Abstract: Making an OLED device, in a controlled environment, includes positioning a substrate having an electrode in a first station and coating one or more first organic layer(s); using a robot to grasp and remove the substrate from the first station and positioning the coated substrate into a second station, with a donor element that includes emissive organic material; applying radiation to selectively transfer organic material from the donor element to the substrate to form an emissive layer; forming a second electrode in a third station; and controlling the atmosphere in the stations so that the water vapor partial pressure is less than 1 torr but greater than 0 torr, or the oxygen partial pressure is less than 1 torr but greater than 0 torr, or both the water vapor partial pressure and the oxygen partial pressure are respectively less than 1 torr but greater than 0 torr.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for thermal transfer overcoat technology. Throughput conditions are anticipated. Multi-stage preheating of the fuser is performed such that active heating during thermal transfer overcoat is eliminated. Thermal waves create an accumulated fuser heat that is a sufficient energy to maintain a substantially constant fuser temperature needed for one whole thermal transfer overcoat cycle.

Abstract: A system (100, 100′) and method for robotic manipulation of objects (130) is provided wherein a liquid (110, 110′) is agitated by the transfer of energy thereto for establishing an oscillatory motion instability in the liquid (110, 110′). The energy input into the liquid (110, 110′) forms standing waves (112). The objects (130) align themselves with nodes of the standing waves (112) and thus are dynamically arranged in a configuration established by the location of the standing waves (112). The location of the standing waves (112) can be predetermined by controlling the energy input by energy application system (140) and the size and shape of the container (120). Predetermined waveforms are supplied from the signal source (150, 154) to the energy application system (140).

Abstract: A method for tensioning unrolled donor substrate to facilitate transfer of organic material to form a layer on the unrolled donor substrate, comprising the steps of: delivering of a portion of the unrolled donor substrate from a roll to a frame disposed in an organic coating chamber, such frame defining an aperture; engaging the unrolled donor substrate and tensioning such material using a first clamp assembly associated with the frame; coating the tensioned donor substrate with an organic layer in the organic coating chamber; and cutting the unrolled tensioned portion of donor substrate into a sheet before or after it has been coated with organic material.

Abstract: A method of applying a varnish, whether or not it includes a solvent, on a component, in particular a vehicle headlight reflector, comprises the following steps: (i) selecting a varnish having a viscosity at ambient temperature of about 500 to 2000 mPa.s, and a viscosity at the application temperature which is lower than about 200 mPa.s, with a viscosity which is substantially independent of variation in the temperature within the range of application; (ii) heating the surface of the component before the step of moistening the varnish at a selected temperature &thgr;p1; (iii) heating the varnish at the moment of application to a selected temperature &thgr;v; and (iv) during the spreading step, maintaining the component at a selected temperature &thgr;p2 for a selected time tp2.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a permanent magnet by the steps of preparing an admixture of magnetic material and binder material, the admixture material having a particle size of less than 325 mesh. Then heating a carrier gas to a temperature substantially below the melting point of either component of the admixture. The admixture is introduced into the carrier gas and the admixture is sprayed atop a ductile carrier. The admixture adheres to the carrier and forms a solid permanent magnet. An electric field is applied to the sprayed admixture to create a permanent magnetic moment.

Abstract: A system (100, 100′) and method for robotic manipulation of objects (130) is provided wherein a liquid (110, 110′) is agitated by the transfer of energy thereto for establishing an oscillatory motion instability in the liquid (110, 110′). The energy input into the liquid (110, 110′) forms standing waves (112). The objects (130) align themselves with nodes of the standing waves (112) and thus are dynamically arranged in a configuration established by the location of the standing waves (112). The location of the standing waves (112) can be predetermined by controlling the energy input by energy application system (140) and the size and shape of the container (120). Predetermined waveforms are supplied from the signal source (150, 154) to the energy application system (140).

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for forming an antifouling coating containing a photocatalyst and amorphous titanium peroxide with substantially no photocatalytic capability provided on a treatment face of a substrate having a surface made of a plastic or a rubber, including a step of performing dry treatment for introducing a hydrophilic group to the treatment face of the substrate, and a step of forming the antifouling coating by applying an aqueous coating agent containing the photocatalyst and the amorphous titanium peroxide with substantially no photocatalytic capability to the treatment face of the substrate after the dry treatment. It is preferable that the above-mentioned dry treatment is a plasma discharge treatment, corona discharge treatment or ultraviolet irradiation treatment. The present invention also provides an antifouling material having an antifouling coating formed by the process for forming an antifouling coating of the present invention.

Abstract: There is disclosed a magnetoresistive film in which increase of a coupling field accompanying thickness reduction of a middle layer is inhibited. The magnetoresistive film is a multilayered film including a pinned layer 3 having magnetization whose direction is fixed, a nonmagnetic middle layer 4 formed on the pinned layer, and a free layer 5 formed on the middle layer and provided with magnetization whose direction changes in accordance with an external magnetic field, the magnetoresistive film indicates a magnitude of resistance in accordance with an angle formed by the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer, and a copper oxide layer 7 of an oxide including a copper element is formed directly on the free layer, or on the free layer via an oxide layer 6 of a material fabricated by oxidizing a material constituting the free layer.

Abstract: A thermal physical vapor deposition apparatus includes an elongated vapor distributor disposed in a chamber held at reduced pressure, and spaced from a structure which is to receive an organic layer in forming part of an OLED. One or more detachable organic material vapor sources are disposed outside of the chamber, and a vapor transport device including a valve sealingly connects each attached vapor source to the vapor distributor. During vapor deposition of the organic layer, the structure is moved with respect to the vapor distributor to provide an organic layer of improved uniformity on the structure.

Abstract: A method for electrostatic spray-coating a medical device having a tubular wall, such as a stent, having an inner surface, an outer surface and openings therein. The tubular wall is grounded or electrically charged, and an electrically charged conductive core wire is located axially through the center of the stent. An electrical potential is applied to the conductive core wire to impart an electrical charge to the conductive core wire. The tubular wall is exposed to an electrically charged coating formulation, and the electrically charged coating formulation is deposited onto a portion of the tubular wall to form a coating. The electrical potentials of the conductive core wire and tubular wall can be repeatedly alternated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coating for tools that are used to process heat treated glass, e.g., molten glass or the like, to reduce the adhesion of said glass. The coating consists at least partially of a system of carbon-based layers and/or hard materials containing carbon.

Abstract: An automated deposition system includes a template deposition chamber that is used to deposit a mesostructured template on a wafer or other substrate, such as an optical lens. A supercritical infusion chamber infuses the mesoporous template with a matrix-forming material that is cured to produce a mesoporous matrix. The template may be removed by thermal, chemical or plasma processing to leave the mesoporous matrix intact.

Abstract: An electrospinning device for generating a coat from a liquefied polymer, the device comprising: (a) a dispenser for dispensing the liquefied polymer; (b) a cavity having a longitudinal axis, comprising a first system of electrodes; the dispenser and the first system of electrodes being constructed and design such that the liquefied polymer is dispensed from the dispenser and forms a plurality of polymer fibers moving along the longitudinal axis; and (c) a mechanism for relocating the polymer fibers out of the cavity, in a direction of an object, so as to generate a coat on the object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for coating a polyolefin or metal substrate by coating a polyolefin or metal substrate with a composition containing urethane (meth)acrylic resin [A] obtained by reacting a diisocyanate trimer (a1) and (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group (a2) and exposing radiation to cure the coated surface, in which the composition containing urethane (meth)acrylic resin [A] contains a compound having a carboxyl group. Also, the present invention relates to a laminate having a layer structure of a top coat layer, a layer of a composition containing urethane (meth)acrylic resin [A], obtained by reacting a diisocyanate trimer (a1) and (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group (a2), and a polyolefin layer.

Abstract: In a power supply apparatus for discharge surface treatment which uses a green compact electrode as a discharge electrode, allows a pulse-type discharge to take place between said discharge electrode and a workpiece, and forms a film, which is made of an electrode material or a material obtained when the electrode material reacts to a discharge energy, on a surface of the workpiece following three measures are taken. (1) When a discharge voltage detected by the voltage detection means is less than or equal to discharge detection voltage set value which is slightly lower than a power supply voltage, the electric current cut-off means forcibly cuts off an output of the oscillator so that long-time pulse is prevented. (2) A capacitor is connected in parallel with an oscillation circuit of the oscillator, and the long-time pulse is prevented by capacitor discharge. (3) Time that the discharge takes place once is controlled by a timer so that the long-time pulse is prevented.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a flexible film-type laminate (7) from two or more films (9a,9b) for packaging materials, whereby at least two films (9a,9b) are laminated to each other to give a film-type laminate and the film or film-type laminate is printed on, and at least one free surface of the film-type laminate is provided with a sealing lacquer coating (14). The invention is characterised in that the lamination (12), the printing (12) and the coating (14) of the film or film-type laminate with a sealant lacquer take place in-line at individual coating stations (1, 2, 4) in a production device (10) using an electrostatic coating process in which coating particles are electrostatically charged and deposited on the film surface to be coated using transfer means by applying an electric field, and melted and/or cured to give a coating film.

Abstract: A semiconductor equipment that is useful for the fabrication of integrated circuits (“IC”). More specifically, this invention relates to a “reactive-reactor” for a transport polymerization (“TP”) process module, wherein the process module is useful for the deposition of low dielectric (“&egr;”) thin films in IC manufacture. The reactive-reactor has reactive metal interior surfaces for effective conversion of precursors to intermediates. The resultant reaction products of the precursor and the interior surface material of the reactive-reactor are very stable, and do not cause metallic contamination of the semiconductors. The reactive-reactor of this invention is also equipped with Reactor Re-generating capacity to restore the reactive metal interior surfaces.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polyaddition compounds containing uretdione groups, to a process for preparing them and to their use as a starting component in the preparation of polyurethane plastics.

Abstract: An inorganic substrate with two or more coating layers is provided. The first coating layer is attached to the inorganic substrate and includes the polymeric reaction product formed upon hydrolysis of a silane compound having at least two tri(C1-C3)alkoxysilyl groups. The second and subsequent coating layers include at least one hydrophilic polymer and at least one photoactivatable cross-linking agent. The inorganic substrate can be a medical device suitable for insertion into the body of a mammal. The coatings are tenacious and not easily removed from the inorganic substrate by abrasion.

Abstract: A metalized or ceramic-coated biaxially oriented polyester film is disclosed, with a base layer B which comprises at least 80% by weight of thermoplastic polyester, and with at least one outer layer A. The outer layer A is composed of a copolymer or of a mixture of polymers/copolymers which contains from 90 to 98% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and up to 10% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units, and/or units derived from cycloaliphatic or aromatic diols and/or dicarboxylic acids. The thickness of the outer layer A is more than 0.7 &mgr;m and this makes up less than 25% by weight relative to the entire film. The Tg2 value of the polyester film is above the Tg2 value of the base layer, but below the Tg2 value of the outer layer. The film has low permeability to atmospheric oxygen and exhibits very good adhesion between the individual layers. It is particularly suitable for packaging purposes, specifically for packaging foods or other consumable items.

Abstract: Apparatus for permitting the transfer of organic material from a donor onto a substrate to form a layer of organic material on one or more OLED devices, comprising a first fixture arranged to support the donor and substrate in a relationship relative to one another whereby there will be either a separation between portions of the substrate and the donor, or the substrate and donor will be in contact, and wherein organic material will be transferred onto portions of the substrate; a second fixture aligned with and engaging the first fixture to clamp the donor and substrate and forming a chamber relative to a non-transfer surface of the donor; means for supplying a fluid to the chamber to apply pressure to the non-transfer surface of the donor so as to ensure the position of the donor relative to the substrate; and the first fixture including a transparent portion located in relationship to the non-transfer surface of the donor to permit transmission of radiation through such transparent portion to the non-tran

Abstract: Apparatus for transferring organic material from a donor web onto a substrate to form a layer of organic material on one or more OLED devices including a web of donor material; first and second fixtures and a structure for applying fluid to a chamber to containing the fixtures to apply pressure to the non-transfer surface of the donor web so as to ensure the position of the donor web relative to the substrate; the first fixture including a transparent portion located in relationship to the non-transfer surface of the donor web to permit transmission of radiation through such transparent portion to the non-transfer surface of the donor web so that heat will be produced and the organic material will transfer from the donor web to the substrate.

Abstract: A method for transferring organic material from a flexible donor element onto a substrate to form a layer of organic material in making one or more OLED devices, includes providing the flexible donor element and the substrate in a spaced relationship within a chamber under atmospheric pressure defined by a transfer station so that the flexible donor element partitions the chamber into first and second cavities; varying the pressure differential between the first and second cavities to cause the flexible donor element to move into a contact relationship with the substrate; providing a transparent window which defines the top surface of the second cavity; and providing radiation energy through the transparent window onto the flexible donor element in contact with the substrate to cause the flexible donor element to absorb heat and transfer organic material onto the substrate.

Abstract: There is disclosed a manufacturing method of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive film type device including a ceramic substrate, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive operation portion containing a lower electrode, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer, and upper electrode stacked on the substrate, and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer being formed beyond at least one of electrodes to form projected portions at its ends, the method comprising the steps of forming the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer beyond at least one of electrodes to project ends of the layer; applying a coating liquid in an amount sufficient to make the coating liquid permeate through a gap between at least a projected portion of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer and the substrate, and coat a predetermined portion of said at least one of electrodes; and drying thus applied coating liquid to form a coupling member to couple a projected portion of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer.

Abstract: A subject of the present invention is to provide a water based hydraulic fluid and a hydraulic pressure device able to prevent burning and wearing in a sliding portion of a member constructed by an iron-based material as much as possible. Therefore, the water based hydraulic fluid relative to the invention contains copper ions for forming a film on addendum surfaces of a drive gear and a driven gear constructed by the iron-based material. A gear pump as the hydraulic pressure device relative to the invention uses the water based hydraulic fluid containing metallic ions for forming the film on the addendum surfaces of the drive gear and the driven gear constructed by the iron-based material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating a matching network within a plasma enhanced semiconductor wafer processing system that uses pulsed power to facilitate plasma processing.

Abstract: An optical information recording medium according to the present invention includes at least one information layer in which a first dielectric film that contains Cr, O and at least one element (M1) selected from Zr and Hf, a recording film that is provided on the first dielectric film and changed in optical property reversibly by irradiation of laser beams, and a second dielectric film that is provided on the recording film and contains Cr, O and the at least one element (M1) selected from Zr and Hf, are provided in this order from a side on which laser beams are incident. The first dielectric film has a Cr atom concentration of at least 6 at %, the second dielectric film has a Cr atom concentration of at least 9 at %, and the Cr atom concentration of the second dielectric film is larger than the Cr atom concentration of the first dielectric film.

Abstract: An optical memory device is specifically so designed that, when an reference beam is applied thereto, the entire information area of its core layer can receive the reference beam all at a time to surely reconstruct a correct image. The optical memory device includes a core layer and a cladding layer laminated on both surfaces of the core layer.

Abstract: A nanolayered coated cutting tool that includes a substrate that has a surface with a coating on the surface thereof. The coating comprises a plurality of coating sets of alternating nanolayers of titanium nitride and titanium aluminum nitride wherein each coating set has a thickness up to about 100 nanometers. The coating includes a bonding region and an outer region. The bonding region comprises a plurality of the coating sets wherein the thickness of each coating set increases as the set moves away from the surface of the substrate. The outer region comprises a plurality of the coating sets wherein the thickness of each coating set is about equal.

Abstract: Enhanced corrosion protection of a metal substrate is accomplished in a multi-step process: a first coat comprising an electroactive polymer, such as polyphenylene ether, preferably poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-polyphenylene ether), is applied directly to the metal substrate and subsequently a conventional powder coat formulation, such as those comprising epoxy, poly(vinyl chloride), polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, acrylics, etc, binders and standard additive materials, is electrostatically applied and cured.

Abstract: In a case where a CF film is used as an interlayer dielectric film for a semiconductor device, when a wiring of W (tungsten) is formed, the CF film is heated to a temperature of, e.g., about 400 to 450° C. At this time, F gases are desorbed from the CF film, so that there are various disadvantages due to the corrosion of the wiring and the decrease of film thickness.

Abstract: System and method for oxidizing contaminants to alter specific properties, such as tack, of contaminants. The present invention reduces the tack of the stickies and pitch by exposing the materials for a short duration to low-energy pulsed electrical discharges between a pair of electrodes that are submerged in a liquid medium, such as a fiber stream, water, a pulp slurry, or whitewater. An electrical discharge in the liquid medium oxidizes materials, which may be dissolved or suspended therein, such as stickies, pitch, sulfide, ink, toner, and other substances, thereby reducing tack, odor, and/or zeta potential, as well as producing other desirable effect.

Abstract: A method using irradiation with optical light having a wavelength of 160 to 500 nanometers without higher wavelengths with cooling of the surface during the irradiation to modify the surface (12A, 104A, 202A, 304A, 402A, 502A) of a substrate (12, 104, 202, 304, 402, 502) is described. The light is filtered or the lamp (24, 106, 212, 306, 510) is restricted to the limited range to avoid the affects of the higher spectra. The light can be pulsed or continuous. The method is significantly enhanced by the presence of water (14, 124, 204, 306, 410, 508) on the surface, preferably also in the presence of ozone in the water. The treated surfaces are more paintable and bondable.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for continuously coating at least a metal strip with a crosslikable polymer fluid film free of non-active solvent or diluent and whereof the softening temperature is higher than 50° C. The method consists in continuously unwinding the metal strip (1) on at least a back-up roll (3); forming, on a roll (20) by forced flow, a layer of said crosslinkable polymer in melted state; forming, from said layer (30), said crosslinkable polymer film (31); and transferring entirely in thickness said film onto the metal strip (1) and, between the zone forming the layer (30) on the roll (20) and the zone applying the film (31) on the metal strip, in thermally conditioning the crosslinkable polymer to reduce its viscosity. The invention also concerns a coating device for implementing said method.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic thin film device in which as a junction interface shape between an organic thin film and an adjacent layer, a sectional contour shape of a device interface having a Hausdorff dimension, as one fractal dimension, falling within the range 1.5≦D≦2.0 is formed by defining the Hausdorff dimension and its scale length.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition apparatus and process are provided for providing a highly smooth shiny coating to a substrate. The apparatus includes a chamber with a fixture for mounting the components to be coated. The fixture is arranged such that the surfaces to be coated define a “dark side” that faces away from the source of ion bombardment. With this arrangement, heavier multiple ions will travel past the surface to be coated. Lighter single ions will be drawn more readily to the oppositely charged surface to be coated, and hence will undergo a non-linear travel path for deposition onto the component.

Abstract: Described is a process for the region-wise transfer of a decorative layer of a transfer foil, which includes an activatable adhesive layer from a carrier film onto a substrate, wherein the adhesive layer of the transfer foil is partially activated before the actual stamping operation, more specifically in such a way that the adhesive layer experiences activation only in the surface regions in which the decorative layer is to be transferred onto the substrate. A transfer foil which is particularly suitable for that process has an absorption layer in the surface regions of the decorative layer, which are to be transferred onto the substrate, which absorption layer absorbs the radiation energy causing activation of the adhesive layer and activates the adhesive layer under the action of the absorbed radiation energy.

Abstract: A method for modifying a porous mechanical component by using an ER or MR substance including the steps of providing at least one porous component having a porosity sufficient to receive the MR substance within a plurality of pores and impregnating the component with the MR substance.

Abstract: There is disclosed a manufacturing method of a large-area polarization element (10) whose film formed on a surface has an excellent adhesion. The method includes the steps of: forming an under film (12) on a glass substrate (11); coating the under film (12) with a metal dispersion; heating the metal dispersion; and forming a metal dispersed film (13) containing a fine metal particle (14). When the metal dispersion is heated, a noble metal ion in the metal dispersion is reduced to generate the fine metal particle (14). The fine metal particle (14) interacts with the under film (12), and is localized in the vicinity of an interface (16) of the under film (12) and metal dispersed film (13).

Abstract: A method of making fused silica includes generating a plasma, delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to produce silica particles, and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

Abstract: A monolayer polyolefin-based printable article includes 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one polyaminoalkylene, and is characterized in that it has been treated by means of an oxidative surface treatment, such as a corona treatment. A process for the manufacture of a polyolefin-based printable article, according to which at least one surface region of the article, including at least one polyolefin and from 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one polyaminoalkylene, involves subjecting the region to an oxidative surface treatment. A printing process, according to which a polyolefin-based article, including from 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one polyaminoalkylene and treated by means of an oxidative surface treatment, utilizes an electrophotography technique to print on the article.

Abstract: A functional member having a molecular layer on its surface, wherein the molecular layer is formed through a coordinate bond, and the coordinate bond is a multidentate bond in which at least one molecule is bonded to one metallic atom of the member and two or more ligands of the molecule are coordinated.

Abstract: A composition usable in hole filling of a metal layer and to planarize the metal layer is provided. The metal layer is part of a substrate which can be part of a multilayer printed circuit board or chip carrier. The composition comprises a fluoropolymer dielectric metal, a filler material, and a coupling agent, the filler material having at least a partial coating of the coupling agent thereon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for chemical bath deposition or other plating or similar processes. The deposition may be performed in a rotating drum that has been provided with a mechanism for temperature elevation. A substrate or other suitable recipient bed upon which deposition is sought may be removably attached to the interior of the drum. Reactants or other materials may be added to the drum to deposit a film, layer, or uniform particles on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An abrasive body for grinding optical glass, precious and natural stones such as marble, or other material such as wood, metal, plastic or the like is provided. The abrasive body comprises a base body of woven, knitted or embroidered fabric made of carbon fibers, or of a graphite foil. A uniform, homogeneous diamond or boron nitride coating is deposited on the base body as a grinding layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a silicon carbide layer for use in integrated circuits is provided. The silicon carbide layer is formed by reacting a gas mixture comprising a silicon source, a carbon source, and a nitrogen source in the presence of an electric field. The as-deposited silicon carbide layer incorporates nitrogen therein from the nitrogen source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an enhanced sequential atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique suitable for deposition of barrier layers, adhesion layers, seed layers, low dielectric constant (low-k) films, high dielectric constant (high-k) films, and other conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive films. This is accomplished by 1) providing a non-thermal or non-pyrolytic means of triggering the deposition reaction; 2) providing a means of depositing a purer film of higher density at lower temperatures; and, 3) providing a faster and more efficient means of modulating the deposition sequence and hence the overall process rate resulting in an improved deposition method. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Abstract: In a known method for producing an SiO2 blank, SiO2 particles are formed in a burner flame assigned to a deposition burner and are deposited under the effect of an electrical field on a deposition surface of a carrier rotating about its longitudinal axis, said at least one deposition burner being reciprocated in a predetermined sequence of movement along the developing blank between turn-around points. Starting from said method, in order to obtain blanks of a predetermined, in particular axially homogeneous, density and mass distribution, it is suggested according to the invention that the geometrical shape of the burner flame should be varied by the electrical field in dependence upon the position of the deposition burner during the sequence of movement.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a polymer film having second order non-linear optical properties which has excellent stability of orientated molecules and does not become disorientated, and a polymer film and a non-linear optical element are provided. A polymer solution is placed between two substrates, which are disposed substantially perpendicular with respect to a rotating stand and substantially symmetrical with respect to a rotation axis of the rotating stand, and the rotating stand is rotated. A polymer film having second order non-linear optical properties is formed by the centrifugal force generated at the polymer solution.