Abstract: A welding electrode for providing a significant improvement in the detrimental tensile residual stress condition on the root side of welds, especially on the inside wall of piping welds. The electrode has a tungsten alloy blade. The blade is made from sheets of tungsten alloy by cutting or stamping. The preferred shape of the blade is an isosceles triangle. The base of the flat triangular blade is secured in a slot formed in an electrode holder. The electrode holder is preferably T-shaped, with the shank of the holder being connected to a conventional welding torch. The holder is made of electrically conductive material, whereby the blade is coupled to the torch for producing an electric arc at the blade tip for welding. The blade is optionally covered with a ceramic coating to prevent arcing to the side walls of the groove formed between the parts being welded. A further option is to incorporate insulating stand-offs which protrude from both flat sides of the electrode blade.

Abstract: The invention includes an electrolytic cell for gas-developing or gas-consuming electrolytic reactions and processes, and an electrolysis process therefor. According to the invention, the capillary slit electrode has conduits enabling the separate flow of reaction gas and electrolyte/permeate in the electrode. The electrode is preferably hydrophilic in a narrow internal region for mounting on a separator, while elsewhere it is hydrophobic. Thus electrolyte/permeate penetrates only into the region of the capillary slit electrode near the separator, while the region away from the separator remains free of electrolyte/permeate, so facilitating the unimpeded flow of the reaction gas. The invention is applicable especially in electrolytic cells for chlor-alkali or hydrogen electrolysis, and in the construction of cells for the generation of power.

Abstract: Durable electrolytic cell electrodes having low hydrogen overpotential and performance stability. A highly porous electrocatalytic primary phase and an outer, secondary phase reinforcement coating are provided on an electrically conducting transition metal substrate to make the electrodes. Durability is achieved by the application of the outer secondary phase to protect the primary phase electrocatalytically active coating. A process is also disclosed for catalizing a substrate surface to promote electroless deposition of a metal.

Abstract: An electrolyzing apparatus using a circulating capillary tube type mercury bundled electrode is disclosed, in which the advantage of mercury that it has a high overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction compared with the general solid metals is preserved, and the disadvantage of mercury that it cannot be so shaped as to have a large contact area is overcome. That is, the mercury contact area is maximized. The oxidation and reduction reactions which occur in the vertically circulating capillary tube type mercury bundle electrode electrolyzing apparatus can be defined by a simple formula so as to quantize their analysis. Based on this formula, the stability checking, and the adjustment of the oxidation state of metal ions in the solution can be carried out in a rapid and continuous manner. Further, the concentration of the metal ions and the oxidation state of the metal ions within the solution can be analyzed in the same manner.

Abstract: A length of electroplated metal foil, typically copper foil is prepared by placing a stationary arcuate anode concentrically with a rotating cathode drum to define a channel therebetween, passing a plating solution through the channel, conducting electricity across the channel for depositing metal on the cathode drum, and separating the metal deposit from the cathode drum. The anode includes a plurality of circumferentially arranged electrode segments formed of a valve metal material and coated with a platinum group metal or oxide thereof. The electrode segments are removably attached and electrically connected to a back plate. The split anode is easy in assembly and disassembly and, hence, in maintenance and repair, has a high degree of precision in configuration and dimensions, and ensures manufacture of copper foil of quality with a minimized variation in thickness during continuous operation.

Abstract: A device for the electrolytic separation of metals in a metal recovery cell has a rotating cathode system. The rotating cathode includes a supporting cylinder with at least one slit, at least one sheathed cathode, contact elements, and a drive shaft provided with a current supply. The device allows simple manipulation of the supporting cylinder with the sheathed cathode and allows the user to choose the choice of material for the sheathed cathode, since this material can be matched as closely as possible to the particular process in question. The process may be used for extracting metals from electrically conductive, metal-containing solutions for recycling purposes.

Abstract: An electrode structure containing an insoluble metal electrode which is used as an electrode for the electrolysis of an acidic aqueous solution under a high current density is disclosed. An elastic electroconductive material, containing an expanded metal, having formed thereon a corrosion-resistant electroconductive coating, is disposed between an electroconductive electrode substrate and an electrode having on the surface thereof a coating of an electrode material. They are fixed by a detachable fixing device from the surface of the electrode. The electrode can be exchanged when fixing the electrode structure to the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: The invention provides fittings for the ends of electrochromatography cols. Each fitting includes an annular electrode surrounding one end of the passage electrical fields to be applied. The fitting also contains a passageway for eluant flowing into or out of the column, an annular chamber for the electrode and a membrane separating the passageway from the annular electrode chamber. The membrane prevents gases and electrolytic products from entering the column eluent going through the chromatographic column. The membrane also isolate the electrodes from the compounds such as proteins and macromolecules being separated. A buffer solution was pumped through the electrode chamber to remove the gases and electrode products. The buffer flow through the electrode chamber maintains a constant pH and conductivity so that the electrical field applied by each electrode is constant. The buffer flow also serves to remove the heat generated in the electrode chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing an oriented plastic strap having a predetermined desired thickness for use in connection with the strapping of packages or the like, is disclosed. A sheet workpiece is conducted into a nip defined between a pair of milling and stretching rollers wherein one of the rollers is rotated at a lineal surface velocity which is greater than the lineal surface velocity of the other roller, and the rollers are rotated in opposite directions. One of the rollers effectively brakes or retards one of the surfaces of the sheet workpiece while the other one of the rollers effectively accelerates the other one of the surfaces of the sheet workpiece as the workpiece passes through the nip defined between the rollers whereby the workpiece is simultaneously milled and stretched.

Abstract: In a monopolar electrolysis cell for chlor-alkali electrolysis by the diaphragm or membrane process, the cathodic and anodic electrode structures extend in the vertical direction, the anodic structure being surrounded by the cathodic electrode structure. In the area of the active electrode surfaces, an upward-directed flow of electrolyte-gas mixture is produced as a result of the gas bubbles generated electrolytically in the electrode gap, whereupon the electrolyte is then degassed. The degassed electrolyte, because of its higher specific gravity, then flows down through a flow channel inside the anodic electrode structure, this channel being formed by vertically oriented feed conductors and U-shaped flow guide plates.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a first plate (4) having an active electrode surface and a second plate (14) facing and spaced from the first plate, and at least one barrier plate (13) positioned between the first and second plates and spaced from the active electrode surface of the first plate and from the facing surface of the second plate. An electrolytic cell comprising such an electrode and the use thereof in the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chlorides.

Abstract: An electrode for mercury chlor-alkali electrolytic cells includes a plurality of activated electrode elements consisting of flat sections standing on edge and having recesses on their lateral surfaces which extend from the lower edge to the upper edge of the lateral surfaces. The recesses in the lateral surfaces promote the transport of the gas bubbles produced electrolytically away from the area of the electrode gap and achieve a boundary surface as free of gas bubbles as possible between the anode and the electrolyte in the area of the electrode gap for the purpose of improving the energy efficiency.

Abstract: An electrode assembly which will find use such as in electroplating, is made from a hollow and thin walled, elongate and deflectable outer metal electrode member. This member is usually rounded, e.g., typically circular, in cross-section and has major inner and outer faces. Representative of this outer member would be a titanium tube. The electrode assembly also has a removable and elongate, inner metal electrical current distributor member. This inner current distributor member will typically be rectangular in cross-section. Representative of this inner member is a rectangular copper bar. As assembled, this typical assembly can have the edges on the outer face of the copper bar engage the inner face of the titanium tube. In putting together this particular assembly, the hollow tube is compressed, such as from circular to elliptical shape. The copper bar current distributor is inserted into this misshapen tube.

Abstract: The structural part is used in an electolytic cell for production of aluminum and comes into contact with the gas atmosphere in the electrolytic reduction cell. The structural part is made completely from, or is a metal part which is coated with, a concrete composition of 15-30% by weight of a hydraulic cement, 5-10% by weight of microsilica and 65-85% by weight of a refractory filler material.

Abstract: A double-layer capacitor unit includes two electrodes as well as one electrolyte arranged between the electrodes. The electrodes each comprise an active layer made of metal oxide powder on a chemically stable metal carrier. The electrolyte is a diluted aqueous mineral acid or alkaline lye.

Abstract: An anode bar is disclosed particularly for utilization during the production of molten metal by the Hall-Heroult process in which an elongated copper rod is slit partially along its length and bent to define a generally inverted -shaped member defined by a base end portion, a bridging arm and a pair of generally parallel legs. Each leg is received in a sleeve and inserted into a ring with a polygonal opening in the ring matching a polygonal exterior surface of the associated leg. A weld intimately welds each metal ring to each leg end and covers the latter. By this construction, there is an absence of current arcing, consumption of an associated carbon anode or anode block is reduced, as is the consumption of the ring, sleeve and legs, but upon partial consumption of any of the latter restoration is achieved in an efficient and low cost manner.

Abstract: Carbon-containing components of cells for the production of aluminum by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in a cryolite-based molten electrolyte are protected from erosion by non-chemical attack due to movement of liquid and/or gaseous components of the electrolyte, by a refractory boride coating applied from a slurry composed of pre-formed particulate refractory boride in a colloidal carrier which is dried and heated to consolidate the coating.

Abstract: A welding electrode for providing a significant improvement in the detrimental tensile residual stress condition on the root side of welds, especially on the inside wall of piping welds. The electrode has a tungsten alloy blade. The blade is made from sheets of tungsten alloy by cutting or stamping. The preferred shape of the blade is an isosceles triangle. The base of the flat triangular blade is secured in a slot formed in an electrode holder. The electrode holder is preferably T-shaped, with the shank of the holder being connected to a conventional welding torch. The holder is made of electrically conductive material, whereby the blade is coupled to the torch for producing an electric arc at the blade tip for welding. The blade is optionally covered with a ceramic coating to prevent arcing to the side walls of the groove formed between the parts being welded. A further option is to incorporate insulating stand-offs which protrude from both flat sides of the electrode blade.

Abstract: A method for electric protection of a metal object, in which a long-line grounding electrode is installed in an electrolytic medium at a preset distance from the metal object to be protected and the metal object and the long-line grounding electrode are electrically connected to a current source to form a protection circuit, the metal object is polarized, while the sections of the electric connection and the geometric dimensions and/or electric parameters of the grounding electrode are so selected that the value of the current propagation constant in the protection circuit is less than or equal to 10.sup.-3 m.sup.-1. The grounding electrode has an extended central flexible metal conductor (18), an adhesive layer (20) providing an electric contect, and an envelope (19) of a slightly soluble current-conductive material based on a composition including a carbon-containing filler in an amount of 40-80 wt. %, a rubber-base polymer in an amount of 10-49.8 wt. %, a plasticizer in an amount of 9-10 wt.

Abstract: Metal corrosion which occurs under conditions of use is mitigated and controlled by a sacrificial anode device which can be easily attached to, and detached from the corrosion-prone object. In ambient applications, the anode and cathode components of the device may be distinct metallic elements which may be alloys, or layers of alloys, and which are configured so as to optimize the interface surface area between the anode and cathode, while being sufficiently compact to be placed essentially in any corrosion-prone location. In extremely wet applications, such as underwater, or in water circulating or storage systems, the anode may be an effectively configured block of metal, and the cathode will be the water constituent of the environment in question. The optimized anode/cathode interface area provides increased operating life for the device, reduces material waste, and strengthens the structure of the device.

Abstract: A biosensor of the present invention is provided with an insulating base plate, an electrode system mainly consisting of a working electrode and a counter electrode formed on the insulating base plate, and a reaction layer on the electrode system. The counter electrode is partially a circular arc. A manufacturing method of the biosensor of the present invention is comprised of a step to form a base by arranging leads, an electrode system, and an insulating layer on an insulating base plate, and a step to form a reaction layer mainly composed of an enzyme on the electrode system. Since the counter electrode is partially in the shape of a circular arc, the reaction layer is easily formed and prevented from delaminating, whereby the measuring accuracy, preservative properties and reliability of the biosensor are improved. The present invention enables highly efficient biosensors to be mass produced at low cost.

Abstract: An electrode apparatus for dialysis of a liquid during electrodeposition processes includes an elongated body submergible in the liquid and having a generally open interior for receiving an elongated electrode therein. An ion exchange membrane forms a portion of the body and permits a filtrate to flow from the liquid through the membrane and enter the open interior of the body. An anolyte enters the body through an anolyte inlet, and an anolyte outlet removes anolyte and filtrate from the body. An electrical cable or conductor is joined to the electrode at a connection within the body to provide an electrical charge to the apparatus. A liquid-tight chamber formed within the body contains the electrical cable and electrode connection and retains them in liquid isolation from the anolyte and filtrate within the body as well as from the liquid within the electrodeposition container. Access is provided to the chamber to permit servicing of the connection.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for electrolytically polishing the inside surface of tubular products such as rifled stock, or fiream or artillery barrels. The apparatus comprises a first and second reservoir in fluid communication through the tubular product with an electrolyte flow system. A cathode head is provided that is displaced from one reservoir to the other in the presence of flowing electrolyte and at a current density of between 1 and 5 amp-min/sq. in. A method of electrolytically polishing tubular products is also provided.

Abstract: An insoluble electrode structural material comprising a tabular or curved electrode base plate having at least one thin plate-form insoluble metal electrode detachably fixed to at least a part of the surface of the base plate.

Abstract: Remediation of soil and groundwater using electropotential gradient induced migration of a target ion and immobilization and/or confinement of the target ion by a host receptor matrix (HRM). In addition to immobilizing and/or confining the target ion, the HRM can comprise a buffer or an ionizable species which releases an exchange ion during application of the electropotential gradient. The exchange ion, when less mobile than a (H.sup.+) ion or hydroxyl (OH.sup.-) ion, increases the efficiency of energy usage during decontamination. The exchange ion can also perform other tasks in the vicinity of the electrodes which improve the decontamination process. The host receptor matrix also can comprise a material which is water impermeable and which has a low surface energy, such as a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene film. When such a material is used, the host receptor matrix can comprise a receptacle in which there is a liquid and/or solid composition which immobilizes and/or contains the target ion.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising a body of proton donor electrolyte in effective contact with first and second electrodes one of which consists essentially of a fullerene in contact with a conductive material. By the application of an electric current across the electrodes the cell can be used to hydrogenate the fullerene, thereby storing hydrogen and electric energy.

Abstract: Electrodes in plate form can be electrocatalytically coated and secured to a current distributor, such as by welding to a base plate, and may be serviceable, e.g., as anodes, in cells electrolyzing brine. Recoating of plate electrodes can require removal from the cell, removal of old coating, application of fresh coating, then returning and securing the freshly coated electrodes to the cell. There are now provided envelopes for covering the original electrode plates. The original plates thus do not need to be separated from a base member of the cell. The envelopes can have an electrocatalytic coating on their outer surfaces. The resulting electrodes are thus a combination of an old inner plate and a new outer envelope, with an outer surface coating on the envelope. The envelopes can be secured to the inner plate and/or to a current distributor such as a base plate.

Abstract: Electrodes such as mesh electrodes can be in configurations where they are separated from electrode back pans by standoffs. The mesh electrodes are very adherently secured to the standoffs. When the electrodes are in need of repair, removal and refurbishing can be a problem. There is now disclosed a method of electrode repair which in large part retains original structure by first removing the mesh electrode and then at least substantially the top of the standoff. A replacement standoff assembly is placed against the retained portion of the original standoff and secured thereto. Refurbished or new electrode mesh can be adhered to the resulting replacement standoff. This may include welding of mesh electrode strands utilizing weld nuggets which are substantially the size of the strands. The refurbishing technique can maintain original separation distances between the back pan and the electrode.

Abstract: A cathode for the electrolytic deposition of non-ferrous metals has a plate (1) which, starting from at least one of its vertical edges, is provided on both sides with coinciding zones (5) of dielectric material. The dielectric material is located where a number of penetrators that cause the upper edges of the deposited layers of zinc to detach contact the plate. The plate (1) is provided with a slot (7) that coincides with upper regions of the dielectric material. The slot has a flat piece (5) of dielectric material in it, equal in thickness to the plate (1) and with surfaces which are flat and coplanar with those of the plate (1). The piece (5) and the slot (7) are provided with mutually cooperating portions that prevent the movement of the piece in any direction.

Abstract: Nickelized shaped articles are produced by electrodeposition of nickel from aqueous acidic baths containing as essential constituents one or more nickel salts, one or more inorganic acids and one or more brighteners, the brighteners used being cyclic ammonium compounds I ##STR1## where the nitrogen atom is part of a pyridine, quinoline or isoquinoline ring system which can additionally carry one or two C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl substituents,R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl,A is a group of the formula --CO--O--R.sup.3, --CO--CH.sub.2 --CO--O--R.sup.3, --O--CO--R.sup.3 or --O--R.sup.3,whereR.sup.3 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.12 -phenylalkyl or phenyl which can be substituted by one or two C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl radicals, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy radicals, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, phenyl radicals or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxycarbonyl groups, m is from 0 to 10, n is from 1 to 4, p is 0 or 1, and X.sup..crclbar.

Abstract: Electrode joint for threadably joining two abutting carbon electrode sections is provided with an elongate carbon fastening element which is force fitted into a passage extending from outside of the electrode joint through a portion of the interface contact between the abutting carbon electrode sections.

Abstract: A carbon containing paste for use in particular as components of electrolytic cells as such or compacted to form anodes, cathodes and cell linings of cells for the electrolysis of alumina for the production of aluminium, consists of a compact mixture of one or more particulate carbonaceous material(s) with a non-carbonaceous non-polluting binder and optionally with one or more fillers, the binder being a suspension of one or more colloids such as colloidal silica, alumina, yttria, ceria, thoria, zirconia, magnesia, lithia or being derived from one or more colloid precursors or colloid reagents optionally with one or more chelating agents. Cell components are produced by forming the paste to a desired shape and size, for instance in a mold, an injection die or in a cell bottom, compacting and drying before use, or the paste can be used as such like in a Soderberg type anode, or for bonding together carbon blocks like a ramming paste.

Abstract: A continuous length anode is formed of relatively small valve metal wire having a electrocatalytic coating braided into a highly flexible ribbon. The wire may be copper cored. The valve metal is preferably titanium, although tantalum or niobium are also preferred. The coating is preferably a mixed metal oxide coating. The braid is formed from wire sizes of from about 1/16 or less to about 1/8" in diameter and the braided ribbon may be about 0.1 to about 6" inches wide. Four system applications are disclosed, two for steel reinforced concrete, one for a tank bottom, and one for a buried pipe. The braided anode may be used in combination with valve metal ribbon or bar and may readily be electrically connected to power feeds or to itself by spot weld or crimp connections. Power feeds may be connected at a butt end or anywhere along the length of the braid.

Abstract: A method for conversion of comminuted cellulosic agricultural wastes into a form edible by ruminant animals comprises treating such wastes, e.g., straw, corn stalks and husks, cotton wastes, peanut shells, saw dust, grains (corn, sorghum), etc. by treating with an aqueous solution of a mixed oxidant gas, at a pH of about 7-9, to produce a total water content of less than 20%, a pH of about 7.5-8.3, and NaOH content of less than 5.0% in the waste. The mixed-oxidant gas is produced by a novel electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, cathode compartment and membrane separating the compartments to permit a limited flow of electrolyte therebetween. The anode compartment contains a plurality of anodes and bi-polar electrodes supported in a substantially co-planar relation spaced laterally from each other. The anodes are electrically connected and the bi-polar electrodes are insulated therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to produce a thin film three dimensional microelectrode of an electrically conductive polymer having an organized array of identical microprotrusions, which method comprises:(a) depositing at least one conductive metal thin film on an essentially smooth substrate,(b) depositing a thin film of a micropositive photoresist on the surface of the at least one conductive metal thin film,(c) subjecting the combination of step (b) to photolithographic or electron beam lithographic conditions with a mask capable of producing a metallic microwell,(d) electrochemically polymerizing an electrically conductive polymer onto the conducting metal,(e) removing the photoresist to produce the three dimensional microelectrode array of the electrically conductive polymer. Preferred electrically conductive polymers of step (d) are selected from polypyrrole or polyaniline.

Abstract: A hollow elongated copper corona electrode that contains a dielectric coating and is cooled by a fluid, such as a water-base liquid, being fed through the electrode and a process for using such an electrode in a corona apparatus or in an ozone generator.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for sealing an electrical connection between an anode structure for cathodic protection against corrosion and a connecting cable with an electrically insulating jacket, an annular body of elastic material, such as rubber for example, which surrounds in a sleeve-like manner the junction between an insulation-stripped end of the connecting cable and a socket on a current feed pin of titanium for the anode structure. By radial compression of a terminal body of plastically deformable material thrust onto the annular body the annular body is pressed at its one end onto the insulating jacket in the end area of the connecting cable and at its other end onto the outer surface of the current connecting pin of the anode structure, in a liquid-tight manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for electrolysis, whose front side comprises a plurality of substantially parallel channels (2) defined by substantially parallel threads (1) of electrically conducting material, which are attached to and in electric contact with the underlying electrode structure (10, 11, 12).Moreover, the invention relates to a method of producing an electrode, an electrolytic cell comprising an electrode according to the invention, and the use of such an electrode in electrolysis.

Abstract: A cathodic protection anode assembly for metal structures in water is now provided with highly desirable rugged construction. The assembly is particularly useful for providing cathodic protection utilizing an anode, in submersed condition, on one side of a structure while having an assembly protruding through an opening in the structure with a connection at the back side of the structure to a lead-in cable. Such structure may have the back side in ambient air. For the back side structure, the assembly has a highly desirable leak resistant characteristic. Moreover, the assembly can provide efficient low contact voltage at the anode and cable connection.

Abstract: An electrode for use in an electrolytic cell is disclosed, comprising a generally flat sheet (50) of flexible material having at least one electrically conductive surface. Upper and lower securing means are provided each comprising a tongue (55a,b) formed on one side edge (53) of the sheet (50) and a slot (56a,b) associated with an opposite side edge (54) of the sheet (50). The tongues and slots co-operate to enable the sheet (50) to be folded into and secured in an open frusto-conical configuration. This arrangement gives ease of removal from an electrolytic cell after use and advantages of requiring less storage and transport space in a flat configuration.

Abstract: A multimonopolar cell for electrowinning aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte, comprises electrode assemblies each having a non-consumable anode and a non-consumable cathode both resistant to attack by the electrolyte and by the respective product of electrolysis. The anode (2) is preferably of tubular form with an active anode surface (7) inside, and the cathode is made of one or more rods (1) or tubes placed in the middle of the tubular anode or between plate anodes, the cathode extending beyond the bottom of the anode. The active anode surface area is bigger than the facing active cathode surface area. In use, the electrode assembly is partly immersed vertically or at a slope in the electrolyte (3) with the cathode dipping in a layer (4) of aluminum on the cell bottom.

Abstract: A novel anode-cathode arrangement for the electrowinning of aluminum from alumina dissolved in molten sales, consisting of an anode-cathode double-polar electrode assembly unit or a continuous double polar assembly in which the anode and cathode are bound together and their interelectrode gap is maintained substantially constant by connections made of materials of high electrical, chemical, and mechanical resistance. Novel, multi-double-polar cells for the electrowinning of aluminum contain two or more of such anode-cathode double-polar electrode assembly units. This arrangement permits the removal of reimmersion into any of the anode-cathode double-polar electrode assembly units during operation of the multi-double-polar cell whenever the anode and or the cathode or any part of the electrode unit needs reconditioning for efficient cell operation.

Abstract: A metal surface is now described having enhanced adhesion of subsequently applied coatings. The substrate metal of the article, such as a valve metal as represented by titanium, is provided with a highly desirable surface characteristic for subsequent coating application. This can be achieved by a plasma sprayed coating of well defined surface morphology, the plasma spraying being with one or more metals usually valve metals. The metal of the coating may be the same or different from the metal of the substrate. Subsequently applied coatings, by penetrating into the coating of well defined surface morphology, and desirably locked onto the resulting metal article an provide enhanced lifetime even in rugged commercial environments.

Abstract: A process and system for rehabilitating mature concrete structures, which have become carbonated and/or infused with chlorides and thus represent a corrosive environment for internal reinforcing steel. The surface of the concrete is first repaired with a special mortar having resistivity and capilarity consistent with the parent concrete and the process requirements. An elongated, flat, flexible, ribbon-like electrode element is supported in spaced relation over the surface of a concrete area to be treated, being threaded back and forth and oriented in edgewise fashion to the concrete surface. Thereafter a self-adherent, cohesive mixture of delignified cellulose pulp fibers and a liquid electrolyte solution is sprayed onto the surface of the concrete, to a level to cover and embed the ribbon-like electrode element, forming an electrolytic medium associated with the electrode element.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell electrode plate includes a laminar and preferably laminated assembly of at least two substantially identically configured plate-shaped components of an electrically conductive high-strength material, each including a fluid-pervious central portion and a solid frame portion integral with and surrounding the central portion. At least one through aperture is provided in the frame portion and forms a continuous fluid-flow conduit with the corresponding aperture of the other component. The frame portion of each of the components has at least one channel therein that is situated between the aperture and the central portion and opens onto the first major surface. The channels of the two components may be constituted by interrupted rows of mutually staggered slots that complement each other into a continuous passage that establishes communication between the aperture and at least one of the spaces of the central portion of one of the components.

Abstract: An electrolyzer includes a stack composed of a plurality of upright electrolytic cell units, each unit including an electrolytic cell unit frame bounding a pair of electrode sheets. Each pair of electrode sheets are anode-side and cathode-side partitions having opposed recesses and projections that are engaged in nesting relationship with each other. A gas-liquid separation chamber is provided which is integral with an upper edge of the electrolytic cell unit frame.

Abstract: A supported catalyst useful in the preparation of an electrode for an electrochemical cell which comprises the residue remaining after heating at about 500.degree. to about 800.degree. C. a transition metal and a polymer such as polyvinylpyridine all adsorbed on a support material. Useful electrodes are prepared by combining the supported catalyst with a current collector.

Abstract: The present invention resides in an apparatus for removing chloride ions from a reinforced concrete structure. The apparatus comprises an integrated anode assembly which includes an anode and an electrolyte, the anode being immersed in the electrolyte. The integrated anode assembly is flexible and conformable to the surface configuration of the concrete structure to which it is applied. Means are provided for removably adhering the integrated anode assembly to the concrete structure, conformed to said surface configuration, and for establishing an electric current between said anode and the reinforcement of said concrete structure.

Abstract: Carbon electrodes for use as an anode in electrochemical cells for the generation of fluorine by electrolysis of molten KF.2HF electrolyte. Also included is a process for the operation of an electrochemical fluorine cell in combination with a direct fluorination reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for electrolysis, whose front side comprises a plurality of substantially parallel channels defined by substantially parallel threads of electrically conducting material, which are attached to and in electric contact with the underlying electrode structure. Moreover, the invention relates to a method of producing an electrode, an electrolytic cell comprising an electrode according to the invention, and the use of such an electrode in electrolysis.