Abstract: A method for removing hydrocarbon impurities from acetic acid is disclosed. The method comprises extracting acetic acid with a hydrophilic imidazolium salt. The imidazolium salt preferably has the general structure of wherein X? is a counter ion and R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 hydrocarbon substitutes. The method is useful for removing hydrocarbon impurities from the alkane distillation bottoms stream of a methanol carbonylation process.

Abstract: Disclosed are copolymers of carbon nanotubes, as well as processes and applications of carbon nanotube dispersions. Carbon nanotube emulsions and related technology are also disclosed. The controlled deposition of carbon nanotubes on substrates is also provided. Methods of purifying single-walled carbon nanotubes are also provided. Devices made according to the disclosed methods are further described herein.

Abstract: The disclosure provides compounds useful as insect repellents and compositions comprising such repellents. The disclosure further provides insect traps.

Abstract: A process for converting levulinic acid into pentanoic acid, the process comprising the following steps: (a) contacting a feedstock comprising levulinic acid under hydrogenating conditions, in the presence of hydrogen, with a non-acidic heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising a hydrogenation metal supported on a solid catalyst carrier to obtain a first effluent comprising gamma valerolactone; (b) contacting at least part of the first effluent under hydrogenating conditions, in the presence of hydrogen, with a strongly acidic catalyst and a hydrogenation metal to obtain a second effluent comprising pentanoic acid, wherein step (b) is operated at a conversion per pass of at most 70 wt % to obtain the second effluent comprising pentanoic acid and unconverted gamma valerolactone, and wherein part of the unconverted gamma valerolactone is recycled to step (a) and/or step (b).

Abstract: The invention relates to acyl-carboxyphenylurea derivatives and to their physiologically tolerated salts and physiologically functional derivatives. Compounds of the formula I, in which the radicals have the stated meanings, and the physiological tolerated salts thereof and processes for preparing them are described. The compounds are suitable for example for the treatment of type II diabetes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for converting ammonium salts of organic acids to the particular free organic acid, wherein an aqueous solution of the ammonium salt is contacted with an organic extractant and the salt is dissociated at temperatures and pressures at which the aqueous solution and the extractant are in the liquid state, and a stripping medium or entraining gas is introduced in order to remove NH3 from the aqueous solution and transfer at least a portion of the free organic acid formed to the organic extractant. The invention described here thus provides an improved process for releasing an organic acid, preferably a carboxylic, sulphonic or phosphonic acid, especially an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid or beta-hydroxycarboxylic acid, from the ammonium salt thereof by release and removal of ammonia and simultaneous extraction of the acid released with a suitable extractant from the aqueous phase. This process corresponds to a reactive extraction.

Abstract: An Amino Acid Compound is described. The Amino Acid Compound may comprise an Amino Acid and one of a Nitrate and a Nitrite. The Amino Acid may be one of Agmatine, Arginine, Beta Alanine, Citrulline, Creatine, Glutamine, L-Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Norvaline, Ornithine, and Valine.

Abstract: A method of recovering formate from halide-contaminated formate brine that includes mixing a formate recovery solvent and the halide-contaminated formate brine; separating halide contaminants from the formate; and recovering the formate from the formate recovery solvent is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods of forming soft connective tissue compositions such as skin equivalents, compositions made by the methods and their uses.

Abstract: A refolding agent and refolding method which makes it possible to produce high-purity proteins in high productivity. The refolding agent includes a phosphorus-containing compound (A) and an oxycarbonyl group-containing compound (B). The refolding method includes the step of treating the unfolded protein with the refolding agent. As the compound (A), there may be at least one selected from inorganic phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphate esters, sugar phosphate esters, and salts of these, and as the compound (B), there may be at least one selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and salts of these.

Abstract: [Problems to be Solved] It is an object of the present invention to provide an agent and a method for maintaining and promoting the stability of a membrane protein, and in particular, a transporter (for example, an ABC transporter) on a cell membrane. [Solution] The present invention provides: a method of treating a cell with carboxylic acid including 4-phenylbutyric acid or a derivative thereof to suppress the decomposition of a protein existing on a cell membrane, so as to maintain and promote the stability of the protein on the membrane; and an agent for stabilizing a membrane protein, which comprises carboxylic acid including 4-phenylbutyric acid or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: Aspirin triggered lipid mediators (ATLMs) are disclosed which are useful for the treatment of prevention of inflammation associated with various diseases, including ischemia.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon compounds having at least one nitrile function are converted into compounds having at least one carboxylic function by hydrating the nitrile functions into amide functions by reaction with water in the presence of a strong inorganic acid, and then hydrolyzing the amide functions into carboxylic functions by reaction with water and a strong inorganic acid; the carboxylic compounds thus obtained can be esterified into diesters, advantageously diester solvents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new carboxylic acid inhibitors of histone deacetylase, GABA transaminase, and/or sodium channel activity, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a modified carbon nanotube having —C(O)—R? or —C(O)—R—COOH covalently bounded to a surface of carbon nanotube, wherein R? is C1-C26 alkyl or C2-C26 alkenyl, and R is C1-C26 alkylene or C2-C26 alkenylene. The present invention also discloses a carbon nanotubes/polymer composite having electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, which contains 0.1-10% of modified carbon nanotubes, based on the weight of the polymer. The present invention further provides methods for preparing the modified carbon nanotubes and the composite.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of acetic acid comprising the steps of: providing a feed stream of water and ethanol; adding the feed stream to a recycle stream comprising unconverted ethanol and water; heating the admixture to a predetermined reaction temperature and passing the thus heated admixture over a catalyst being active in non-oxidative conversion of ethanol to acetic acid to obtain an effluent being rich in acetic acid; optionally cooling the effluent; separating the effluent into a stream rich in acetic acid being essentially free of water, a hydrogen containing stream, and a stream with unconverted amounts of ethanol, water and reactive derivates of acetic acid and optionally ethyl acetate; recycling the stream with unconverted amounts of ethanol and water to step (a); determining the amount of water in the recycle stream and adjusting the composition of the ethanol and water feed stream in step (a) to a water/ethanol mole ratio of between 0.3/0.7 to 0.6/0.4.

Abstract: A metal chelating composition having the formula: wherein Q is a carrier; S1 is a spacer; L is -A-T-CH(X)— or —C(?O)—; A is an ether, thioether, selenoether, or amide linkage; T is a bond or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl; X is —(CH2)kCH3, —(CH2)kCOOH, —(CH2)kSO3H, —(CH2)kPO3H2, —(CH2)kN(J)2, or —(CH2)kP(J)2, preferably —(CH2)kCOOH or —(CH2)kSO3H; k is an integer from 0 to 2; J is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; Y is —COOH, —H, —SO3H, —PO3H2, —N(J)2, or —P(J)2, preferably, —COOH; Z is —COOH, —H, —SO3H, —PO3H2, —N(J)2, or —P(J)2, preferably, —COOH; and i is an integer from 0 to 4, preferably 1 or 2.

Abstract: [Technical Problem] The present invention provides an enhancer of cellular immunity, and provides applications to carcinogenesis or preventive therapy against cancer recurrence, immunotherapy for cancer, treatment for pathogenic microorganism infection, and the like. [Technical Solution] The present invention comprises the substance having an inhibitory activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) as an active component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing potassium formate. Formaldehyde, potassium hydroxide and isobutyraldehyde are reacted in water, at a molar ratio of 1.0:1.0:1.0 to 3.0:2.0:1.0 and at a temperature of 0-1000 C, preferably 30-700 C. The obtained reaction solution is neutralised to pH 4-6 and evaporated in a first step, whereby two phases are obtained, one organic phase and one aqueous phase, the latter comprising the main part of the potassium formate. The organic phase is subsequently separated from the aqueous phase, where after a final evaporation of the aqueous phase takes place at a pressure of 0.0-1.0 bar and a temperature of 160-2500 C, to obtain a melt of potassium formate. Water is added followed by filtration resulting in a solution having a content of >99% by weight of potassium formate, calculated on a water free basis.

Abstract: What is proposed is an apparatus for automatic catalyst exchange in a plurality of process steps in the catalyst tubes of a reactor with a bundle of catalyst tubes, which are welded in or rolled in between an upper tube plate and a lower tube plate in longitudinal direction of the reactor, and welded tight, comprising a tool carrier device, which is arranged so as to be mobile in a plane above and parallel to the upper tube plate, and which can be equipped with an exchangeable tool for each process step, the exchangeable tool being mobile together with the tool carrier device in the plane above and parallel to the upper tube plate and also vertically, in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the reactor, and being able to access each individual catalyst tube with control by means of a control unit, the position of the longitudinal axis of each individual catalyst tube being measured or calculated and recorded in the control unit in a position database.

Abstract: A substrate, such as a glass, glass ceramic, ceramic or metal substrate, is provided with a thermocatalytically active coating on at least a part of the substrate surface. The thermocatalytic coating contains an inorganic lithium salt or organic lithium-containing compound in an amount that is equivalent to not less than 2 wt. % of lithium ions, based on total coating weight. The thermocatalytic coating has a glass, glass solder or sol-gel matrix in which the lithium salt or organic lithium-containing compound is introduced. Optional barrier and IR-reflecting layers are arranged between the substrate surface and the thermocatalytically active coating.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a low molecular weight adjuvant which can be administered safely without inducing skin irritation or the like by transdermal or transmucosal administration and is for enhancing immunogenicity of an antigen efficiently. It can be achieved by an immunostimulant adjuvant containing at least one substance selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, free fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives but does not contain a substance represented by the following formula. (In the formula, R3 and R4 may be combined to form a cyclic ring, and R1 and R2 independently represent an alkyl side chain having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Compounds are provided which can form bioabsorbable compositions useful as adhesives or sealants for medical/surgical applications.

Abstract: A process for preparation of gabapentin hydrochloride by converting 1,5-dicyano-2,4-dioxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]-undecane into 1,5-diaminoformyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]-undecane at a temperature of 65° C. to 85° C. in the presence of a strong acid, and then carrying out Hofmann rearrangement under an alkaline condition. The starting material of the process is readily available. The process is simple, and can reduce the purification procedure of intermediates, reduce production cost, and obtain product with higher purity.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are described for recovery of a carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of an ester in a mixture comprising the ester, an alcohol and water. The apparatus comprises a catalytic distillation column containing an acidic catalyst and a distillation column. Simultaneously and interdependently the alcohol is catalytically dehydrated to the corresponding ether and water, and said water reacts with the ester to generate a carboxylic acid rich stream from the catalytic distillation column. The acid is recovered by distillation in the distillation column. The process requires no added water. A second embodiment of the apparatus and process has means to co-feed one or both of added methanol and/or water with the feed to maintain substantially optimum operation independent of feed composition.

Abstract: A new N-heterocyclic catalyst system which contains N-heterocyclic carbene and amido as ligands, which are strongly bound to a palladium metal. Another heteroatom functionality can be used as a third ligand L. The NHC-amidate ligand system is unique in structure, and shows excellent reactivities in a number of chemical reactions. The chemical reactions include carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (oxygen and nitrogen) bond formations, and oxidation reactions of saturated carbon chemicals via C—H activation.

Abstract: An economic, direct synthetic method for producing water soluble QDs that are ready for bioconjugation is provided. The method can produce aqueous QDs with emission wavelengths varying from 400 nm to 700 nm Highly luminescent metal sulfide (MS) QDs are produced via an aqueous synthesis route. MS QDs are capped with thiol-containing charged molecules in a single step. The resultant MS QDs exhibit the distinctive excitonic photoluminescence desired of QDs and can be fabricated to avoid undesirable broadband emissions at higher wavelengths. This provides a significant improvement over the present complex and expensive commercial processes for the production of QDs. The aqueous QDs are stable in biological fluids over a long period of time. In addition, nontoxic ZnS QDs have been produced with good photoluminescence properties by refluxing the ZnS QD suspensions over a period of time.

Abstract: A stain inhibitor, which acts to neutralise the alkali leached to the surface of a sheet of glass in the presence of water, is disclosed. The stain inhibitor comprises a compound that reacts with the water to produce an acid. The acid acts to neutralise the alkali leached to the surface of the glass. Preferably, the compound hydrolyses to produce the acid, and is an ester.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon-based compounds containing at least one nitrile function are converted into compounds containing at least one carboxylic function, and into ester compounds from the carboxylic compounds thus obtained; such conversion entails reacting the nitrile compound with a hydroxyl basic compound in solution in a solvent at a temperature of between 80 and 150° C., in eliminating the ammonia formed, in reacting the salt obtained with a mineral acid, and then in recovering the compound containing at least one carboxylic function and, optionally, esterifying the acids obtained by reaction with an alcohol.

Abstract: A process for the isolation of desired compound(s) from a microbial biomass is disclosed, wherein the microbial biomass (which, if necessary, is pretreated to give a dry matter content of from 25 to 80%) is granulated (e.g. by extrusion) and then dried to a dry matter content of at least 80%. The granulation of the biomass to granules significantly eases subsequent drying of the biomass (which can be stored as dried granules) and gives higher yields on extraction of the compound(s).

Abstract: Skin lightening additives and skin lightening compositions having at least one of a heterosubstituted, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic acid are described. The compositions are suitable for topical application and may comprise 12-hydroxystearic acid, ricinoleic acid or both.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula I and Formula II are useful as inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases. Compounds of Formula I and Formula II have the following structures: where the definitions of the variables are provided herein.

Abstract: An acid gas absorbent comprising a metal sulfonate, phosphonate or carboxylate of a hindered amine and a process for the selective removal Of H2S as well as other acidic components such as carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide and oxygen and sulfur derivatives of C1 to C4 hydrocarbons from mixtures containing such acidic components and CO2 using said absorbent.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of ?-alkoxycarbonylamino-?-aminoacids and ?,? orthogonally diprotected diaminoacids from ?,?-diaminoacids using 1-alkoxycarbonylbenzotriazoles as protecting agents is disclosed. In an alternative embodiment, carbamoylating agents in the presence of benzotriazoles are used instead of 1-alkoxycarbonylbenzotriazoles. This reaction is preferably applied to the preparation of ?-alkoxycarbonyllysines from lysine. A process for the preparation of t-butoxycarbonylbenzotriazoles and novel complexes of ?-alkoxycarbonylamino-?-aminoacids with benzotriazoles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Processes for making a diester compound of formula (B) and for converting it to pregabalin, especially via a compound of formula (2), can provide several advantages. The compound (B) can be converted to the compound (2) via reductive hydrogenation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube, and more specifically, to a continuous method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube by feeding functional compounds having one or more functional group into a functionalizing reactor into which a carbon nanotube mixture including oxidizer is fed under a pressure of 50 to 400 atm and a temperature of 100 to 600° C. to a subcritical water or supercritical water condition of a pressure of 50 to 40 atm by using a continuously functionalizing apparatus to obtain the functionalized products, such that the functional group of the functional compound can be easily introduced to the carbon nanotube, thereby increasing the functionalized effect of the carbon nanotube and increasing the dispersibility accordingly.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrocarbon impurities from acetic acid is disclosed. The method comprises extracting acetic acid with a hydrophilic imidazolium salt. The imidazolium salt preferably has the general structure of wherein X? is a counter ion and R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 hydrocarbon substitutes. The method is useful for removing hydrocarbon impurities from the alkane distillation bottoms stream of a methanol carbonylation process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for alkaline hydrolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially carboxylic esters, to carboxylic acids, wherein, for the alkaline hydrolysis of the carboxylic acid derivatives, red mud which is produced by the Bayer process used for aluminum production is used as a reaction-promoting component, especially as a hydroxide ion source.

Abstract: The invention relates to the identification of isovaleric acid as a natural ligand of the RCC356 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The invention encompasses the use of the interaction of RCC356 polypeptides and isovaleric acid as the basis of screening assays for agents that modulate the activity of the RCC356 receptor. The invention also encompasses diagnostic and other assays performed based upon the RCC356/isovaleric acid interaction, as well as kits for performing diagnostic and screening assays.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for pre-treating an oil comprises: introducing a oil, an alcohol, and an acid catalyst to a first continuous stirred tank reactor vessel, wherein the oil comprises free fatty acids; selectively reacting the oil and the alcohol to convert the free fatty acids to alkyl esters, wherein the reaction does not produce glycerol; removing a pre-treated oil stream from a lower portion of the first continuous stirred tank reactor, wherein the pre-treated oil stream comprises the alkyl esters; and recycling the alcohol and acid catalyst from an upper portion of the first continuous stirred tank reactor.

Abstract: There is shown a method of purifying glacial acetic acid containing terpene and terpenoid impurities. Substantially dry acetic acid containing terpene and terpenoid impurities is combined with water and a suitable organic solvent, which is substantially immiscible with acetic acid and water, to form a separating composite extraction medium having a weight ratio of acetic acid:water of at least 1:1. The components are separated into an organic phase and an aqueous acid phase, with the terpene and terpenoid impurities concentrated in the organic phase, and with the aqueous acid phase purified of terpene and terpenoid impurities. The purified aqueous acid phase is recovered, and the purified acetic acid is dried.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of at least one nonvolatile microbial metabolite in solid form by sugar-based microbial fermentation, in which process a microorganism strain which produces the desired metabolites is grown using a sugar-containing liquid medium with a monosaccharide content of more than 20% by weight based on the total weight of the liquid medium, and the volatile constituents of the fermentation liquor are subsequently largely removed, the sugar-containing liquid medium being prepared by: a1) milling selected starch feedstock from cereal grains; and a2) liquefying the millbase in an aqueous liquid in the presence of at least one starch-liquefying enzyme, followed by saccharification using at least one saccharifying enzyme, where, for liquefaction purposes, at least a portion of the millbase is liquefied by continuous or batchwise addition to the aqueous liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of a stable alkali metal lactate in powder form, the product of said preparation, functional pre-mixes for foodstuff comprising said stable alkali metal lactate powder, and foodstuffs comprising said stable alkali metal lactate powder. In the method According to the invention, a concentrate that contains alkali metal lactate is processed, with cooling, in a mixer/extruder to form a powder of the alkali metal lactate. According to the invention the alkali metal lactates in powder form are stable for at least 48 hours.

Abstract: The present invention encompasses processes for the preparation and purification of paliperidone palmitate.

Abstract: An agent for treating acute cerebral infarction, comprising (2R)-2-propyloctanoic acid or a salt thereof, which is used for administration after a lapse of time of from about 5 hours to about 72 hours from the onset of the disease is useful for treating acute cerebral infarction, since it safely improves acute cerebral infarction or accompanying symptoms in the patient of acute cerebral infarction, specifically in the patient of acute cerebral infarction defined as a score of 7 to 22 on NIH Stroke Scale.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optimized process and apparatus for more efficiently and economically carrying out the liquid-phase oxidation of an oxidizable compound. Such liquid-phase oxidation is carried out in a bubble column reactor that provides for a highly efficient reaction at relatively low temperatures. When the oxidized compound is para-xylene and the product from the oxidation reaction is crude terephthalic acid (CTA), such CTA product can be purified and separated by more economical techniques than could be employed if the CTA were formed by a conventional high-temperature oxidation process.

Abstract: Dithiol compounds and derivatives thereof are disclosed. The agents are useful for treating ocular disease, especially presbyopia and cataract.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of (R)-(?)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5- methylhexanoic acid, in particular, the resolution of the acid racemate by means of salification with optically active amines and subsequent acidification to give the (R) enantiomer of the acid; this invention also concerns the salt intermediates formed with said amines and the conversion of said (R)-(?)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5- methylhexanoic acid into biologically active molecules such as pregabalin.

Abstract: Carboxylate salts of amines are used as components of heat exchange fluids. The amines may have a ratio of N to C of 1:0 to 1:12 and the carboxylate anion may be derived from an acid of the formula H(CH2)0-3COOH. A preferred monoamine heat exchange fluid utilizes triethanolamine formate. Lower carboxylate salts of diamines and triamines having the formula R2[N[(CH2)mNR]1-2]R where each R is independently selected from moieties of the formula —CnH2n+1 and moieties of the formula H[O(CH2)1-4]—, each m is independently a number from 1 to 6, and each n is a number from 1 to 4, are disclosed as compounds.

Abstract: A method for producing a mixture of short chain carboxylic acids from biomass includes adding biomass to a reactor vessel, heating the biomass to crack it, removing undesired and unreacted materials and light ends from the cracked biomass, and removing a mixture containing carboxylic acids having carbon chain lengths between C2 and C16. A composition includes a carboxyl group-containing compound derived by cracking biomass and having a carboxyl carbon chain length between C2 and C16.