Abstract: The invention relates to production of esters of mercaptocarboxylic acids and alcohols forming an azeotrope with water.The esterification is carried out continuously in the presence of an excess of alcohol and the water formed is removed by entraining azeotropically under vacuum at a temperature such that the residual water concentration in the reaction mixture remains constantly below 0.5% by weight.The process according to the invention applies more particularly to the synthesis of octyl esters of thioglycolic acid.

Abstract: Novel diheteroatom-substituted fatty acid analog substrates of myristoylating enzymes are provided which contain oxyen and/or sulfur in place of two methylene groups in carbon positions from 3 to 13 in the fatty acid chain of a C.sub.13 -C.sub.14 fatty acid analog or alkyl ester thereof in which said oxygen or sulfur atoms are separated by at least one methylene group.

Abstract: 3-alkylthiopropionic acids are provided which are a direct addition reaction product of an alkylmercaptan and acrylic acid of an alkali metal salt thereof, the reaction being carried out by heating the reactants in the presence of an aqueous alkaline solution having a pH of at least about 11. The acids can be esterified with pentaerythritol in order to form tetraesters which are especially useful as stabilizers for polymer resins and polymers.

Abstract: A process for forming thioglycolic acid by contacting in a reaction zone at elevated pressure of at least 250 psig a mixture of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid with a molar excess of an alkali metal hydrosulfide to form the alkali metal salt of thioglycolic acid, acidifying said salt and removing the free thioglycolic acid. A preferred process further requires separating any formed thiodiglycolic acid from the resultant liquid phase materials and recycling said acid to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Activated olefinically unsaturated organic compounds such as esters, acids, ketones, nitriles, and the like, are reacted with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of at least one of magnesium oxide and anion exchange resins catalysts to produce saturated sulfur-containing compounds. In a specific embodiment, unsaturated carboxylates are converted in high yields to mercaptoalkanoates.

Abstract: 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid (D,L-thioctic acid) of the formula ##STR1## is prepared by a process comprising (a) reacting a 2-(3-alkylthiopropionyl)-cyclopentanone-1 of the formula ##STR2## where R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or benzyl in aqueous alkaline solution at a temperature of about 20.degree. C. to about 90.degree. C. to form the corresponding carboxylic acid of formula VI ##STR3## (b) reacting the compound of formula VI with an alkyl mercaptan at a temperature between -20.degree. C. and 0.degree. C. to form the corresponding thioketal of formula VII ##STR4## (c) reacting the compound of formula VII with sodium in liquid ammonia at temperature temperture between -60.degree. C. and -10.degree. C.

Abstract: Compositions containing sulfuric acid and one or more of certain chalcogen-containing compounds in which the chalcogen compound/H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 molar ratio is below 2 contain the mono-adduct of sulfuric acid which is catalytically active for promoting organic chemical reactions. Suitable chalcogen-containing compounds have the empirical formula. ##STR1## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is independently selected from hydrogen, NR.sub.3 R.sub.4, and NR.sub.5, at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen, each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic radical, and R.sub.5 is a divalent organic radical. Such compositions are useful for catalyzing organic reactions such as oxidation, oxidative addition, reduction, reductive addition, esterification, transesterification, hydrogenation, isomerication (including racemization of optical isomers), alkylation, polymerization, demetallization of organometallics, nitration, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and hydrolysis.

Abstract: Novel phosphonium salts of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted; R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted; R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each is a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted; X is a hydroxyl group, a hydroxycarbonyloxy group or a lower alkylcarbonyloxy group, and processes for production of the salts are described. Telomerization catalysts containing said phosphonium salts and processes for production of straight-chain alkadienyl compounds using the same catalysts are also provided.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons, and particularly lower molecular weight alkanes and cycloalkanes, may readily be oxidized with air or O.sub.2 to form such products as alcohols, ketones, and the like selectively high yields when there is employed as the catalyst a coordination complex containing an iron center and a halogenated ligand having the structure ##STR1## where Fe is iron; " .circle. " is a ligand; X is a halogen substituent of the ligand; and A is an anion.

Abstract: Novel immunoassay which utilizes an enzyme linked ligand or receptor wherein the enzyme is bacterial luciferase; mercantile kit useful in performing said immunoassay; and compounds utilized in performing said assay.

Abstract: This invention relates to condensation polymers of thiolactic and thioglycolic acids. These polymers, as well as thiolactic acid, 2,2'-dithobisacetic acid, and 2,2'-dithiobispropanoic acid, increase both the rate of plant growth and the concentration of chlorophyll in the plant.

Abstract: The reaction of a zinc compound compound of formula IIICF.sub.3 CCl.sub.2 ZnCl.yL (III)wherein y is 1 or 2 and L is a solvent ligand selected from the group consisting of the N-disubstituted acid amides, N-substituted lactams and organic sulfoxides, with an aldehyde of formula IIR--CHO (II)wherein R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical or an aliphatic or aromatic heterocyclic radical, gives 1-propanols of formula I ##STR1## in high yields.

Abstract: Process for the hydrogenation of functionally substituted acetylenic compounds employing catalyst comprising nickel boride on an inorganic oxide support is disclosed. Functionally-substituted acetylenic compounds are selectively reduced under mild reaction conditions to give functionally-substituted cis-olefinic compounds in high yield.

Abstract: The invention declares new chiral, optically active compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein a 5 or 6 membered lactol ring (E), with X and Y meaning (CR.sup.1 R.sup.2).sub.n, with n=0 to 2 and R.sup.1, R.sup.2 =H, lower alkyl or aryl in any combination which does not impair the anomeric selectivity of I in forming acetals, is fused in a stereospecific manner to a bicyclo[2.2.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the production of .beta.-mercaptopropionic acid and its esters and nitriles by reacting the corresponding acrylic acid derivatives with trithiocarbonates in aqueous solution.

Abstract: A nucleophile substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon based compound is prepared by reacting a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R' are hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthioalkyl, or carboxyalkyl or carboxyalkenyl and X is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine with a nucleophilic reagent.

Abstract: Water-emulsifiable hard waxes consisting of homogeneous copolymers of ethylene with from 1 to 8% by weight, based on copolymer, of one or more .alpha.-olefinically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -carboxylic acids, and having the following characteristic data:Melt index=1,500 to 20 MFI units, measured at 160.degree. C. under 325 g loadAcid number=10-60Hoppler hardness=400-800 bar, measured at 23.degree. C. by DGF standard method M-III 9a (57).

Abstract: A process is disclosed wherein an optically active .beta.-mercaptoalkanoic acid represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is lower alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, is prepared by(1) reacting an optically active .beta.-hydroxyalkanoic acid represented by formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 is the same as defined above, with a halogenating reagent to prepare an optically active .beta.-haloalkanoyl halide represented by formula (III): ##STR3## wherein X is halogen and R.sub.1 is the same as defined above; (2) reacting the .beta.-haloalkanoyl halide with water or an aqueous alkaline solution to prepare an optically active .beta.-haloalkanoic acid represented by formula (IV): ##STR4## wherein X and R.sub.1 are each the same as defined above, or a salt thereof, respectively; and(3) reacting the .beta.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with the preparation of long-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols from cyclododecanone and acyl chlorides. More specifically, this invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1-triacontanol, CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.28 CH.sub.2 OH. Triacontanol acts as a growth stimulant on a wide range of plants to increase dry weight gains, water uptake, water use efficiency and protein synthesis in treated plants.

Abstract: A polyperoxyketal having at least one carboxy group--an acid, hydrocarbon ester, a metal ion, or as part of an anhydride. Illustrations are: n-Butyl .gamma.,.gamma.-bis-(t-butylperoxy) valerate and Barium .gamma.,.gamma.-bis(t-butylperoxy) valerate. These polyperoxyketals are vulcanizing agents for thermoplastic polymers such as rubber and ethylenepropylene rubber.

Abstract: Inhibition of the formation of color bodies and color-forming materials and other contaminants and/or decolorization of discolored sulfur-containing organic compounds containing divalent sulfur by addition of a small amount of oxalic acid.

Abstract: A nucleophile substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon based compound is prepared by reacting a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R' are hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthioalkyl, or carboxyalkyl or carboxyalkenyl and X is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine with a nucleophilic reagent.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more palladium-containing catalysts in combination with a Group VB tertiary donor ligand and in the presence of an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: A process for preparing a secondary or tertiary 2-carboxyethyl- or carboxymethylphosphine or a salt thereof comprisessaponifying the corresponding cyanoalkyl phosphine with an aqueous-alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution, to prepare the alkali metal salt of the corresponding phosphino carboxylic acid,treating an aqueous solution of the acid salt so produced with a strongly acidic ion exchanger, andneutralizing the resultant free acid with an alkali metal hydroxide, ammonia or an amine when a salt thereof is to be prepared.

Abstract: A process for recovering carboxylic acids with a material of which the main component is a polymeric compound having a pyridine skeletal structure and a crosslinked structure, followed by desorbing the captured carboxylic acids by use of a desorbing agent.

Abstract: Various mercaptoalkanoic acids are recovered from an aqueous medium or water in which they are contained by a liquid-liquid solvent extraction operation employing at least one of an alkanoic acid ester and an alkylene glycol ether. In one embodiment, thioglycolic acid has been extracted with ethyl acetate. In another embodiment, it has been recovered with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate. In a further embodiment, it has been recovered with diethylene glycol diethyl ether.

Abstract: Secondary and tertiary 2-carboxyethyl or carboxymethylphosphines or a salt thereof, of the formulaR--P(CH.sub.2 COOMe).sub.2 or R--P(CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --COOMe).sub.2whereinMe is hydrogen, an alkali metal or NR'.sub.4 wherein R' is hydrogen, C.sub.1-10 alkyl or C.sub.6-14 aryl, andR is hydrogen or a saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic group of 1-20 carbon atoms and, for the 2-carboxyethylphosphines, also C.sub.6-14 aryl,are useful as components in catalysts for ethylene oligomerization.

Abstract: This invention concerns certain substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinones having herbicidal activity, their preparation, and the control of weeds therewith.

Abstract: A novel method for the selective preparation of the cis isomer of a disubstituted ethylenically unsaturated compound is proposed in which a disubstituted acetylenically unsaturated compound is partially hydrogenated in the presence of, in place of a conventional Lindlar catalyst or a combination of a Lindlar catalyst with an amine, a palladium catalyst borne on an alumina carrier in combination with water and a hydroxide or a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. The inventive method is advantageous over conventional methods by the unnecessity of the use of an amine compound which is definitely undesirable when the product is directed to the application in perfumery and by the easiness in handling of the catalyst which can be easily separated from the reaction mixture after completion of the reaction.

Abstract: A one-step process is disclosed for forming a carboxylic acid and its anhydride directly from the corresponding olefin which comprises reacting the olefin with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a stable rhodium complex catalyst. The rhodium catalyst is stabilized by a pentavalent Group V ligand, such as a phosphine oxide. The reaction is preferably conducted in an inert organic solvent. In an alternate embodiment, a carboxylic acid may be obtained by oxidation of an aldehyde (produced, for example, by hydroformylation of the corresponding olefin) in the presence of a rhodium complex catalyst stabilized by a pentavalent Group V ligand. This reaction is also preferably conducted in an inert organic solvent.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalyst components and an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: Carboxylic acids and/or esters are prepared by converting the ##STR1## moiety in a 1-substituted 2,2-trihaloethanol, or derivative wherein X represents halogen and R is hydrogen or an acyl group to an organic acid and/or ester grouping of the formula ##STR2## wherein R' is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in the process which comprises reacting the 1-substituted 2,2,2-trihaloethanol or acylated derivative with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a complex of a transition metal having an atomic number from 21-30, 39-48 or 57-80 and at least one molecule of a ligand containing trivalent nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony. This reaction is carried out in a reaction medium comprising an alcohol or aqueous alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms optionally containing an alkali metal, said alcoholic solvent also serving as a reactant source when carboxylic acid esters are formed.

Abstract: A novel process is described for the preparation of novel organic solutions of organooxy magnesium compounds of low viscosity, which solutions are formed in the presence of at least 5 mol % based on the magnesium compound of an organooxy compound of a transition metal of Groups IV through VI of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: A process for preparing thioethers of mercaptocarboxylic acids by contacting glycolic acid or bromoacetic acid and a mercaptan in the presence of aqueous hydrogen bromide.

Abstract: Novel amine and amidine derivatives of di-0-(n-higher alkyl and alkenyl)-glycerols and -propanediols, and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, are useful for combating viral infections in mammals. Of particular interest is 1,3-di-0-(n-hexadecyl)-2-0-(3-aminopropyl)-glycerol, and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.

Abstract: New substituted acyl derivatives of amino acids which have the general formula ##STR1## are useful as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Abstract: A lower carboxylic acid such as acetic acid is separated and recovered from an aqueous medium by the steps which include contacting, in an extraction zone, the aqueous medium with an extracting agent such as trioctyl phosphine oxide dissolved in an organic solvent such as a mixture of paraffins having a boiling range of about 160.degree. C. to 175.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing thioethers by the addition of an SH group from a thiol-containing compound, e.g., an alcohol, ester or acid, across at least one double bond of an ethylenically unsaturated compound in the presence of an initiator comprising a pinacol of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is phenyl or substituted phenyl, said substituents being members of the group consisting of halogen, alkyloxy and alkyl, said alkyloxy and alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: New substituted acyl derivatives of amino acids which have the general formula ##STR1## are useful as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Abstract: Energetic diols of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is --H, --NO, --NO.sub.2, --CN, or --CH.sub.2 COOH, and diesters of the formula ##STR2## wherein R is --H, --NO, --NO.sub.2, --CN, --CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.2 C(NO.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3, or --CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.2 C(NO.sub.2).sub.3 and R' is an alkyl, fluoroalkyl, chloroalkyl, aryl, fluoroaryl, chloroalkyl, aralkyl, fluoroaralkyl, chloroaralkyl, or alkene group.