Abstract: A driving method of a display panel, a display panel, and a liquid crystal display device are provided. The display panel includes sub-pixels in N areas. Gray level states of each of the sub-pixels include a high gray level and a low gray level. The gray level states of the sub-pixels in the same area remain for N consecutive frames, and the gray level states of the sub-pixels in one of the N areas in the same frame are switched. As such, a brightness change range between adjacent frames can be decreased, and a brightness change frequency can be increased, thereby reducing or avoiding flicker phenomenon.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a distributed graphics processor unit (GPU) architecture that includes an array of processing nodes. Each processing node may include a GPU node that is coupled to its own fast memory unit and its own storage unit. The fast memory unit and storage unit may be integrated into a single unit or may be separately coupled to the GPU node. The processing node may have its fast memory unit coupled to both the GPU node and the storage node. The various architectures provide a GPU-based system that may be treated as a storage unit, such as solid state drive (SSD) that performs onboard processing to perform memory-oriented operations. In this respect, the system may be viewed as a “smart drive” for big-data near-storage processing.

Abstract: A container specification is received. The container specification includes a definition of an image. The image definition specifies the running of one or more prestart runtime commands. The image definition is inspected to identify whether the image definition includes specifying the running of one or more prestart runtime commands. The image is started on a host system, wherein in response to identifying that the image definition includes running one or more prestart runtime commands, the starting of the image includes running the one or more prestart runtime commands prior to the container entering a running state.

Abstract: Techniques for managing register allocation are provided. The techniques include detecting a first request to allocate first registers for a first wavefront; first determining, based on allocation information, that allocating the first registers to the first wavefront would result in a condition in which a deadlock is possible; in response to the first determining, refraining from allocating the first registers to the first wavefront; detecting a second request to allocate second registers for a second wavefront; second determining, based on the allocation information, that allocating the second registers to the second wavefront would result in a condition in which deadlock is not possible; and in response to the second determining, allocating the second registers to the second wavefront.

Abstract: Provided is a display panel. The display panel includes a substrate including a display region and a non-display region surrounding the display region; and a shift register unit, disposed in the non-display region; wherein the shift register unit includes a first shift circuit and a second shift circuit; wherein the first shift circuit is coupled to a first clock terminal, a second clock terminal, an input signal terminal, a first power terminal, a second power terminal, and a shift node; and the second shift circuit is coupled to the shift node, the first clock terminal, the second clock terminal, a third clock terminal, an enable control terminal, an output control terminal, the first power terminal, the second power terminal, and an output terminal.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, devices, apparatus, and methods, including computer programs encoded on storage media, for fast incremental shared constants. In aspects, a CPU may determine/update shared constant data for a first draw call of a plurality of draw calls. The shared constant data, which may correspond to at least one shader, may be updated based on a draw call update for the first draw call. The CPU may communicate the updated shared constant data for the first draw call to a GPU. The GPU may receive, in at least one register, the updated shared constant data from the CPU and configure the at least one register based on the updated shared constant data corresponding to the draw call update of the first draw call of the plurality of draw calls.

Abstract: A system and method for virtual processor customization based upon the particular workload placed upon the virtual processor by one or more execution contexts within a given program or process. The customization serves to optimize the virtual processor architecture based upon a determination as to the size and/or type or virtual execution registers optimally suited for supporting a given execution context. This results in a time-variant processor architecture comprised of a virtual processor base and a virtual execution context.

Abstract: The subject technology receives at least one signal from a computing device, the at least one signal comprising at least one of a current time, battery power, sensor information, or location information. The subject technology generates a digital sticker, the digital sticker including graphical content indicating information based at least in part based on the at least one signal and media content including an image of a target face, the image of the target face being modified based on at least one of sets of source pose parameters to mimic at least one of positions of a head of a source actor and at least one of facial expressions of the source actor. The subject technology provides augmented reality content for display on a computing device, the augmented reality content including the digital sticker as an overlay on at least a portion of the augmented reality content.

Abstract: Implementations described herein relate to methods, systems, and computer-readable media to automatically present suitable content for a particular audience. In some implementations, a computer-implemented method receiving virtual experience content associated with a first virtual experience associated with a first target audience and including content that is restricted as not viewable by a second target audience, receiving at least one content alternative, generating a first rating for the received virtual experience content and a second rating for the at least one content alternative, and automatically providing only one of the received virtual experience content or the at least one content alternative to user devices based on the first rating and the second rating.

Abstract: A graphics processing management system includes a virtual machine coupled to client devices and a graphics processing system including graphics processing device(s). A graphics processing management subsystem is coupled to the virtual machine system and the client devices, and operates to monitor a usage of the graphics processing device(s) via the virtual machine system by a first client device. The graphics processing management subsystem then uses a graphics processing usage class equation to determine that feature(s) of the usage of the graphics processing device(s) by the first client device identifies a first graphics processing usage class. Based on determining that the usage of the graphics processing device(s) by the first client device identifies the first graphics processing usage class, the graphics processing management subsystem then performs a usage action with the first user that is associated with the first client device.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a display panel. When content of an image frame is expected to consume relatively higher amounts of power, a controller of the electronic device may operate a switch to change a power supply of the display panel to be a power management integrated circuit of the electronic device. However, when content of an image frame is expected to consume relatively less amounts of power, the controller may operate the switch to change the power supply of the display panel to be a power supply of an electronic display, such as a power supply used to power driver circuitry of the electronic display.

Abstract: The subject technology captures first image data by a computing device, the first image data comprising a target face of a target actor and facial expressions of the target actor, the facial expressions including lip movements. The subject technology generates, based at least in part on frames of a source media content, sets of source pose parameters. The subject technology receives a selection of a particular facial expression from a set of facial expressions. The subject technology generates, based at least in part on sets of source pose parameters and the selection of the particular facial expression, an output media content. The subject technology provides augmented reality content based at least in part on the output media content for display on the computing device.

Abstract: Data structures, methods and tiling engines for storing tiling data in memory wherein the tiles are grouped into tile groups and the primitives are grouped into primitive blocks. The methods include, for each tile group: determining, for each tile in the tile group, which primitives of each primitive block intersect that tile; storing in memory a variable length control data block for each primitive block that comprises at least one primitive that intersects at least one tile of the tile group; and storing in memory a control stream comprising a fixed sized primitive block entry for each primitive block that comprises at least one primitive that intersects at least one tile of the tile group, each primitive block entry identifying a location in memory of the control data block for the corresponding primitive block. Each primitive block entry may comprise valid tile information identifying which tiles of the tile group are valid for the corresponding primitive block.

Abstract: A display system including a host processor and a display driver integrated circuit may be provided. The host processor may generate a clock signal that swings swinging between a high level and a low level, generate and output a first synchronization signal based on the clock signal, generate a wakeup interrupt by measuring a frame update period of a display panel, generates frame data based on the first synchronization signal by enabling an image providing path based on the wakeup interrupt, and output the frame data for every frame update period. The display driver integrated circuit may receive the first synchronization signal and the frame data from the host processor, and control the display panel such that a frame image corresponding to the frame data is displayed on the display panel based on the first synchronization signal without storing the frame data.

Abstract: A control method for a display apparatus includes receiving a first control signal transmitted from a first terminal and a second control signal transmitted from a second terminal, storing priority information in which data showing that the second control signal has lower priority than the first control signal is recorded, and, when processing by the first control signal and processing by the second control signal are incompatible with each other, preferentially executing the processing by the first control signal according to the priority information.

Abstract: A sales person at a retail store which traditionally does not sell paint assists a consumer in selecting and purchasing a non-paint product and thereafter employs a computer terminal and display in conjunction with a website operated by a paint manufacturer to provide a paint color recommendation to the consumer. The sales person may thereafter respond to consumer selection of a particular paint color by employing an on-line electronic ordering tool to transmit a paint order to an order processing terminal located at a paint manufacturer facility. Thereafter, the paint manufacturer may proceed to process the order, perform tinting and shaking steps to formulate paint of the particular color, package the tinted paint, and cause the packaged paint to be shipped to the consumer.

Abstract: A method includes logging first user interactions associated with a playlist of content items and generating first metrics based on the logged first user interactions with the playlist. The first metrics include a first metric indicating a first duration of playback of a first content item of the playlist during playback of the playlist. The first duration of playback of the first content item during the playback of the playlist is greater than a first default duration of playback. The method further includes reporting at least the first metric to a creator or curator of the playlist, logging second user interactions associated with the playlist, and generating second metrics based on the logged second user interactions with the playlist. The logged first user interactions correspond to more deviations from a default playback sequence of the playlist than the logged second user interactions.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus provide a picture-in-picture (PIP) overlay window on a single physical monitor by displaying a first swap chain of the single physical monitor, reporting to an operating system (OS), a display level request for a fake connection to a non-existent second monitor, and displaying on the single physical monitor a virtual display defined by a second swap chain of the non-existent second monitor, as the PIP overlay window on the displayed content of the first swap chain on the single physical monitor.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a series of 2-D images relating to a 3-D object or model between a server and a user terminal includes combining each of the 2-D images in the series of 2-D images into a single combined 2-D image, and transmitting the combined image to the user terminal.

Abstract: Several ways are provided for a viewer of a movie to create a deep tag, that is, a bookmark for a segment of the movie. The deep tag can be associated with descriptive text and sent to an address provided by the viewer, either an e-mail address or an instant messaging address. Additionally, before the deep tag is created, it can be checked whether the content owner of the movie is known. If known, the content owner's rules, if any, regarding deep tagging are followed. If unknown, a set of registered content owners can be alerted of the presence of new content. When ownership of the new content is established, the already-created deep tags can be updated in accordance with the content owner's rules, if any, regarding deep tagging.

Abstract: An oxide thin film transistor includes: a gate electrode, a metal oxide active layer and a source-drain metal layer, which are on a base substrate. The metal oxide active layer includes a first metal oxide layer and a second metal oxide layer stacked on the first metal oxide layer in a direction away from the base substrate; the first metal oxide layer is a carrier transport layer; the second metal oxide layer is a carrier isolation layer; an electron transfer rate of the carrier transport layer is greater than an electron transfer rate of the carrier isolation layer. The first metal oxide layer includes a primary surface facing toward the base substrate and a primary surface away from the base substrate; the first metal oxide layer further includes a lateral surface around the primary surfaces; the second metal oxide layer covers the lateral surface of the first metal oxide layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, devices, apparatus, and methods, including computer programs encoded on storage media, for fast incremental shared constants. In aspects, a CPU may determine/update shared constant data for a first draw call of a plurality of draw calls. The shared constant data, which may correspond to at least one shader, may be updated based on a draw call update for the first draw call. The CPU may communicate the updated shared constant data for the first draw call to a GPU. The GPU may receive, in at least one register, the updated shared constant data from the CPU and configure the at least one register based on the updated shared constant data corresponding to the draw call update of the first draw call of the plurality of draw calls.

Abstract: A method of generating an intermediate layer comprises generating local surface properties for a graphics object from parameter image maps, generating a first object image surface layer based on the local surface properties, storing intermediate surface results as an object image layer from the object local surface properties, and rendering a second object image surface layer based on the stored intermediate surface results.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a read/write control method and device for a DDR (Double Data Rate) dynamic random access memory, and a system. The device comprises a read control signal generating unit and a read memory controller, and the read control signal generating unit is in signal connection with the read memory controller; the read control signal generating unit is configured for determining a minimum frame period from multiple received signal sources, generating a read control signal based on the minimum frame period, and providing the read control signal to the read memory controller; and the read memory controller is configured for controlling the reading of video frames from the DDR dynamic random access memory according to the read control signal.

Abstract: Technologies for coordinating access to packets include a network device. The network device is to establish a ring in a memory of the network device. The ring includes a plurality of slots. The network device is also to allocate cores to each of an input stage, an output stage, and a worker stage. The worker stage is to process data in a data packet with an associated worker function. The network device is also to add, with the input stage, an entry to a slot in the ring representative of a data packet received with a network interface controller of the network device, access, with the worker stage, the entry in the ring to process at least a portion of the data packet, and provide, with the output stage, the processed data packet to the network interface controller for transmission.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computing platforms are disclosed. Exemplary implementations may: identify and store anatomical landmarks on a first reference digital image of a region of a human body; insert biopsy site identification data on the first reference digital image with the anatomical landmarks to form a second reference digital image; transform the second reference digital image into a mesh mask image; and overlay the mesh mask image on a third digital image of the region of the human body.

Abstract: The present invention suppresses the data size of a data frame to be transmitted to a control device at every control period even if oversampling is performed. A counter unit (10) compresses the data size of sampling data (Sd) indicating a second or subsequent count value (Ct) to the number of bits by which the maximum (Vmax) of a count value countable in one sampling processing can be represented.

Abstract: A method operating a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) memory can be provided by accessing specified training parameters used to train a Deep Neural Network (DNN) using a GPU with a local GPU memory, the specified training parameters including at least a specified batch size of samples configured to train the DNN. A sub-batch size of the samples can be defined that is less than or equal to the specified batch size of samples in response to determining that an available size of the local GPU memory is insufficient to store all data associated with training the DNN using one batch of the samples. Instructions configured to train the DNN using the sub-batch size can be defined so that an accuracy of the DNN trained using the sub-batch size is about equal to an accuracy of the DNN trained using the specified batch size of the samples.

Abstract: A method for controlling a display apparatus includes acquiring a plurality of first images from a plurality of first terminals, displaying the plurality of first images on a first screen via a display device, storing a maximum number of first images to be placed on the first screen in a storage circuit, in response to a signal transmitted from a second terminal that supplies a second image and requesting display of the second image, permitting the second terminal to display a second screen containing only the second image via the display device when the number of first images on the first screen is equal to the maximum number, and in response to the signal transmitted from the second terminal, permitting the second terminal to place the second image on the first screen when the number of first images being placed on the first screen is smaller than the maximum number.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems and computer program products for optimizing computer system resource utilization during in-game resource farming. In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the present disclosure describes a method for optimizing computer system resource utilization during in-game resource farming, the method including detecting a gameplay state associated with an executing instance of a gaming application and based on the detected gameplay state selecting a gaming application mode from among a plurality of available gaming application modes. In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the method may also include implementing the selected gaming application mode for subsequent execution of the gaming application on the computing system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for training an artificial neural network having a succession of neuron layers with interposed synaptic layers each having a respective set of N-bit fixed-point weights {w} for weighting signals propagated between its adjacent neuron layers, via an iterative cycle of signal propagation and weight-update calculation operations. Such a method includes, for each synaptic layer, storing a plurality p of the least-significant bits of each N-bit weight w in digital memory, and storing the next n-bit portion of each weight w in an analog multiply-accumulate unit comprising an array of digital memory elements. Each digital memory element comprises n binary memory cells for storing respective bits of the n-bit portion of a weight, where n?1 and (p+n+m)=N where m?0 corresponds to a defined number of most-significant zero bits in weights of the synaptic layer.

Abstract: A display system including a host processor and a display driver integrated circuit may be provided. The host processor may generate a clock signal that swings swinging between a high level and a low level, generate and output a first synchronization signal based on the clock signal, generate a wakeup interrupt by measuring a frame update period of a display panel, generates frame data based on the first synchronization signal by enabling an image providing path based on the wakeup interrupt, and output the frame data for every frame update period. The display driver integrated circuit may receive the first synchronization signal and the frame data from the host processor, and control the display panel such that a frame image corresponding to the frame data is displayed on the display panel based on the first synchronization signal without storing the frame data.

Abstract: An instruction to perform an operation selected from a plurality of operations configured for the instruction is executed. The executing includes determining a value of a selected operand of the instruction. The determining the value is based on a control of the instruction and includes reading the selected operand of the instruction from a selected operand location to obtain the value of the selected operand, based on the control having a first value, and using a predetermined value as the value of the selected operand, based on the control having a second value. The value and another selected operand of the instruction are multiplied to obtain a product. An arithmetic operation is performed using the product and a chosen operand of the instruction to obtain an intermediate result. A result from the intermediate result is obtained and placed in a selected location.

Abstract: Disclosed is a protection circuit of a memory in a display panel. The circuit includes: a timing controller, for outputting a first control signal; a memory, for storing software data of the timing controller; a power supply circuit, for outputting a power signal; and a monitor circuit, having three input ends and a signal output end, two input ends being respectively connected to the power supply circuit and a control signal output end, and the other one input end being input with a write control signal; the monitor circuit controls the memory to be in a write protection state when in a normal state, and controls the memory to be in a write enable state when a level state collection of the power signal, the first control signal, and the write control signal satisfies a preset level state collection.

Abstract: A method and an electronic device employing an uninterrupted media play and call management system (UMPCMS) are provided for managing an incoming call without interrupting playing of media on the electronic device. The UMPCMS receives an indication of the incoming call, generates a notification object with one or more call management options for the incoming call in a configurable format based on preconfigured criteria, and overlays the generated notification object with the call management options on a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the UMPCMS, while supporting continued playing of the media on the electronic device via the GUI without interruption by the incoming call. The UMPCMS receives a selection of a call management option from the electronic device and performs one or more executable actions on the incoming call and/or the playing of the media on the electronic device based on the received selection of the call management option.

Abstract: An apparatus calculates, based on attribute information of a new job and jobs that have been executed, a first similarity level of the attribute information between the new job and the jobs by using a calculation expression, identifies a job whose attribute information is most similar to that of the new job as a first candidate job, and estimates power consumption to be consumed by the new job at power consumption of the first candidate job. The apparatus calculates, for at least one of the jobs, a second similarity level of power consumption between the at least one of the jobs and the new job, identifies a job whose power consumption is most similar to that of the new job as a second candidate job, and adjusts the calculation expression to increase the first similarity level to be calculated between the new job and the second candidate job.

Abstract: An apparatus for calculating feature planes by hierarchically performing filter operation processing for input image data, comprises an operation unit configured to perform a convolution operation, a holding unit including memories configured to store image data and an operation result of the operation unit, a unit configured to receive the operation result, and write, out of the operation result, data of successive lines of the same feature plane in different memories of the memories and write data at the same coordinates of feature planes in the same layer in different memories of the memories, and a unit configured to read out the data of the successive lines from the different memories, read out the data at the same coordinates of the different feature planes in the same layer, and transmit the data to the operation unit.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an interactivity agent provides display data from a plurality of devices to a touch screen display via a network for simultaneous presentation on the touch screen display. The interactivity agent receives touch information regarding a touch action performed via the touch screen display with respect to the display data from a particular one of the plurality of devices. The interactivity agent translates the received touch information from the touch screen display into translated touch information for the particular device. The interactivity agent sends, to a particular device via the network, the translated touch information. The translated touch information causes the particular device to replicate the touch action on a display of the particular device.

Abstract: An approach is disclosed for placing data on volumes. Accesses to data entries at a source location are analyzed to determine locations of the data entries in one or more files. Types of data are identified at the one or more data entries. Types of accesses are identified for the data entries. Durations of the types of accesses to the data entries are identified. An access value is calculated by mapping the one or more types of data combined with the one or more types of accesses combined with the one or more durations of the types of accesses. Confidential sensitive data is moved according to the calculated access value, where a highly accessed confidential data is separated from lighted accessed confidential data by moving a selected portion of data from the source location to the destination location.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a strobe signal generation circuit and a data output control circuit. The strobe signal generation circuit delays a mode register command by a first predetermined delay period to generate a mode register strobe signal during a mode register read operation. The strobe signal generation circuit adjusts a timing of the mode register strobe signal by detecting variation of timings of first and second variable delay mode register commands, which is generated based on the mode register command, during the mode register read operation. The data output control circuit delays an operation code, which is generated based on the mode register command, by a second predetermined delay period to generate a delayed operation code. The data output control circuit outputs the delayed operation code as data in synchronization with the mode register strobe signal.

Abstract: A memory device is provided. The memory device includes: a memory cell configured to store weight data, a buffer memory configured to read the weight data from the memory cell, an input/output pad configured to receive input data and a multiply-accumulate (MAC) operator configured to receive the weight data from the buffer memory and receive the input data from the input/output pad to perform a convolution operation of the weight data and the input data, wherein the input data is provided to the MAC operator during a first period, and wherein the MAC operator performs the convolution operation of the weight data and the input data during a second period overlapping with the first period.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an image manipulation application receives a two-dimensional background image and projects the background image onto a sphere to generate a sphere image. Based on the sphere image, an unfilled environment map containing a hole area lacking image content can be generated. A portion of the unfilled environment map can be projected to an unfilled projection image using a map projection. The unfilled projection image contains the hole area. A hole filling model is applied to the unfilled projection image to generate a filled projection image containing image content for the hole area. A filled environment map can be generated by applying an inverse projection of the map projection on the filled projection image and by combining the unfilled environment map with the generated image content for the hole area of the environment map.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for efficiently performing operations system are disclosed. A computing system uses a memory for storing data, and one or more processing units. The memory includes multiple rows for storing the data with each intersection of a row and a column being a memory bit cell. The memory processes operations. For particular operations, the two or more operands are accessed simultaneously for generating a result without being read out and stored. Two indications are generated specifying at least a first row and a second row targeted by the operation. The memory generates a result by performing the operation for each of the one or more cells in the first row a stored value with a respective stored value in the one or more cells in the second row.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a sub-pixel unit, a display panel, a display apparatus, and a driving method of the display apparatus, which belongs to the field of display technology. The sub-pixel unit includes a plurality of sub-pixels; any of the sub-pixels includes a display module, a control module, and a driving module; wherein the control module is connected to a second gate line, a data line, a first voltage end and a first node, and configured to receive a data signal on the data line under control of a signal on the second gate line, and control one of the data line and the first voltage end to be connected to the first node according to the received data signal; and the driving module is connected to a first gate line, the first node and the display module, and configured to drive the display module according to a signal on the first node under control of a signal on the first gate line.

Abstract: A control process of a display element, the process comprising the steps: measuring a position of a control lever, projecting in a base plane the position of the lever to determine a first set of coordinates, determining a homothetic figure on a mechanical stop of the lever, determining a circumscribed square on the homothetic figure, projecting onto the circumscribed square at least one coordinate of the first set of coordinates, calculating a second set of coordinates in a Cartesian reference frame, on the basis of the projection of said at least one coordinate of the first set of coordinates on the circumscribed square.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a processor checking method, a checking device and a checking system. The method includes acquiring an access record to a memory by a processor during a running process, the access record includes a read operation information and a corresponding time information, determining whether there is a read operation information corresponding to a high access authority in the access record, and when there is a read operation information corresponding to a high access authority, determining whether the read operation information corresponding to the high access authority belongs to an unauthorized operation. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the behavior of the processor reading data from the memory is checked and analyzed, thereby preventing the security problems caused by malicious use of unauthorized reading operation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flip-flop based on a nonvolatile memory. The flip-flop based on the nonvolatile memory includes a flip-flop unit to output output data, a nonvolatile memory unit electrically connected to the flip-flop unit and to store backup data, and a backup controller to selectively control a backup operation for backing up the output data to the backup data, based on whether the backup data are the same as the output data.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to providing time feedback on an electronic device, and in particular to providing non-visual time feedback on the electronic device. Techniques for providing non-visual time feedback include detecting an input and, in response to detecting the input, initiating output of a first type of non-visual indication of a current time or a second type of non-visual indication of the current time based on the set of non-visual time output criteria met by the input. Techniques for providing non-visual time feedback also include, in response to detecting that a current time has reached a first predetermined time of a set of one or more predetermined times, outputting a first non-visual alert or a second non-visual alert based on a type of watch face that the electronic device is configured to display.

Abstract: A system and method for forwarding an application user interface from a first computing platform to a second computing platform. The application user interface is generated using source content. The application user interface is encoded into two or more encoded content streams where the two or more encoded content streams contain source content representable as the application user interface and composition metadata associated with the application user interface. The two or more encoded content stream are sent to the second computing platform. The two or more encoded content streams are received where the two or more encoded content streams contain information reproducible as the application user interface. The two or more encoded content streams are decoded. The application user interface is generated using the two or more decoded content streams and composition metadata associated with the two or more decoded content streams.

Abstract: In an approach for smart collaboration, a plurality of images are received. Each image of the plurality of images is from a different device of a plurality of devices. The plurality of images are combined into a single combined image. The combined image is transferred to the plurality of devices.