for extracting the dicarboxylic acids formed from the reaction medium and optionally recycling the unconverted hydrocarbon with oxidation by-products, such as alcohols and ketones, and which also includes a stage of conversion, removal or extraction of the ?,?-hydroxycarboxylic compounds formed during the oxidation stage and converting these compounds into diacids.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel processes for the preparation of opioid modulators (agonists and antagonists) and intermediates in their synthesis. The opioid modulators are useful for the treatment and prevention of as pain and gastrointestinal disorders.

Abstract: Hydroxy aromatic acids are produced in high yields and high purity (>95%) from halogenated aromatic acids in a reaction mixture containing a copper source and a ligand that coordinates to copper.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photosensitive derivatives of optically active L-threo-?-benzyloxyaspartate or its benzene ring-substituted analogs, represented by the following formula (1) or (2): (1) (2) wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom, amino group, straight or branched lower aliphatic acylamino group optionally substituted at the acyl group portion, alicyclic acylamino group or aromatic acylamino group optionally having a substituent on the aromatic ring, R2 represents hydrogen atom or one or more straight or branched optionally substituted lower aliphatic alkyloxy groups on the benzene ring, R3 represents hydrogen atom, methyl group or carboxyl group, and R4 and R5 each represent hydrogen atom, hydroxyl group, straight or branched lower alkyloxy group optionally substituted at the alkyl portion, amino group, straight or branched lower alkyl-substituted amino group, or a halogen atom, which upon photoirradiation can produce compounds exhibiting a function of suppressing the glutamate uptake activity o

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein the substituents are as defined below. The compounds of formula I are useful for the treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia, including both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychoses.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Ia): which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of i.a. pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I): which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of i.a. pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction of propylene, isobutylene, or tertiary butanol with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalyst to produce a corresponding unsaturated aldehyde and a corresponding unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which the catalyst can be used over a long period of time. Concretely, in the presence of the catalyst containing a complex oxide including molybdenum, bismuth and iron as essential components, at least one factor of a reaction pressure and a molar ratio of molecular oxygen to a raw material is controlled to change in such a way that a rate of reaction of the raw material is kept constant in the temperature range of from (TA-15)° C. to TA° C., when a boundary temperature of the activation energy of the catalyst is set to be TA° C.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for synthesis of keto acids by hydration of an acetylene compound (acetylene-carboxylic acids) under mild conditions free from harmful mercury catalysts and a method for synthesis of amino acids from acetylene-carboxylic acids in a single container (one-pot or tandem synthesis). In one embodiment of the method according to the present invention for synthesis of keto acids, acetylene-carboxylic acids is hydrated in the presence of a metal salt represented by General Formula (1), where M1 represents an element in Group VIII, IX, or X of the periodic table, and X1, X2, or X3 ligand represents halogen, H2O, or a solvent molecule, and k represents a valence of a cation species, and Y represents an anion species, and L represents a valence of the anion species, and each of K and L independently represents 1 or 2, and k×m=L×n.

Abstract: 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid is produced in high yields and high purity from 2,5-dihaloterephthalic acid by contact with a copper source and a ligand that coordinates to copper under basic conditions.

Abstract: Tetraphosphorous ligands are combined with transition metal salts to form catalysts for use in hydroformylation, isomerization-hydroformylation, hydrocarboxylation, hydrocyan-ation, isomerization-formylation, hydroaminomethylation and similar related reactions.

Abstract: Multi-layered macromolecules wherein the layers are covalently bonded together and wherein the macromolecules are covalently bonded to solid particulate substrates, methods for the preparation of such compositions, and methods for their uses in a multitude of end use applications ranging from the purification of waste chemical and metal process streams to the separation and identification of proteins, peptides, and oligionucleotides.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated process for producing unsaturated carboxylic acids from the corresponding C2-C4 alkane. The process begins with performance of thermally integrated dehydrogenation reactions which convert a C2-C4 alkane to its corresponding C2-C4 alkene, and which involve exothermically converting a portion of an alkane to its corresponding alkene by oxidative dehydrogenation in an exothermic reaction zone, in the presence of oxygen and a suitable catalyst, and then feeding the products of the exothermic reaction zone to an endothermic reaction zone wherein at least a portion of the remaining unconverted alkane is endothermically dehydrogenated to form an additional quantity of the same corresponding alkene, in the presence of carbon dioxide and an other suitable catalyst.

Abstract: A supported catalyst comprising a support having supported thereon at least one member selected from the group consisting of heteropolyacids and heteropolyacid salts, in which the heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid salt is substantially present in a surface layer region of the support to a depth of 30% from the support surface. The catalyst has a high performance when used for the production of compounds by various reactions.