Abstract: A filter press halate cell is disclosed, where a plurality of electrode units are arranged to form a cell. Each unit comprises a synthetic organic polymeric electrolytic cell frame housing an anode and a cathode in spaced relationship with each other. The cell frame contains electrolyte, initially a metal halide solution, and is arranged to allow electrical current to be conducted through the solution and between the anode and cathode, partially electrolyzing the solution to halogen, metal hydroxide and hydrogen. The halogen and metal hydroxide react at least partially in the cell to form hypohalite, halide and water. Means are taught for introducing feed through an inlet, and withdrawing electrolyte through an outlet. Clearance means and passageway means are taught for conducting reaction products upwardly between the anode and cathode and through the cell, as are means for removing hydrogen at the top of the cell.

Abstract: An electrical connector is described which has a helical form with its axis being parallel to the plane of each of the conductor bars to which it is directly connected. The helix has an open pitch which promotes air circulation for cool operation and the design reduces the amount of conductive metal utilized in the connection as well as being a cheaper, less complicated structure than previously known.

Abstract: An improved flexible sheet elastomer cover for sealing the electrolyte tank of a De Nora type chlorine generating cell. Elastomer materials of different compositions are used for the opposite surfaces of the cover with the inside surface composed of a chlorinated polyethylene compound and the outside surface composed of an ethylene-propylene terpolymer compound.

Abstract: A heat and chemically resistant sealing member particularly for an electrolytic cell of the diaphragm type in which the cell includes a cell can for containing a brine solution, a rigid cell base for supporting the can and anode members disposed within the can. The sealing member comprised of at least one vulcanized rubbery polymer provides a compressive seal between rigid members of the cell and is subjected to the heat within the cell. After long periods of exposure to this heat the sealing member is of a relatively flexible, resilient rubbery nature and has a relatively high resistance to compression set to thereby retain its sealing properties. The sealing member is preferably a flexible elastomeric sheet particularly useful for providing a seal and cover for the conductive base of the cell.

Abstract: The invention is for placement in a molten salt electrolysis cell and a jacket means on the cell for providing a chamber for containment of a coolant. The cell and the jacket means have an orifice extending from the exterior of the jacket means into the interior of the cell. The invention, a tapping apparatus, includes a tapping tube in the orifice extending into the interior of the cell, and a packing tube and packing in the orifice and surrounding the tapping tube, with the improvement including the extending of the packing tube and packing past the jacket means.

Abstract: A flexible elastomeric cover particularly for an electrolytic cell of the mercury type. The cover has at least one layer comprised of a corrosion resistant elastomeric composition including a vulcanized rubbery polymer to resist deleterious fluids and a multiplicity of small, non-porous, inert particles of a plate-like structure dispersed throughout the polymer to further resist the permeation and penetration of such fluids into the cover with the preponderance of the particles having an aspect ratio of at least 20:1 and being oriented in a direction generally parallel to a surface of the cover to provide a barrier to the migration of such deleterious fluids. The rubbery polymer is preferably polyisoprene and the plate-like or platy particles are preferably graphite or glass flakes.

Abstract: An improved abrasive tool useful in grinding and cutting and an improvement method and apparatus for making the same wherein a blank having a metallic working area presenting the required profile configuration of the tool has a multiplicity of closely spaced abrasive particles of predetermined size, uniformly distributed in a layer of substantially single particle thickness over the working area, and held in place by electro-deposited nickel preferably formed in two layers adhered to the working surface and to the sides of the abrasive particles for approximately 1/2 to 2/3 of the height thereof. The upper surface of the particles are free from plating material and project above the surface of the plating material between the particles. In applying the abrasive particles, the blank is supported by a fixture in a container having a cylindrical impervious side wall surrounding the working surface in spaced relation thereto and having a porous mesh base portion beneath the working surface.

Abstract: A cell liner for an electrolytic cell which covers the base plate of the cell is adapted to provide an effective seal between the base plate and the cover of the cell. Around the perimeter of the liner extends a sealing device having two parallel ribs defining a channel for receiving an elongated elastomeric extrusion of circular cross-section. The extrusion is adapted to sealably contact the sealing rim of the top cover.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus formed by a stack of cells which are held together by two end-plates connected by tie-rods, wherein a system comprising two kinds of elements provides, firstly, electrical insulation between pairs of adjoining rings and secondly a seal to prevent the electrolyte from escaping to the exterior. Such an apparatus further comprises a system of ducts formed by stacks of bushes which are assembled to form a piping, wherein said bushes are sealed to the diaphragm and bears against adjoining bushes via a joint which is contact with an electrode, the bushes forming the infeed ducts being perced with one or more small diameter passages, the bushes forming the outlet ducts being perced with passages which cause a much smaller pressure loss.

Abstract: An annular rigid disc and elastomeric annular ring sealing assembly for electrolytic cells with adjustable anode posts. The seal assembly has extended life, less costly construction and easier replacement due to the reduced cross-sectional area of flexible sealing material exposed to the hostile environment of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A filter-press type electrolytic cell comprising alternatively arranged frames and diaphragms fastened together to form alternating anolyte compartments and catholyte compartments, wherein said frames comprise two oppositely disposed hollow members one of which has an inlet and the other an outlet for the flow of electrolyte solutions said inlet or outlet being on the outside surface thereof and each of said members having holes on the inside surface thereof which surfaces face each other, whereby the appropriate electrolyte is passed from said member having said inlet into the anolyte or catholyte compartment formed in the frame and the electrolyzed product is discharged from said anolyte or catholyte compartment into said member having said outlet.

Abstract: Electrolysis cell having bipolar elements arranged side by side are characterized by an assembly of modules, the cohesion of which is ensured by assembly means from module to module. The cell can be applied in particular to the electrolysis of solutions of alkali salts.

Abstract: A thin film polarographic oxygen sensor, in which a number of thin film microcathodes are deposited in holes in a thin film layer of silicon dioxide formed on a silicon substrate. A single thin film anode layer is deposited on the insulating layer and is insulated thereby from the cathodes. Preferably the microcathodes and the anode are located in a well in the thin film insulating layer, the well being filled flush to its surface with electrolyte, and having a thin film polymer filter membrane deposited thereover. Contacts to the anode and cathodes may be punched through a thin film insulating layer on the back of the wafer, the cathode contact being thereby connected to the substrate, and the anode contact being insulated from the substrate by an encircling thin film layer of silicon dioxide and extending through to the anode metallization layer. With appropriate choice of electrode, electrolyte and membrane materials, the cell may also be used as a pH sensor, a CO.sub.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell of the diaphragm type, for electrolysis of alkali chlorides, is provided having a base comprising an insulating material with the said anode extensions passing through it, connecting means are connected to at least one current cooling bar, and a rigid structure with the distributing bar and the base of the cell resting on it, the bar being disposed between the base of the cell and the rigid structure.

Abstract: A cell frame for a bipolar electrolytic filter press cell includes an electrolysis-associated lower section and a gas disengagement or diverting upper section. A pressure bar extends across the cell frame immediately above the lower section to prevent distortion of the separator by cathode generated gases, and to promote disengagement of the gases. The frame, also, includes external headers in the upper section for collection of the gases evolved by the electrolysis of the electrolytic solutions.

Abstract: An apparatus is arranged over the bath of an electrolytic furnace containing molten aluminium.The apparatus has beams with tools which can be raised and lowered in a reciprocal manner to break-up the crust which forms on the top of the molten aluminium. Reservoirs containing alumina are also carried by the beams and serve to selectively charge quantities of alumina into the bath. Probes or lances are extendible and retractible in relation to the beams and serve to inject air into the molten aluminium.

Abstract: Synchronous plating techniques for reducing adjacent bit disturb charactetics or interactions in a magnetic memory wire include the step of sinusoidally and smoothly depositing the magnetic layer on the outer surface of the wire so as to increase the effective magnetic path length between adjacent bits. The resultant wire has changing cross-sectional dimensions corresponding to the varying sinusoidal configuration of the wire.This invention concerns a film-plated memory wire of improved characteristics and the method of making the same. The term "memory wire" is used to designate a magnetic recording and reproducing element for recording or reproducing magnetic signals by magnetic flat interlinkage with a magnetic transducer head during relative motion of the wire and head.

Abstract: In diaphragm-type electrolytic cells for the production of chlorine and caustic from alkali metal chloride solutions wherein the cell is equipped with one or more metal cathodes and anodes and an electrically conducting and structurally supporting anodic cell base there is provided a novel electrically non-conductive blanket. The anodes are provided with collars at one end thereof and the blanket and cell base are provided with corresponding openings to receive and support the anodes. The blanket openings are provided with an integral lip and shoulder wherein resilient gaskets are disposed around the anode stems and between the lip of the blanket and the collar of the anode.

Abstract: Electrolytic filter press cell frames are provided with a polymeric protective covering which is either directly laminated thereonto or otherwise secured thereto. The protective covering is, preferably, a fluorinated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: An improved electolytic cell top for the manufacture of alkali metal halates is disclosed, wherein the cell top has a substantially improved useful life. A titanium liner forms the interior surface of the cell top, and material cost can be minimized by choosing a titanium thickness sufficient to withstand forces created by hydrostatic pressures of electrolyte and by the weight of the cell, when supported by the enclosing structure of the present invention.

Abstract: A cathodic protection electrode is mounted in an iron bushing by way of a ring of alumina or forsterite, the bushing being mounted in a glass-lined metallic vessel, such as a water heater. The electrode comprises a solid solution of MFe.sub.2 O.sub.4 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Cu and Zn) of 0.15 to 87.1 mol%, and Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 of 99.85 to 12.9 mol%.

Abstract: A roller for the continuous electrolytic processing of metallic or metallized strip materials which is a good electrical conductor is provided with a circuit for cooling fluid. It has two forged flanges each defining a hollow half shaft along a common longitudinal axis. The two flanges are made fast to the respective ends of a hollow cylindrical body. Proceding from the outer cylindrical surface of the assembly of the flanges and of the body there are provided successively radially outwards from said surface: a continuous layer of uniform thickness of a corrosion-resistant metal, a continuous layer of a metal which is a good conductor of electricity with constant cross-section for the passage of electric current, the zone of the face of the roller being also provided with an outer coating of a hard metal. The flanges may have an internal cup shape. A cooling liquid can flow through the hollow shafts.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved wafer electrode for use in an electrolytic cell, having an access tube to direct a fluid across the electrode plate or to remove fluid from near the electrode plate within the cell. Cells employing the subject wafer electrode in an electrolytic cell can be used for various electrochemical processes such as for the production of alkali metal carbonates.

Abstract: An apparatus for interrupting the passage of electrical current along a mixed stream of gas and liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus for automatically replacing anodes and cathodes disposed alternately in an electrolytic cell used for the electrolytic refining of a metal. The anodes are each formed with a pair of recesses on opposite edges of the upper end thereof, and a central cutout having a sufficient depth is formed between the recesses of the anodes. The apparatus comprises a pair of parallel rods engageable with the recesses of all the anodes and a plurality of clamping units adapted for clamping the cathodes on opposite sides of the upper end without engaging the anodes during clamping movement by virtue of the provision of the cutout in the anodes. Thus, the anodes and cathodes can be automatically loaded into and unloaded from the electrolytic cell while maintaining the predetermined inter-electrode distance required for the electrolysis of the metal.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell is provided comprising an anodic bottom, an anode assembly and a cathode assembly, whereby there is provided a hydraulic and electrically insulating gasket assembly between the cathode assembly and a support plate for the anodes, which gasket assembly eliminates the need for lead and asphalt coatings or concrete support troughs. The insulating gasket assembly comprises a rigid portion having an upper face and a lower face, each of thefaces being provided with at least one groove in which is placed a flexible gasket which protrudes above the face of said rigid portion, with said grooves being staggered opposite each other so that said rigid portion rests on the lower portion of the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolysis cell having bipolar elements, characterized in that the recess between the bipolar elements and the impermeability between any two consecutive electrode frames are ensured by the peripheral surfaces opposite the said frames which have, on their most external part, a non-deformable rigid face forming a plane of contact resting against the plane of contact of the adjacent frame. At least one of the opposing surfaces has at least one recess in which at least one sealing member is arranged.The cell is particularly useful for the electrolysis of solutions of alkali salts.

Abstract: Apparatus for electrolytically refining copper by the series process comprises a tank having an inner surface of an electrically insulating synthetic polymeric material that is substantially inert to an electrolyte solution to be contained in the tank and, associated with the tank, baffles for reducing current flow that would otherwise occur around the edges of electrodes when immersed in the electroltye solution. These baffles comprise sheets of an electrically insulating material that is inert to the electrolyte solution. A pair of such sheets constitutes side baffles each of such a shape and size that it can be positioned with its major surfaces vertical between side edges of a group of electrodes when immersed in the tank and a neighboring side wall of the tank throughout the length of the group.

Abstract: A diaphragm cell is provided having a continuous net between the anodes and the diaphragm. The continuous net permits the minimum anode-cathode spacing to be employed while maintaining uniform anode-cathode spacing throughout the cell. In addition, the diaphragm is retained and prevented from adhering to the surface of the anodes.Employing the diaphragm cell of the present invention in the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal halide brines results in lower electrical energy requirements and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell having a base or bottom wall on which are supported sidewalls enclosing the anodes and cathodes within. A seal is constructed between the sidewalls and bottom wall and on which the sidewalls rest. The seal is constructed as a framework of flat bars of rectangular cross section made of rigid material encased in an envelope made of a resilient material having a U-shaped cross section. The envelope is closed on a portion facing into the interior of the cell and its two side legs are held between the framework and the sidewalls and between the sidewalls and the bottom wall respectively.

Abstract: Inter-electrode spacing in an electrolytic diaphragm cell is controlled by the attachment of a spacer to the anode edge which is closest to the cathode wall. In addition to providing the proper inter-electrode spacing the spacer serves as a guide for the anode during the positioning of an anode between adjacent diaphragm covered cathodes while assembling in cell. This minimizes damage to the diaphragm during assembly.

Abstract: Sodium chloride in aqueous solution is converted to hypochlorite and chlorate by electrolysis in groups of cells whose electrodes are connected to a DC source in series circuit while the electrolyte is pumped through the cells in parallel flow between a distribution manifold and a collecting manifold connected to the cells by glass pipes. The manifold system consists of flangedly connected titanium pipes protected against electrolytic corrosion by electrical insulation between the sections and a small protective electrode having a platinum alloy surface and conductively connected to the anode pipe end adjacent the insulation.

Abstract: An end connector for a filter press cell disassociates the mechanical sealing function from the primary electrical connection. The connector includes a boss extension having an aperture formed therein for tightening the connector between the boss and boss extension. The present invention is adaptable for use as an end connector for either the anode or the cathode.

Abstract: A seal for preventing passage of fluid through an opening in an electrolytic cell wall through which a conductor for carrying electricity to or from a cell electrode passes includes as elements thereof a portion of the cell wall opening which is tapered so as to be larger at the outer part of the wall than at the inner part, silicone rubber in the narrower tapered opening part, an electrolyte-resistant rubber, such as neoprene, in the wider tapered opening part and means for pressing such rubber against the silicone rubber so as to help seal the silicone rubber against the tapered cell wall and the conductor. Preferably, the seal is a gas-tight seal and prevents hydrogen from escaping into the atmosphere from the catholyte compartment of an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of brine.

Abstract: Apparatus for supplying current to a moving strip includes a tank having an electrolyte and grids therein. The strip passes through the tank from a roll on the inlet side of the tank. A pair of conductor rolls bear on the strip in spaced apart relationship as it passes over the inlet roll. A D. C. power source has one side connected to the grids and the other side connected through separate leads to each end of each conductor roll. A current limit device may be provided in each lead.

Abstract: A liner of resilient material formed to fit into an electrolytic cell. The liner is a one-piece layer of polymeric or plastic material impervious to liquid electrolyte. Protrusions are provided on the outer side of portions of the liner to space the layer from the cell wall. This spacing allows drainage of the electrolyte from leaks in the layer brought about by the impacting of the electrodes against the cell wall. The protrusions also act to cushion such impacts reducing the extent of damage caused thereby.

Abstract: A diaphragm cell is provided having a continuous net between the anodes and the diaphragm. The continuous net permits the minimum anode-cathode spacing to be employed while maintaining uniform anode-cathode spacing throughout the cell. In addition, the diaphragm is retained and prevented from adhering to the surface of the anodes.Employing the diaphragm cell of the present invention in the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal halide brines results in lower electrical energy requirements and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: The central web of a bipolar electrolytic filter press cell has a plurality of nubs projecting therefrom to support the electrode and to maintain their flatness.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell useful in the oxidation of organic compounds is disclosed. The cell is provided with a unique device for centering or aligning the anode and cathode to provide even current distribution over the cylindrical surfaces thereof, thereby eliminating or substantially reducing areas of low current density which may cause tar formation, power losses, and undesirable reactions of oxidized products.

Abstract: A shield or door for openings in the sides of an aluminum reduction pot is constructed from extrusions rolled to a desired curvature and fitted together longitudinally with tongue and groove means. The upper end of the shield is provided with an insulated lip adapted to rest on a corresponding lip of the potline. The bottom of the shield comprises a longitudinal triangular extrusion adapted to rest in a longitudinal groove of the potline. The shield containing a grab handle is adapted to be easily placed or removed from the side openings of the potline and are adapted to prevent noxious gases from escaping from the openings.

Abstract: An improved means for sealing the gaseous product header of an electrolytic cell is provided which comprises a water trap positioned below the gas header duct and in communication therewith, a means for draining said water trap positioned in the lower portion thereof, a liquid inlet, preferably associated with said draining means, a non-porous baffle member extending from said header into the water trap and means connecting said draining means with said cell.