Abstract: This specification discloses an operational continuous process to convert lignin as found in ligno-cellulosic biomass before or after converting at least some of the carbohydrates. The continuous process has been demonstrated to create a slurry comprised of lignin, raise the slurry comprised of lignin to ultra-high pressure, deoxygenate the lignin in a lignin conversion reactor over a catalyst which is not a fixed bed without producing char. The conversion products of the carbohydrates or lignin can be further processed into polyester intermediates for use in polyester preforms and bottles.

Abstract: This specification discloses an operational continuous process to convert lignin as found in ligno-cellulosic biomass before or after converting at least some of the carbohydrates. The continuous process has been demonstrated to create a slurry comprised of lignin, raise the slurry comprised of lignin to ultra-high pressure, deoxygenate the lignin in a lignin conversion reactor over a catalyst which is not a fixed bed without producing char. The conversion products of the carbohydrates or lignin can be further processed into polyester intermediates for use in polyester preforms and bottles.

Abstract: This specification discloses an operational continuous process to convert lignin as found in ligno-cellulosic biomass before or after converting at least some of the carbohydrates. The continuous process has been demonstrated to create a slurry comprised of lignin, raise the slurry comprised of lignin to ultra-high pressure, deoxygenate the lignin in a lignin conversion reactor over a catalyst which is not a fixed bed without producing char. The conversion products of the carbohydrates or lignin can be further processed into polyester intermediates for use in polyester preforms and bottles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved composition comprising a blend of diisocyanates of Formula (II) derived from their corresponding dianiino alkyl esters obtained from soy protein source, wherein R is an alkyl and n is 1-4, and methods of making and using such compositions as construction material resin binders, in particular, wood resin binders and/or adhesives.

Abstract: A method for surface treating a carbon-containing material in which carbon-containing material is reacted with decomposing ozone in a reactor (e.g., a hollow tube reactor), wherein a concentration of ozone is maintained throughout the reactor by appropriate selection of at least processing temperature, gas stream flow rate, reactor dimensions, ozone concentration entering the reactor, and position of one or more ozone inlets (ports) in the reactor, wherein the method produces a surface-oxidized carbon or carbon-containing material, preferably having a surface atomic oxygen content of at least 15%. The resulting surface-oxidized carbon material and solid composites made therefrom are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of producing ingenol-3-angelate (I) from ingenol (II). Furthermore, the invention relates to intermediates useful for the synthesis of ingenol-3-angelate (I) from ingenol (II) and to methods of producing said intermediates.

Abstract: A novel macromer or mixture thereof is described herein, comprising benzoyl isocyanate terminal moieties and at least two residues of a water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight ranging from 80 to 10,000 adjacent to the carbonyl group of the benzoyl isocyanate moieties, thereby forming at least two ester linkages in the macromer or mixture thereof. A method for making a polyisocyanate macromer is also described herein.

Abstract: Acrylamido derivatives useful as therapeutic agents, particularly for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases and conditions associated with the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), such as the diseases characterized by ischemia/reperfusion, oxidative or degenerative tissue damage, are herein described. These compounds belong to the structural formula (I) wherein R, R?, R?, W and a are as defined in the specification. The invention also relates to the preparation of these compounds, as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: Provided are compounds that are inhibitors of both rho kinase and of a monoamine transporter (MAT) act to improve the disease state or condition. Further provided are compositions comprising the compounds. Further provided are methods for treating diseases or conditions, the methods comprising administering compounds according to the invention. One such disease may be glaucoma for which, among other beneficial effects, a marked reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) may be achieved.

Abstract: A method for chemical modification of graphene includes dry etching graphene to provide an etched graphene; and introducing a functional group at an edge of the etched graphene. Also disclosed is graphene, including an etched edge portion, the etched portion including a functional group.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process comprises contacting a renewable feedstock under hydroprocessing conditions with supported catalyst comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIII metals, Group VIB metals to form oleochemicals such as fatty alcohols, esters, and normal paraffins. Advantageously, the reaction conditions can be selected to directly convert the renewable feedstock to the desired product(s).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to processes for the synthesis of morphinans. In particular, a process for coupling a carboxylic acid compound with an amine compound to form an amide product that can then be isolated or the crude amide product can be cyclized to form a 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline. In one embodiment, the carboxylic acid contains a phenol moiety protected with a labile protecting group. The protected phenol reduces reaction times, simplifies work-up of the product, and reduces the amount of cyclizing agent, POCl3 that is necessary to form the 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline.

Abstract: A sulfonic acid onium salt represented by the following formula (1) useful as a superior radiosensitive acid generator for resist compositions. It is possible to form a good pattern by using a resist composition containing this sulfonic acid onium salt corresponding to the formula (1): in which R1 represents a monovalent organic group, and Q+ represents a sulfonium cation or iodonium cation.

Abstract: A pentaerythritol tetraester which is a mixed ester of pentaerythritol and carboxylic acids is provided, wherein the carboxylic acids comprise isobutyric acid and 2-ethylhexanoic acid and the molar ratio of isobutyric acid to 2-ethylhexanoic acid in the carboxylic acids is 36/64 to 83/17. The pentaerythritol tetraester may be used in a refrigerant oil or the like which exhibits excellent miscibility with a difluoromethane refrigerant among other properties.

Abstract: A method for utilizing cultivated plant biomass components, namely cellulose, hemicellose, and lignin, and converting them to value-added biobased chemical products is described herein. The present method provides treatments to obtain a plurality of component streams from cultivated plant biomass for producing derivative products while minimizing waste products.

Abstract: Provided is a method of forming a pattern, including (a) forming a chemically amplified resist composition into a film, (b) exposing the film to light, (c) developing the exposed film with a developer containing an organic solvent, and (d) rinsing the developed film with a rinse liquid containing an organic solvent, which rinse liquid has a specific gravity larger than that of the developer.

Abstract: A sulfonic acid onium salt represented by the following formula (1) can be used as a superior radiosensitive acid generator for resist compositions. It is possible to form a good pattern by using a resist composition containing this sulfonic acid onium salt. In formula (1), R1 represents a monovalent organic group, and Q+ represents a sulfonium cation or iodonium cation.

Abstract: A process for converting naturally occurring fats and oils to sulfonated surfactants that can be used in a variety of applications where surfactants are found to be applicable including but not restricted to Enhanced Oil Recovery, paper and pulp processing, mining, metal treating, adhesives, coatings, pesticide formulations, herbicide formulations, fungicide formulations. The byproduct of such a process is a useful solvent or source of biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds having the formula: where R1-R6, a, b, and Z are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These compounds have neprilysin inhibition activity. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of using such compounds; and processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds.

Abstract: A method for increasing ozone concentration in a liquid can include: providing a gas having ozone; introducing the ozone-containing gas into a liquid, wherein the liquid and ozone combination has a temperature between about 0.8 and about 1.5 times the critical temperature of ozone; and increasing isothermally, the pressure of the ozone-containing gas above the liquid to about 0.3 to about 5 times the critical pressure of ozone so as to increase the ozone concentration in the liquid. The temperature is expressed in absolute units (Kelvin or Rankin). The method can be used for removing ozone from a gas or for purifying ozone. The liquid having a high ozone concentration can be used for ozonolysis of a substrate.

Abstract: A leaving substituent-containing compound represented by General Formula (I), wherein the leaving substituent-containing compound can be converted to a compound represented by General Formula (Ia) and a compound represented by General Formula (II), by applying energy to the leaving substituent-containing compound, in General Formulas (I), (Ia) and (II), X and Y each represent a hydrogen atom or a leaving substituent, where one of X and Y is the leaving substituent and the other is the hydrogen atom; Q2 to Q5 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a monovalent organic group; Q1 and Q6 each represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group other than the leaving substituent; and among the monovalent organic groups represented by Q1 to Q6, adjacent monovalent organic groups may be linked together to form a ring.

Abstract: A method of production of value-added, biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin from plant-based bioglycerin is described herein. A method of purification of plant-based bioglycerin is also described herein. The method of purification of plant-based bioglycerin described provides methods for desalinating, decolorizing, and/or concentrating plant-based bioglycerin for the production of biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin.

Abstract: There are provided a lubricating oil composition for a fluid dynamic bearing and and a hard disk drive (HDD) motor fabricated by using the same. The lubricating oil composition for a fluid dynamic bearing includes: an aliphatic mono carboxylic acid ester, as a base oil, obtained by esterification between carboxylic acid represented by the following Chemical Formula 1; and isopropyl alcohol: where n indicates an integer of 6 to 20. Therefore, the HDD motor is fabricated by using the lubricating oil composition for a fluid dynamic bearing having low viscosity, low evaporation loss, and improved oxidation stability at room temperature, whereby quality reliability according to the use of the motor for a long period of time may be improved.

Abstract: Provided herein are geranylgeranylacetone derivatives and methods of using them.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing acetic acid from lignocellulose with high efficiency and a method for producing bioethanol. First, lignocellulose such as wood is decomposition-treated by a method such as pressurized hydrothermal treatment (Step S1). Then, the treatment solution obtained in Step S1 is acetic acid-fermented as a substrate using Clostridium thermoaceticum as an anaerobic microorganism in the presence of cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate at a concentration of 0.05 to 0.1 g/L (Step S2).

Abstract: Process for the production of methyl acetate by the carbonylation of a dimethyl ether feed with carbon monoxide under substantially anhydrous conditions, in the presence of a zeolite catalyst effective for the carbonylation. The carbonylation is carried out at a temperature in the range of greater than 250° C. to 350° C. and at a pressure in the range of greater than 10 barg to 100 barg.

Abstract: Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks. The methods comprise reacting the feedstock with a low-molecular-weight olefin or mid-weight olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product.

Abstract: Novel bioabsorbable and/or biocompatible polyurethanes, polyureas, polyamideurethanes and polyureaurethanes with tunable physical, mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation profiles are provided for use in biomedical applications such as stents, stent coatings, scaffolds, foams, and films. The disclosed polymers may be derived from biocompatible and/or bioabsorbable polyisocyanates. The present invention also relates to new and improved methods for the preparation of the biocompatible and/or bioabsorbable polyisocyanates.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for efficiently using an aqueous solution of (meth)acrylic acid at a low concentration formed in a production/storage step of (meth)acrylic acid. In the present invention, a (meth)acrylic acid derivative is produced by using as a raw material an aqueous solution of (meth)acrylic acid formed by one or both of: a device which reduces a pressure of a gas comprising (meth)acrylic acid in production of (meth)acrylic acid; and a device which collects (meth)acrylic acid from a gas comprising (meth)acrylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for the targeted delivery, release and/or formation of a drug compound at a target site(s) within the body of an individual, such as a diseased and/or inflamed tissue in the body of the individual. These compositions may comprise a halogenated phenol ring cleavably linked to a core structure of a drug compound. Due to the variety of substituents that may be utilized in forming the different types of linkages, numerous examples of drug compounds linked to a halogenated phenol ring are proposed. The present invention further provides compositions comprising halogenated phenol starting compounds that do not undergo cleavage during a dehalogenation reaction to form a drug compound in a targeted tissue when administered to an individual. Methods of administering these non-cleaving compounds are further provided.

Abstract: A method of processing wood oil which is generated during pulping. In the method, low molecular weight carboxyl acid that is approximately 0.5-5.0% of the wood oil quantity (weight) is added to that wood oil early in its separation stage, in order to esterify the alcohol groups present in the wood oil, by the said acid. The protective esterification according to the present invention prevents the esterification of the alcohol groups by the fatty acids naturally present in the wood oil.

Abstract: A one-component, moisture curing composition that has a) at least one polyurethane polymer P1, being liquid at room temperature and having isocyanate groups and b) at least one polyurethane polymer A of the formula (Ia) or (Ib), being solid at room temperature and having aldimine groups with a melting point in the range from 40° C. to 80° C., the composition 1) being capable of being applied warm; 2) having adjustable cure times and a good initial strength with suitable application properties; 3) curing under the influence of humidity without bubbles; and 4) having a good elasticity and mechanical rigidity after curing.

Abstract: Process for preparing (meth)acrylates of C10-alcohol mixtures, by reacting (meth)acrylic acid with an isomer mixture of C10-alcohols composed of 2-propylheptanol as the main isomer and at least one of the C10-alcohols 2-propyl-4-methylhexanol, 2-propyl-5-methylhexanol, 2-isopropylheptanol, 2-isopropyl-4-methylhexanol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhexanol and/or 2-propyl-4,4-dimethylpentanol, in the presence of at least one acidic catalyst and of at least one polymerization inhibitor and in the presence of a solvent which forms an azeotrope with water, the azeotrope is distilled off and condensed, and the condensate splits into an aqueous phase and an organic phase, wherein a) the esterification is performed in a reactor with a circulation evaporator and b) in the presence of a solvent, and c) the crude product is purified by subsequent purifying distillation.

Abstract: Compounds represented by the following structural formulas can be used as photoacid generators: Such compounds are useful, for example, in fabricating arrays of polymers.

Abstract: A process for separating glycerin from methyl ester at an enhanced rate is disclosed. The improved process results from carrying out the transesterification reaction in a substantially non-polar and water free environment. A polymer selected from a group of polymers shown to be effective in such an environment is added to the product mixture which greatly improves the rate of separation between the methyl ester and the glycerin and reduces the number of required steps to accomplish the separation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a bio-diesel, comprising, in the presence of an alkaline metal compound, reacting an oil-fat with C1-C6 monohydric alcohol in a reactor at a reaction temperature of from 130 to 280° C. and a reaction pressure of from 1 to 12 MPa, separating fatty acid esters from the reacted materials, so as to produce the bio-diesel, wherein said alkaline metal compound is present in an amount of 0.001-0.07 wt %, in terms of the metal thereof, relative to the weight of the oil-fat. The process provided in the present invention has the advantages of great throughput and high yield of the bio-diesel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to odour improved dermatological or cosmetic preparations comprising N-acetylcysteine and a polyol system containing one or more polyols as masking odour agents. The emulsions of the present invention are useful in the treatment of dermatological disorders or cosmetic skin conditions.

Abstract: Certain ether-esters compounds and certain ether ester coalescents are provided. Also provided are an aqueous coating composition including an aqueous polymeric dispersion and from 0.1% to 40% by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous polymeric dispersion solids, of the glycol ether-ester coalescents and a method for forming a coating from the aqueous coating composition.

Abstract: Process for the production of methyl acetate by carbonylating a dimethyl ether feed with carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen under substantially anhydrous conditions, at a temperature in the range of greater than 250° C. to 350° C. and in the presence of a zeolite catalyst effective for said carbonylation. The concentration of dimethyl ether is at least 1 mol % based on the total feed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel c2-phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides as herbicides.

Abstract: A composition of the formulae MZAORSnR1F1mOAZ1M1, wherein O and S have their normal meaning of oxygen and sulfur, n is at least 2 and not more than 8, F1 is of the formula —OAORSnR1—, m is at least 1, Z and Z1 are the same or different and are oxy or amino, M and M1 are the same or different and are hydrogen or an organic substituent, R and R1 are the same or different and are organic divalent radicals, each having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and A is the residue of a dicarboxylic acid of from 2 to 40 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Process for preparing one or more iodinated organic substances having a molecular mass of less than 2000 (substances (S)) using (A) at least one free-radical-generating substance chosen from peroxides, diazo compounds, dialkyldiphenylalkanes, substances derived from tetraphenylethane, boranes and iniferter substances comprising at least one thiuram disulphide group, (B) an ethylenically unsaturated substance capable of adding a free radical to its ethylenic double bond, (C) molecular iodine, which comprises the steps according to which at least a fraction of (A), at least a fraction of (B) and at least a fraction of (C) are introduced into a reactor, and then the contents of the reactor are caused to react, while introducing therein the possible remainder of (A), the possible remainder of (B) and the possible remainder of (C), until a moment is reached when the content of the reactor is a mixture comprising one or more substances (S).

Abstract: A process according to the present invention for producing a cyanohydrin compound is a process for producing a cyanohydrin compound by performing a reaction between a carbonyl compound such as an aldehyde compound and hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst, a content of the carbonyl compound in a reaction system being not more than 50 mol % with respect to the cyanohydrin compound. Thus provided is a process for producing a cyanohydrin compound in good yield from an aldehyde compound and hydrogen cyanide.

Abstract: Polymorphically pure crystalline forms of fesoterodine fumarate and fesoterodine base are described and characterized.

Abstract: A catalytic process for dehydration of an aliphatic C2-C6 alcohol to its corresponding olefin is disclosed. The process continuously flows through a reaction zone a liquid phase containing an aliphatic C2-C6 alcohol to contact a non-volatile acid catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure to at least partially convert the aliphatic C2-C6 alcohol in the liquid phase to its corresponding olefin. The reaction pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and the reaction temperature is above the boiling point of the olefin at reaction pressure, but below the critical temperature of the alcohol, and the olefin product is substantially in the gaseous phase. After the contacting step, the olefin containing gaseous phase is separated from the liquid phase. The invention also relates to catalytic processes such as a hydrolysis of an olefin to an alcohol, an esterification, a transesterification, a polymerization, an aldol condensation or an ester hydrolysis.

Abstract: A processing agent for processing urethane elastomer fibers contains a disperse medium of a specified kind having mineral oil as its principal component and a dispersoid of a specified kind including aliphatic ester compound. The disperse medium is 80-99.99% by mass and the dispersoid is 0.01-20% by mass for a total of 100% by mass. The average particle size of the dispersoid is prepared to be in the range of 0.01-500 ?m as measured by a specified measuring method.

Abstract: A polymeric resin comprising guanidine groups having at least one C4-C22 tertiary alkyl substituent.

Abstract: The invention provides method of producing n-butyraldehyde using recombinant solventogenic bacteria and recombinant microorganisms.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to prodrugs of hydroxamic acid based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, e.g., suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). The prodrugs are acylated derivatives having increased aqueous solubility and cellular permeability as compared with the free hydroxamic acid, and are useful for inhibiting HDACs, and for selectively inducing terminal differentiation, cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis of neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of such cells. Thus, the prodrugs of the present invention are useful in treating a patient having a tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic cells. The prodrugs of the invention are also useful in the prevention and treatment of thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases, and in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract: A compound is useful as a recyclable catalyst for esterification or acylation of alcohols and consists of saccharine and a compound comprising a pyridine moiety. In addition, also a method of preparing the compound and an ester synthesis method using the compound are introduced.