Abstract: The present invention relates to a mixture of diisononyl esters of 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, wherein the isononyl radicals of the diisononyl esters present in the mixture have a degree of branching of from 1.2 to 2.0, to a process for its preparation and to the use of such mixtures.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds of Formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 have any of the values or specific values defined herein, as well as compositions comprising such compounds and therapeutic methods comprising the administration of such compounds.

Abstract: A transesterification process of methyl acetate is provided. The process comprises: (a) performing a first reactive distillation of a methyl acetate solution and a first alcohol to generate a first ester and a first mixture; (b) performing a first distillation of a first part of the first mixture to generate a second mixture; and (c) performing a second reactive distillation of a first part of the second mixture and a second alcohol to generate a second ester; wherein the respective one of the first and second alcohols is a limiting reagent. The transesterification process provided in the present invention could highly reduce the investing production cost of the transesterification of the by-product, methyl acetate, in the conventional polyvinyl alcohol plants.

Abstract: A method employs the addition of additive to increase the solubility of active ingredients in solution. Furthermore, a nanoparticle apparatus that uses inkjet dispenser is utilized to fabricate nanoparticles. The method comprises: (a) mixing a fenofibrate substance, an organic solvent and a solubility enhancing additive to form a saturated solution; and (b) spray-drying the saturated solution to form the nanoparticles containing fenofibrate, wherein the solubility enhancing additive comprises a surfactant or an excipient.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing (meth)acrylic esters or anhydrides from acrylic acid of formulae (I), where R is H or Me, and R? is alkyl and R? is alkyl or ethyl substituted by dialkylamino whereof the alkyls can form with the nitrogen atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle, capable of bearing one or several alkyl substituents. OII or ?O, or R? is H and R? is alkyl, the alcohol R?—OH being primary or secondary; or (II) wherein R? is H or Me, functioning preferably in the presence of at least one catalyst, wherein is performed a reaction in a reaction R2 with constant equilibrium displacement provided with a first reactor R1 designed for prior dehydration of the reagents to be involved in the reaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides hydrolytically resistant monomers prepared by the reaction of an epoxy compound and a reactive ester and methods for producing the monomers. Also provided are adhesive compositions containing the hydrolytically resistant monomers and methods for use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a safe process for the production of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate where operation is simple, handling of the final product is easy, working efficiency is good and yield is high. A process for the production of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate, characterized in that, 2-bromoethylamine or a salt thereof is made to react with an agent for introducing a tert-butoxy carbonyl group in a water-soluble solvent in the presence of sodium hydroxide and then water as a crystallizing solvent and seed crystals are added to the reaction solution whereby crystals of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate are separated out therefrom.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing at least one chemical reaction product by chemically reacting one or several reactants that is/are optionally dissolved in one or several solvents and is/are supplied as a feed stream by bringing the same in contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in a continuously operated fixed-bed reactor which is filled with a particle bed, a continuous annular chromatograph (CAC) that is filled with the particle bed being used as a fixed-bed reaction in which the at least one reaction product is formed and purified while the at least one purified reaction product as well as optionally provided secondary products and/or non-reacted reactants are withdrawn at a different, predetermined azimuthal position of the annular chromatograph, respectively. The inventive method is characterized in that only one type of particle material is used in a single particle bed as both a formation catalyst and a chromatographic medium for purifying the at least one reaction product in the particle bed.

Abstract: Disclosed are prodrugs of (2R)—2-propyloctanoic acid, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, which may be effective in modulating multiple events in the biochemical cascade of stroke. Also disclosed are methods of treating patients who have had a stroke, or are at risk of stroke, by administering the compounds or compositions of the invention.

Abstract: Provided are an additive to an electrode for a fuel cell that is a proton conductive compound having at least one phosphate group, an electrode for a fuel cell including the same, a method of manufacturing the electrode for a fuel cell, and a fuel cell using the electrode. The additive to an electrode for a fuel cell improves the durability of a fuel cell and reduces the amount of phosphoric acid discharged during operation of the fuel cell by fixing the phosphoric acid. Accordingly, a fuel cell having improved efficiency may be prepared using the additive because of improved proton conductivity and durability.

Abstract: Disclosed are monocarboxylic acid esters (mono- and/or diesters) of polytrimethylene ether glycol that are substantially free of residues from the catalyst used to produce the polytrimethylene ether glycol esters, as well as methods for their preparation and end uses thereof.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube dispersion includes a carbon nanotube compound represented by structural formula A and a dispersion medium in which the carbon nanotube is dispersed or dissolved, wherein a moiety represented by double lines represents a carbon nanotube R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having one or two carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbodiimide group, R2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and m and n each independently represents an integer of 1 or more.

Abstract: The present invention discloses novel dual prodrug compositions of Formula 1, wherein A is a single bond, —O—, or —CH2—; m and n vary from 0 to 15; p and q vary from 0 to 4; B is a single bond or —CR3R4; D is selected from the group consisting —CO2R5, —OR6, —OCOR7, —SO3R8, —SO2NH2, —OPO(OR9)(OR10), —OPO(OR9)(NH2), —OPO(OR9)—O—PO(OR10)(OR11), R1 to R11 are various substituents selected to optimize the physicochemical and biological properties such as, lipophilicity, toxicity, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of compounds of Formula 1. These compounds are useful for the treatment of various cardiovascular and neurological disorders.

Abstract: Prodrugs of levodopa, methods of making prodrugs of levodopa, methods of using prodrugs of levodopa, and compositions of prodrugs of levodopa are disclosed.

Abstract: An additive for lubricating oils and fuel oils comprising a disulfide compound, as the main component, represented by the general formula (I) R1OOC—CR3R4—CR5(COOR2)—S—S—CR10(COOR7)—CR8R9—COOR6??(I) wherein R1, R2, R6, and R7 each independently represent a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may contain an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom; and R3 to R5 and R8 to R10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a lubricant oil composition and fuel oil composition comprising the additive are prepared to provide a sulfur-based extreme-pressure additive which exhibits excellent load carrying capacity and wear resistance and corrosion resistance against nonferrous metals and can be used in lubricating oils and fuel oils, and to provide a lubricating oil composition and fuel oil composition containing the additive.

Abstract: A method of creating solvent extraction reagent formulations that have high conductivity by combining (a) phenolic oxime extraction reagent(s) or other extraction reagent(s) in the organic phase of a solvent extraction circuit of a metal recovery operation, comprising combining the phenolic oxime extraction reagent(s) or other reagent(s) with one or more ketone, nitrile and/or amide compounds, or mixtures thereof, to create an extraction reagent formulation with a conductivity of at least 4,000 pS/m, measured according to the provisions of BS 5958 Part I, as well as a method of creating an organic phase that has a high conductivity, preferably a conductivity of at least 250 pS/m, comprising adding to that organic phase in an extraction circuit a phenolic oxime extraction reagent formulation with one or more ketoxime, aldoxime, mixtures thereof, or one or more other extraction reagents, and one or more ketone, nitrile, or amide compounds, or mixture thereof, and novel ketone, nitrile and amide compounds.

Abstract: Ketoamine compounds and related methods for reactivation of tumor suppressor protein p53.

Abstract: Provided is a novel triethyleneglycol based compound, a plasticizer composition for polyvinyl chloride resin including the same, and a method of preparing the plasticizer composition. In particular, the plasticizer composition for polyvinyl chloride resin includes the novel compound, 2-(2-(2-(2-ethylhexanoyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate, and 2-(2-(2-phenylcarbonyloxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl benzoate in a proper mixture ratio. A polyvinyl chloride prepared using the plasticizer composition has low heating loss, excellent adhesion, high plasticization efficiency, high elongation, high tensile strength, and high transparency.

Abstract: A wax-tethered photoinitiator that is a photoinitiator compound including a wax chain therein, wherein the photoinitiator compound is activated by ultraviolet radiation, and method of making the same is described. The wax-tethered photoinitiator may be used in a curable wax composition for incorporation into a toner. The wax-tethered photoinitiator exhibits an affinity for the wax phase, thereby insuring its presence in the wax for the initiation of curing thereof.

Abstract: A process for producing an acrylic ester with excellent economic efficiency, which can eliminate the conventional problems to maintain the stable quality and the low unit consumption of raw materials, in the process for producing an acrylic ester using acrylic acid containing high-boiling acid components influencing the loss in quality and the unit consumption of raw materials, and an aliphatic or alicyclic alcohol having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, as raw materials, and using a strongly acidic cation exchange resin as a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I) wherein X represents —OH or —Y—OH, n shows an integer of 1 to 9, A+ represents an organic counter ion, Y represents a divalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein ring X represents monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, and one or more hydrogen atom in the ring X is optionally substituted with alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; and n shows an integer of 1 to 12. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: Ester compounds having formula (1) wherein R1 is fluorine or C1-C10 fluoroalkyl, R2 is C1-C10 alkylene or fluoroalkylene, and R3 is an acid labile group are novel. They can be polymerized into polymers which are used to formulate resist compositions, which are processed by the lithography involving ArF exposure, offering many advantages including improved resolution and transparency, minimal line edge roughness, improved etch resistance, and especially minimal surface roughness after etching.

Abstract: An advantageous process is provided for preparing methyl 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate by esterifying 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid and subsequently obtaining the methyl 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate, this process proceeding under specific pH and temperature control and isolation of the hydrochloride of methyl 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate formed as an intermediate being avoidable.

Abstract: Methods for imparting softness to polyolefin-containing articles are described wherein the methods comprise: (a) providing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of the general formula (I) and compounds of the general formula (II): A-B-C-B-A??(I) A-B-Acyl??(II) wherein each A independently represents a R—C(O)O— group wherein R represents an alkyl group having from 7 to 21 carbon atoms; each B independently represents a —(CnH2nO)k— group wherein n represents a number of from 2 to 4 and k represents a number of from 1 to 15; and C represents an alkylene group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms; (b) combining the at least one compound and a polyolefin-containing material to form a mixture; and (c) subjecting the mixture to further processing to form an article.

Abstract: The present invention provides a salt of the formula (I): wherein X represents divalent or trivalent residue of acyclic hydrocarbon having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or divalent or trivalent residue of hydrocarbon having 3 to 30 carbon atoms which contains monocyclic or bicyclic ring, wherein —CH2— in the hydrocarbon may be substituted with —O— and one or more hydrogen atom in X is optionally substituted with alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or cyano group; Q1 and Q2 each independently represent fluorine atom or perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A+ represents organic counter ion; Y represents hydroxyl group, cyano group or methoxy group; and n shows 1 or 2. The present invention also provides a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the salt of the formula (I).

Abstract: A process for preparing indanylamine and aminotetralin derivatives from indanone or tetralone oximes by acylating the oximes with an organic anhydride, followed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of an organic anhydride with subsequent hydrolysis is described. The process is commercially feasible providing indanylamine and aminotetralin derivatives in high yield that are useful as intermediates in the production of therapeutically active compounds. Also described are novel intermediates, 1-indanone O-acetyl oximes and 1-tetralone O-acetyl oximes.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel acylated aminopropanediols and the nitrogen and sulfur analogues thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, therapeutic uses thereof, in particular for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The invention also provides a method of preparing said derivatives.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with novel hexafluoroisopropanol substituted cyclohexane derivatives of formula (I) wherein R1 to R4, X, m and n are as defined in the description and in the claims, as well as physiologically acceptable salts and esters thereof. These compounds bind to LXR alpha and LXR beta and can be used as medicaments.

Abstract: A process for making monomenthyl esters of dicarboxylic acids is disclosed. Menthol reacts with a saturated, cyclic anhydride in the presence of a base catalyst under conditions effective to produce a mixture of mono- and bis-menthyl esters in which the molar ratio of mono- to bis-menthyl esters is enhanced compared with the ratio of esters produced in a similar uncatalyzed process.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns a new class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). The disclosure also includes the identification of a previously unknown membrane associated estrogen receptor. Methods for making and using the disclosed SERMs are disclosed, including pharmaceutical formulations of the disclosed novel compounds in useful compositions.

Abstract: Novel benzoate, octanoate, and maleate esters of branched monomethyl C16–C17 alcohols, their process of manufacture and their use as a cosmetic ingredient for toiletry and cosmetic formulations is disclosed. The esters are useful for cosmetics and personal care cleansing products, such as skin and hair care products, and soaps.

Abstract: The invention relates to ophthalmological compositions for topical treatment of glaucoma or ocular hypertension comprising an effective intraocular pressure reducing amount of a prostaglandin derivative of PGA, PGB, PGD, PGE or PGF, in which the omega chain contains a ring structure, in an ophthalmologically compatible carrier. The invention further relates to the preparation of said compositions and their use for treatment of glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrophilic additives for synthetic fibres containing polyolefin; said additives are represented by general formula (I): A—B—C—B—A wherein A is a radical R—COO, wherein R represents a saturated, cross-linked or non-cross-linked alkyl radical having 7–21 C atoms, B represents a group (CnH2nO)k, wherein n is a whole number from 2–4 and k can have a value of 1–15, C represents a linear or cross-linked alkylene radical having at least 2 and at the most 6 C atoms and the radical C can be, optionally, interrupted by oxygen atoms.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2(S)-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters by enzymatic hydrolysis, comprising the steps: a) enzymatic hydrolysis of racemic 2-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters in aqueous and alkaline medium in the presence of an esterase; b) isolation of 2(S)alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters by extraction with an organic solvent; c) isolation of 2(R)-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic acids from the aqueous-alkaline medium; d) Esterification of 2(R)-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic acids, e) subsequent racemization to form 2-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters; and f) return of the racemate obtained in step e) to step a), if necessary together with fresh racemic 2-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters. The process permits the undesired R-stereoisomers to be converted into the desired 2(S)-alkyl-5-halogenpent-4-ene carboxylic esters to avoid waste product from the synthesis.

Abstract: Disclosed are copolymers of cyclic esters, e.g., caprolactone, and cyclic formals of substituted or unsubstituted diols, e.g., 1,3-dioxepane. The copolymers can provide a low melting temperature rendering them liquids at room temperature. Elastomeric polyurethanes prepared from such copolymers can exhibit a low Tg transition and good resistance to hydrolysis and oxidation. The copolymers are particularly useful for elastomers, coatings, adhesives, inks or binders requiring low temperature flexibility and good resistance to hydrolysis and oxidation.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds which bind VLA-4. Certain of these compounds also inhibit leukocyte adhesion and, in particular, leukocyte adhesion mediated by VLA-4. Such compounds are useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases in a mammalian patient, e.g., human, such as asthma, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, AIDS dementia, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tissue transplantation, tumor metastasis and myocardial ischemia. The compounds can also be administered for the treatment of inflammatory brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Abstract: Fluorinated compounds and emulsions including the compounds. The compositions are useful as oxygen carriers and surfactants. In one embodiment, the fluorinated compound is pH sensitive. In one embodiment, the fluorinated compound is a vitamin E derivative. In one embodiment, the fluorinated compound is a vitamin K derivative.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the invention encompasses a compounds having the property of anti-carcinogenic activity against human leukemia comprising the use of 4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-2-(N?-fluoren-9-ylidene-hydrazino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester (OF-13), and/or 4-Chloro-4-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-2-(fluoren-9-ylidene-hydrazono)-but-3-enoic acid methyl ester (3F-19) in humans as therapeutic means for the eradication of leukemia from the human's body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel retinol derivatives, the methods of preparation and the uses thereof. According to the present invention, retinol derivatives comprise carboester linkage between di-, tri-, polypeptide having functional group of COOH and retinol. Retinol derivatives in the present invention comprise carboester linkage between amino acid having functional group of di-COOH and retinol. Retinol derivatives comprise carboester linkage between retinol and the compounds having the function group of COOH and multiple double bonds on carbon chain. Retinol derivatives in the present invention comprise carboester linkage between retinol and the compounds having the functional group of di-COOH and one double bond. Retinol derivatives in the present invention comprise ether linkage between the compounds with OH functional group and retinol.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of novel cyclohexyl analogues of E-type prostaglandins as EP4 agonists, in general, and, in particular as ocular hypotensives. The cyclohexyl analogues used in accordance with the invention are represented by the following formula I: wherein the wavy segments represent ? or ? bond, dashed line represents the presence or absence of a bond W, Y, Z, R, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Provided is a compound having one or more structures of the formula: wherein X is a primary carbamate group, Y is a hydroxy or halide group, n is an integer of 2 or more, n? is an integer of 1 or more, and R0, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 may be H or a group selected from alkyl groups, aliphatic groups, cycloaliphatic groups, aromatic groups and mixtures thereof, with the provisos that at least one R1 or R2 group is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic groups, cycloaliphatic groups, and aromatic groups, and in substantially all structures primary carbamate group X is attached to a carbon atom having a lower degree of substitution than a carbon atom to which functional group Y is attached. The invention provides a method of making the claimed compound.

Abstract: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives and methods of use thereof for the treatment of tumors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a fluoroalkyl iodide represented by the general formula (II): Rf-CH2CH2I??(II) wherein Rf is a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbons, the process comprising reacting hydrogen iodide gas with a fluoroalkene in the presence of a catalyst. The present invention also provides a process for producing a fluoroester by reacting the fluoroalkyl iodide with a carboxylate.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrogenated ester by hydrogenating an unsaturated group-containing ester having a specific structure by using a hydrogenating catalyst so as to obtain a hydrogenated ester with a high selectivity. It is preferred that the unsaturated group-containing ester as the raw material is diluted with an inert solvent and/or the concentration of carboxylic acid contained in the raw material is made 1 wt. % or less so as to effect a hydrogenation reaction. The hydrogenating catalyst to be used for the above hydrogenation may preferably be one comprising at least one metal selected from Group 8 elements, Group 9 elements, and Group 10 elements in the periodic table according to Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Revised Edition, 1989, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and preferably has an acidity of 1.0×10?1 mmol/g or less.

Abstract: Inhibitors of the cytosolic phospholypase A2 enzymes are provided which are of use in controlling a wide variety of inflammatory diseases. The inhibitors of the present invention have the general formula wherein X, Z, X1, R1, R2, Ra, Rb, R3, R4 and Y are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A method for production of pivalic acid comprising the steps of: (a) reacting isobutylene, carbon monoxide, and a first catalyst to produce a reaction mixture; (b) contacting the reaction mixture with water, thereby producing a crude acid product having pivalic acid and oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid; (c) separating the pivalic acid and the oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid from the crude acid product; (d) reacting the oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid with a source of carbon monoxide at a temperature of less than 200° C. in the presence of a second catalyst to produce a C5 carbocation product, wherein the first and second catalyst are either the same or different; and (e) reacting the C5 carbocation product with water; thereby producing pivalic acid having an overall yield of at least 80 wt. %.

Abstract: Methods and novel intermediates for the preparation of acyclic nucleoside derivatives of the formula: where one of R1 and R2 is an amino acid acyl group and the other of R1 and R2 is a —C(O)C3-C21 saturated or monounsaturated, optionally substituted alkyl and R3 is OH or H; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of formula (I), prepared by quaternising a compound (II) by means of at least one compound R3—X?: R1=H or —CH3; R2=—CH3; —C2H5; —C3H7 or —C4H9; and compound (I) is optionally quaternised on one of the nitrogens, which is symbolised by the fact that the R3, X?and ? associated with this nitrogen are shown between brackets; if compound (I) is quaternised on a single nitrogen, R3 and X? have the following meanings: (1) R3=—CH3 or —CH2C6H5; and X?=Cl? or CH3OSO3?; or (2) R3=a C1-C12-alkyl group; and X?=Br? or I?; if compound (I) is quaternised on both nitrogens, the two X? may be the same or different and the two R3 may be the same, in which case: (3) R3=a C5-C12 alkyl group; and X?=CH3OSO3?, Br? or I?; or different, in which case: (4) one of the R3=—CH3 or —CH2C6H5; and X?=Cl? or CH3OSO3?; and the other=a C5-C12-alkyl group; and X?=Br? or I?.

Abstract: There is provided a method for obtaining a target organic compound such as an alkyladamantyl ester efficiently by purifying a crude organic compound which contains, as impurities, sublimable materials which start to sublime at temperatures lower than a boiling point of the target organic compound by use of such a simple method as distillation during its production process, without being adversely affected by adherence of the sublimable materials. The distillation is carried out in the presence of a compound having a boiling point which is lower than a boiling point of the target organic compound, e.g., a carbonyl-group-containing compound. For example, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate (boiling point: 92° C./0.3 mmHg) containing sublimable impurities such as adamantane (sublimation starting temperature: room temperature or lower) is distilled in the presence of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (boiling point: 225° C.).